青春期营养与青少年生长发育

青春期（我国为13～19岁）是青少年生长发育最快的时期,对营养要求高,需要充足的营养来满足生理、心理及智力等一系列变化的需求.因此,青春期营养状况对青少年生长发育极其重要.为了解城镇青春期学生的营养状况,提出合理的膳食指导,于2004年8月对3所普通中学青春期学生营养状况进行了调查,现将结果报告如下.     

2岁,4岁小儿营养调查分析

２岁、４岁小儿营养调查分析山东省昌乐县人民医院儿科（２６２４００）曹丽为了解集体小儿营养状况，指导小儿膳食搭配、提高小儿健康水平。我们于１９９５年１２月对３所幼儿园２岁、４岁年龄组１６７人进行膳食调查，计算每人每日食物及营养素摄入量，同时结合临床进行...     

伊犁州715例城市孕妇孕期膳食营养摄入状况分析

目的了解新疆伊犁地区孕妇孕期膳食摄入状况和膳食模式,为进一步改善和提高孕妇膳食营养状况提供原始资料。方法采用24 h回顾调查法结合称重法、记账法、收集被调查者连续7 d的膳食摄人情况;然后将调查内容输入由北京医网中心提供的孕期饮食营养分析与指导系统进行评价计算。结果 1.调查对象膳食结构以谷薯类为主,早、中、晚期杂粮各占谷薯类食物4.2%、9.5%、9.1%.奶类、水果类、蔬菜、豆类食物的日平均摄入量均高于全国水平,蛋类日平均摄入量低于全国水平,早、中、晚期肉类食物摄入量均低于全国水平[1],以早期更为明显。谷薯类、奶制品、肉类中中期与早晚期相比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2.碳水化合物供能比相对偏低。油脂的摄入量过高,约为推荐摄入量的3倍。碘及叶酸缺乏较为严重,约90%以上的孕妇未及推荐摄入量。中晚期钙、铁、锌、维生素A摄人量未达到AI或者RNI者,所占比例较大。3.三大产能营养素供能及一日三餐能量分配不合理。结论 1应增加伊犁地区城市孕妇在中晚期海产品、水果、瘦肉、豆类的摄入量,提高优质蛋白质、钙、铁、锌、维生素A的含量,适当减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入。     

韶关市区幼儿园膳食营养状况调查

韶关市区两所幼儿园1086名日托幼儿的膳食营养状况调查,结果表明.其热量及蛋白质的摄入量明显不足,且贫血的检出率随着总热量的摄入降低而增高.建议定期进行膳食营养调查和体格检查.及时调整饮食,促进吸收,保证各种营养素的供给,使幼儿健康成长.     

韶关市幼儿园膳食营养状况调查

韶关市区两所幼儿园１０８６名日托幼儿的膳食营养状况调查，结果表明，其热量及蛋白质的摄入量明显不足，且贫血的检出率随着总热量的摄入降低而增高。建议定期进行膳食营养调查和体格检查，及时调整饮食，促进吸收保证各种营养素的供给，使幼儿健康成长。     

乌鲁木齐地区257名维吾尔族妊娠期妇女营养状况调查

目的了解该地区维吾尔族妊娠期妇女膳食结构和营养摄入水平。方法以257名维吾尔族孕妇为调查对象,采用问卷调查法对其进行基本情况调查,采用24 h回顾法进行膳食营养状况调查。结果孕妇膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例适宜,维生素A摄入低于推荐量较为严重;钙、铁和锌的摄入量高于推荐摄入量;维生素D、维生素B12、叶酸的摄入量低于RNI30%,严重不足。结论叶酸、维生素A、维生素D、维生素B12为孕妇易缺乏的维生素;建议早期开展宣传工作,加强对孕妇的营养指导。     

某炮连营养调查

为了给我军修订给养标准提供科学依据,我们于1987年9月对某集团军炮连进行了营养调查。膳食调查用称量法,连续调查5天;能量消耗调查,用生活观察法,选有代表性两名战士,专人追踪调查,进行24小时的活动记录;体格检查和营养缺乏症体征检     

血透患者合理膳食的电解质营养治疗研究

目的在血透患者中推广合理膳食,改善电解质营养,提高疗效和生存质量.方法采用营养治疗及营养评价.结果合理膳食结构比普食合理;合理膳食中电解质达RDA标准而普食不达标;提示合理膳食平均体重55.4kg＞普食53.5kg(p＜0.05)及临床表现比普食好,合理膳食疗效比普食高.合理膳食的血清电解质均正常,而普食则不正常.结论合理膳食,结构合理,营养改善,血清电解质正常,以致提高疗效和生存质量.建议推广合理膳食.     

血透患者合理膳食的电解质营养治疗研究

目的在血透患者中推广合理膳食,改善电解质营养,提高疗效和生存质量.方法采用营养治疗及营养评价.结果合理膳食结构比普食合理;合理膳食中电解质达RDA标准而普食不达标;提示合理膳食平均体重55.4kg>普食53.5kg(p<0.05)及临床表现比普食好,合理膳食疗效比普食高.合理膳食的血清电解质均正常,而普食则不正常.结论合理膳食,结构合理,营养改善,血清电解质正常,以致提高疗效和生存质量.建议推广合理膳食.     

新沂市高中住校生膳食营养与健康状况调查

目的：为了解新沂市高中住校学生膳食营养与健康情况,让社会、家长、学校能认识存在的问题,进而采取有效措施。方法运用1个月计帐法膳食调查、身体质量指数和生化检测等研究方法,对新沂市区4所高中2846名住校学生膳食营养与健康状况进行调查,并针对调查结果进行分析讨论。结果①奶类、鱼虾类、水果供给量不足,谷类、蔬菜类、蛋类、畜禽肉类供应量均略高于参考量的上限值。油、盐供给量超高。②能量、蛋白质、铁、Vit B1、Vit C的摄入量均达到RNI标准;视黄醇当量、Vit B2的摄入量不足,钙摄入量严重不足。生热营养素供能比例比较适宜。③身体质量指数结果：偏瘦占0.6%;过重占13.3%;肥胖占7.1%;血红蛋白测定结果：贫血总患病率8.66%,其中女生占11.65%,男生占7.06%,男女生之间患贫血情况存在显著性差异。结论调查学生生长发育状况良好,但仍然存在营养素摄入不合理所致的营养缺乏性疾病以及超重、肥胖问题,应进一步加强学校食堂膳食营养的监督指导和青少年合理饮食的健康教育。     

Correlates of dietary intake of lactating women in South Turkana

Previous studies of nutrition among nomadic pastoralists in South Turkana, Kenya, have suggested that social mechanisms may be used to buffer vulnerable members of the group from acute nutritional stress. During 1989–1990, 24-hour dietary recall data were collected from 101 lactating women in Ngisonyoka, Turkana. Multivariate regression was then used to quantify the effects of environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic variables on dietary intake. The location of individual herding camps had the greatest impact on maternal diet. After the site of camps, rainfall patterns, the socioeconomic ranking of the herding unit, and the age and rank of wives were the most significant predictors of maternal food consumption. The results suggest that some women in the study were buffered from moderate seasonal nutritional stress by the practice of food-sharing among members of their social network, as well as by voluntary reduction in dietary intake by other women. Maternal dietary intake differed both qualitatively and quantitatively between herding camps of higher and lower socioeconomic ranking. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Management of obesity in low-income African Americans

The Bariatrics Clinic at Howard University Hospital was initiated to help low-income African-American adults with low literacy skills in obesity control. Fourteen African-American women and two men participated in the study. Essential components of the treatment included nutrition education, exercise, and behavior modification related to food intake. The nutrition education component involved teaching nutritional needs, taking into account low literacy skills, low economic status, and individual food preferences. A realistic diet plan was based on individual needs, economic status, availability of food, likes and dislikes, lifestyle, and family dynamics. On average, patients lost 2 lb a week on this program. On average, a 14-lb weight loss occurred in seven weeks. There has been a 10% dropout from this program as opposed to drop out rates of 40% to 50% with other treatments. The main reasons for the success of this program is that it is individualized and is sensitive to food preferences.     

High school students'' attitudes and knowledge of food consumption and body image: implications for school based education

One-hundred-and-forty-one high school students from Holon between the ages of 14 and 18 years participated in the study. The aims of the study were to investigate their nutritional habits, ascertain their body image, measure their knowledge concerning nutrition and finally to determine their attitudes regarding overweight, obese people and dieting. The study is a cross-sectional survey and the students involved completed a self administered questionnaire anonymously at school. The response rate was 97%. Forty-four percent of the total study population expressed a subjective feeling of being obese while, in truth, only 10% of them were actually overweight, and 48% among all participants practised weight reduction diets (girls three times more than boys). In addition to that another 53% of the pupils expressed the desire to be thinner than they were (girls four times more than boys). Nine percent of the study group experienced self-induced anorectic episodes at sometime during the past few years. It was observed that the study group's knowledge concerning food composition and nutrition remains insufficient. As far as their attitude concerning obesity, it was observed that 31% of the students regarded obesity as a handicap. Students who were athletics demonstrated more severe and stricter attitudes towards nutrition and obesity. Most of the information concerning nutrition was obtained through the media. School education about food and nutrition only amounted to 28.3% of the total. Seventy-nine percent of the students believe that nutrition should be integrated into their curriculum. Forty-four percent of the students feel themselves to be overweight, and 53.4% want to be thinner. Half of the students were on various diets. The students' knowledge of food and nutrition, the risk of obesity and the danger of excessive diets was insufficient. Most students presented negative attitudes towards obesity and overweight people. The media was the principal source of information on all these areas. Our main conclusion is that an educational nutrition program should be given to pupils in school by physicians and dietitians during all the years of public school attendance. The instructions of these programs should emphasize the importance of balanced nutritional regimes, as well as the risk and consequences of extreme dieting.     

Age-related decline in caloric intake and motivation for food in rhesus monkeys

Human studies have documented age-related declines in caloric intake that are pronounced at advanced ages. We examined caloric intake from a longitudinal study of aging in 60 male and 60 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) collected for up to 10 years. Monkeys were provided a standardized, nutritionally fortified diet during two daily meals, and intake was measured quarterly. About half of the monkeys were on a regimen of caloric restriction (CR) representing about a 30% reduction in caloric intake compared to controls (CON) of comparable age and body weight. CR was applied to determine if this nutritional intervention retards the rate of aging in monkeys similar to observations in other mammalian studies. Following reproductive maturity at 6 years of age, there was a consistent age-related decline in caloric intake in these monkeys. Although males had higher intake than females, and CON had higher intake compared to CR, the sex and diet differences converged at older ages (>20 years); thus, older CR monkeys were no longer consuming 30% less than the CON. When adjusted for body weight, an age-related decline in caloric intake was still evident; however, females had higher intake compared to males while CR monkeys still consumed less food, and again differences converged at older ages. Motivation for food was assessed in 65 of the monkeys following at least 8 years in their respective diet groups. Using an apparatus attached to the home cage, following an overnight fast, monkeys were trained to reach out of their cage to retrieve a biscuit of their diet by pushing open a clear plastic door on the apparatus. The door was then locked, and thus the biscuit was irretrievable. The time spent trying to retrieve the biscuit was recorded as a measure of motivation for food. We observed an age-related decline in this measure, but found no consistent differences in retrieval time between CR and CON groups of comparable age and time on diet. The results demonstrate an age-related decline in food intake and motivation for food in rhesus monkeys paralleling findings in humans; however, we found no evidence that monkeys on a long-term CR regimen were more motivated for food compared to CON. Examining the relationship of selected blood proteins to food intake following 7-11 years on the study, we found a negative correlation between globulin and intake among males and females after accounting for differences in age. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between leptin and intake in males.     

No persistent effect of preweaning nutrition on postweaning food intake, feeding efficiency, or body energy stores in Long-Evans rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of pre- and postweaning nutrition on body mass, body fat, and feeding efficiency in Long-Evans rats up to a period of 18 weeks following weaning. Female rats were bred and pups were redistributed to form large (14-19 pups), normal (11-13 pups) and small (4 pups) litter groups. Weaned rats were housed as pairs (40 pairs) or singletons (n = 16) and fed either a mixed-fat diet (36.6% fat) or a standard chow diet (13.5% fat). Food intake, body mass, and feeding efficiency were measured at 4, 8, 12, and 18 weeks postweaning. Total body fat and depot fat pad mass were also measured at 18 weeks postweaning. At weaning, pups from small litters were fatter (p less than 0.001), and had a greater mass (p less than 0.03) than pups from large litters. There were no persistent effects of preweaning litter size after covarying for preweaning mass on body mass, and postweaning growth, food intake, feeding efficiency, or body fat accretion. Male rats ingesting the mixed-fat diet had a greater body mass (p less than 0.05), greater body fat accretion (p less than 0.008) and a higher feeding efficiency (p less than 0.001) than their chow-fed counterparts, despite an overall lower energy intake (p less than 0.05). Female rats ingesting the mixed-fat diet had a lower food energy intake (p less than 0.005) and a greater feeding efficiency (p less than 0.001) than chow-fed rats during the early postweaning period, only. Thus, postweaning nutrition may play a more important role in postweaning adult mass and depot fat in freely eating rats than early nutritional experiences.     

Nutritional assessment in intravenous drug users with HIV/AIDS

Studying metabolic, endocrine, and gastrointestinal (MEG) disorders in drug abuse and HIV infection is important. Equally important, however, are the tools we use to assess these disorders. Assessment of nutritional status may include any combination of biochemical and body composition measurements, dietary intake assessment, and metabolic studies. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses and there is no perfect tool. When assessing nutritional status in injection drug users (IDU) and in HIV-infected people, the decision on which method or methods to use becomes even more complex. A review of studies reported during the XII World Conference on AIDS reveals that of 64 abstracts on the topic of nutrition in HIV-infected adults, only 11 assessed diet, 41 assessed anthropometry, and 24 assessed some form of biochemical measure. The most commonly reported methods for dietary intake included 24-hour recalls, food records, and food frequencies. The commonest methods used for measuring body composition included height, weight, bioimpedance, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Biochemical measurements included various blood nutrients, lipids, and albumin. Methods varied greatly between studies, and caution should be taken when trying to compare results across studies, especially among those using different methods. Currently, few studies deal with the development of methods that can be used for research in HIV-infected and IDU populations. We need to work toward better tools in dietary intake assessment, body composition, and biochemical measurements, especially methods that will allow us to track changes in nutritional status over time.     

Monosodium glutamate as a palatability enhancer in the European diet

Can monosodium glutamate (MSG) augment palatability in foods of the occidental diet? Its effects on the palatability of two experimental foods were investigated in 36 healthy young men and women. MSG improved palatability ratings, with an optimum at 0.6%. Weekly tests of free intake showed that subjects fed the experimental foods with 0.6% MSG added ate progressively more and faster, indicating increasing palatability with repeated exposure. The effects of MSG on familiar foods were investigated in a group of 65 institutionalized elderly persons. Spontaneous intake was measured at lunch time on 12 test days. Target foods (soup and vegetable) were served either without or with 0.6% MSG added. MSG facilitated intake of some but not all target foods, and was associated with positive (increased calcium and magnesium intake) or adverse (increased fat intake) nutritional effects. It is concluded that MSG can act as a palatability enhancer in the context of the French diet. It can facilitate long-term intake in both young and elderly persons but it should be utilized cautiously so as to improve nutrition.     

Food habits and nutritional status assessment of adolescent soccer players. A necessary and accurate approach.

The aim of this study was to assess the food habits and nutritional status of high level adolescent soccer players (N = 33; ages 14-16 yrs) living in their home environment. Body composition (height, mass, skinfolds), biochemical and hematological parameters, performance in soccer-specific tests (sprinting, jumping, intermittent endurance), and dietary intake (weighed food intake method) and related behaviors (nutrient supplement use, daily activity profile) were assessed. Daily energy expenditure and energy intake were 12.5 MJ and 12.6 MJ, respectively. Protein (16% of energy intake; 1.9 g/kg of body mass), lipid (38%), and cholesterol (385 mg) intake were above recommendations, while carbohydrates (45%) were below. The food intake of these adolescents was based on cereals and derivates; meat, fish, and eggs; milk and dairy products; biscuits and confectionery; and oil, butter and margarine, which provided 78% of total energy intake, 85% of proteins, 64% of carbohydrates, 90% of lipids, and 47% of fiber. Although diet provided sufficient iron, 48% of individuals showed iron deficiency without anemia. Based on these results, a well designed nutrition intervention would be advisable for optimizing performance, and especially for promoting healthy eating habits in adolescent soccer players.     

Effects of diet and handling on initiation of independent ingestion in rats

The present study examined the effects of dietary manipulation on the age of onset of weaning in rat pups. In Experiment 1, female rats were placed on a standard chow (SC) or high-fat (HF) diet 1 week following mating. Pups were weighed daily from birth to Day 12, then animals were placed into specialized cages for separate recording of food intake of pups and dams. Pups were offered the same diet as their dam, and food intake and body weight were determined twice daily until Day 25. The results demonstrated that pups reared by dams fed the HF diet initiated independent ingestion on Day 16, approximately 24 hr before pups reared by dams fed the SC diet. There were no differences in body weight in pups across the two diets. While few differences were noted across diets in pups' or dams' behavior, HF pups appeared to demonstrate a delay in the establishment of circadian patterns of food intake. In Experiment 2, all dams were maintained on an SC diet until the day after parturition. At that time, dams and litters were placed into specialized cages and divided into four groups: HF/HF, HF/SC, SC/SC, and SC/HF (dam's diet/pup's diet, respectively). The results demonstrated that dams given the HF diet had pups that initiated food intake approximately 2 days before the pups of dams given the SC diet. In addition, pups offered the HF diet, independent of the dam's diet, initiated food intake approximately 0.8 days prior to pups offered the SC diet. Further, by Day 12, HF dams had pups that were heavier than SC dams. The results suggest that the onset of weaning in rats is affected by maternal diet and the weaning diet available to the pup.