不同产地北沙参药材的挥发油成分比较分析

目的:比较山东莱阳、河北安国、内蒙古赤峰3个产地北沙参挥发油成分的差异。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取不同产地北沙参挥发油并计算提取率。利用气质联用(GC-MS)技术分析挥发油成分,采用Xcalibur工作站对数据进行校正,采用NIST11.0质谱数据库进行化合物检索(匹配度>800),以峰面积归一化法求得各化学成分的相对质量分数。结果:莱阳北沙参的挥发油提取率为0.013%,远低于安国北沙参(0.099%)和赤峰北沙参(0.105%)。分别从3个产地北沙参挥发油中鉴定出了15、18、27个化合物,相对质量分数分别为89.29%、96.76%、94.53%;镰叶芹醇是不同产地北沙参挥发油中相对质量分数最高的共有化合物,相对质量分数分别为69.79%、90.89%、71.04%;莱阳产北沙参富含脂肪酸类成分,安国和赤峰产北沙参富含C15H24型倍半萜类成分。结论:不同产地北沙参的挥发油成分有较大差异,提示应将其作为区分不同产地北沙参的化学标志物。     

鱼油和红花籽油对骨质疏松症小鼠脂肪酸合成的比较研究

摘要：骨质疏松患者通常伴发肥胖、高脂血症等脂代谢紊乱症状。鱼油（Fish Oil,FO）富含DHA、EPA等n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）,红花籽油（Safflowerseed Oil,SO）富含亚油酸等n-6 PUFA,研究发现其对骨质疏松、动脉粥样硬化等多种疾病都有很好的调节作用,然而对骨质疏松症模型小鼠脂肪酸合成的作用尚未见报道。目的与方法 本实验采用双侧去卵巢手术建立骨质疏松症模型,研究了鱼油和红花籽油对模型小鼠脂肪酸合成的影响及作用机制。 结果 FO显著增加骨强度,降低模型小鼠体脂比、血清总胆固醇 （Total Cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）等脂代谢表观指标,降低n-6 PUFA代谢中间产物——前列腺素E2（Prostaglandin,PGE2）、前列腺素E受体4（Prostaglandin E receptor,EP4）,以及下游炎症基因——核转录因子κB（Nuclear factor κB,NF-κB）、肿瘤坏死因子α（Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）的表达水平。由NF-κB介导的脂肪酸合成关键基因mRNA表达水平也显著下降：包括过氧化酶增殖因子活化受体γ（Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPARγ）、固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c（Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c,SREBP1c）、脂肪酸合成酶（Fatty acid synthase,FAS）、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（Acetyl-CoA carboxylase,ACC）。SO降低骨强度,显著提高模型小鼠体脂比、TC、PGE2含量以及脂肪酸合成调控基因SREBP1c的mRNA表达水平。 结论 提示通过介导PPARγ和NF-κB炎症通路,鱼油显著改善模型小鼠的脂质积累,而红花籽油则使模型小鼠的脂肪酸合成发生紊乱。     

河北道地药材北沙参HPLC-PDA指纹图谱研究

目的:建立河北道地药材北沙参HPLC-PDA指纹图谱分析方法,并与不同产地北沙参药材指纹图谱特征进行比较,为科学评价与有效控制北沙参药材质量提供新方法。方法:采用DiamonsilTM C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5m)色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-0.05%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温30℃,检测波长295 nm。结果:13批道地药材的相似度在0.9以上,化学组成一致性较好;不同产地饮片相似度只在0.1～0.4之间。结论:本方法操作简便、快速、准确,为北沙参药材的鉴别和质量的全面控制提供了依据。     

哈蟆油和哈蟆皮脂肪酸成分的比较分析

目的：比较分析哈蟆油和哈蟆皮脂肪酸成分。方法：分别用不同的方法处理哈蟆油和哈蟆皮，并采用气相色谱技术对其进行分析。结果：共检出25种脂肪酸。其中7种饱和脂肪酸，11种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA），7种单不饱和脂肪酸。对于哈蟆皮主要以棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸、油酸、亚油酸、次亚油酸、花生四烯酸（AA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）为主，哈蟆油主要以棕榈酸、棕榈烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、次亚油酸、AA、EPA为主。结论：哈蟆皮中的多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高于哈蟆油。     

不同膳食脂肪酸构成对乳腺癌大鼠BRCA1表达的影响

目的探讨不同比例n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)对甲基亚硝基脲(MNU)诱导的乳腺癌大鼠乳腺癌易感基因(BRCA1)表达的影响。方法雌性SD大鼠65只随机分为5组,即n-6PUFA组、10:1n-6/n-3组、5:1n-6/n-3组、1:1n-6/n-3组和正常对照组,前四组以50mg/kg体重MNU单次腹腔注射诱导大鼠乳腺肿瘤发生,正常对照组注射等体积无菌生理盐水。给药后立即分组喂养不同饲料,并在8周和18周时处死动物剪取乳腺组织,利用RT-PCR和Westernblot技术检测组织中BRCA1mRNA和蛋白表达状况。结果四组乳腺癌大鼠BRCA1表达较正常对照组均有所下降,四组中BRCA1的表达以1:1n-6/n-3组最强,并随n-6/n-3比值增大而下降。结论不同膳食脂肪酸构成对MNU诱导的乳腺癌大鼠BRCA1的表达具有不同影响,1:1n-6/n-3膳食脂肪酸构成能有效抑制乳腺癌大鼠BRCA1表达的下降。     

GC-MS法分析青海省不同产地冬虫夏草中的脂肪酸

目的 分析比较青海省4个地区7个不同产地的11批冬虫夏草中的脂肪酸类成分.方法 采用一步皂化甲酯化法衍生冬虫夏草中的脂肪酸类成分,GC-MS法和对照品对照定性、定量分析脂肪酸的组成和含量.结果 青海省产的冬虫夏草中主要含有C14～C20的13种脂肪酸,其总量为67.376～148.494 mg·g-1;其中,棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸等3种脂肪酸的含量较高,其总含量占13种脂肪酸总量的92.74％～96.23％;同一样品中,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比例为3.08 ～7.71;C18和C16的脂肪酸种类最多、含量最高,C18/C16为3.05～8.18;C18脂肪酸中C18∶1/C18∶2为1.10 ～2.91.结论 青海省不同产地的冬虫夏草样品中13种脂肪酸的组成差异较小,但脂肪酸的含量和比例差异较大.     

广西北海方格星虫脂肪酸的提取及组成分析

目的：比较分析方格星虫不同部位和极性层中的脂肪酸组成和含量。方法：采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法测定方格星虫(广西北海西村)不同部位和极性层的脂肪酸组成和含量。结果 方格星虫不同部位和极性层的脂肪酸含量和组成有差异,除了体腔液未鉴定出多不饱和脂肪酸和正丁醇层的单不饱和脂肪酸含量偏低以外,饱和脂肪酸都占总各自脂肪酸总量的一半左右,主要由 C14：0、C16：0 和 C18：0 所组成,单不饱和脂肪酸都占各自脂肪酸总量的 21.5-29.8 ％,其中 C18：1n9 和 C20：1n9 为主要成分,多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的相对含量为 21.2-34.6 ％,其中 C20:4n6 的贡献最大,并且还含有一定量的 C20：5n3 (二十碳五烯酸 EPA)。结论 方格星虫体壁和石油醚层的脂肪酸提取率和鉴定出的脂肪酸比例最高,方格星虫脂肪酸不仅种类多样,还有具多种重要活性作用的不饱和脂肪酸。     

5-脂氧合酶与肿瘤的关系研究进展

脂氧合酶（LOX）是一类非血红素铁蛋白，可催化具有顺，顺-1、4戊二烯结构的多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）转化为氢过氧化物，继而将该反应产物还原为羟基脂肪酸等物质。除此双加氧作用外，在PUFA或某些化学物参与下，对外源化学物具有协同氧化作用。     

香附药材质量相关性分析研究

目的:对收集的8个产地香附药材的质量进行分析与评价。方法:采用 GC-MS 法分析鉴定香附药材挥发性成分,分析条件为:DB-1701石英毛细管色谱柱(0.25 mm×30 m,0.25 μm),程序升温,进样口温度220℃,分流比100:1,流速1 mL·min~(-1);采用 HPLC 法分析不同产地香附药材甲醇提取物的化学成分,分析条件为:Hedera ODS-2 C~(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250mm,5 μm),甲醇(A)-水(B)系统为流动相,梯度洗脱[0～20 min,5%A～50%A;20～30 min,50%A～60%A;30～70 min,60%A～80%A;70～80 min,80%A～100%A],流速1 mL·min~(-1),检测波长254 nm,柱温30℃。对8个不同产地香附药材的甲醇提取物化学成分特征进行相似度评价分析和聚类分析。结果:以 GC-MS 分析鉴定了香附挥发油中22个化合物;以HPLC 法建立了不同产地香附甲醇提取物化学成分的特征图谱;相似度评价与聚类分析结果表明山东产香附与安徽、海南、浙江、江苏产香附距离较近,聚为一类,而河南与河北产香附与上述产地香附距离较远。结论:综合分析表明,地道产地山东香附与安徽、浙江和海南产香附在性状特征和化学成分信息方面均表现出较好的趋同性,与江苏、广西和河南产香附具有一定的趋同性,而河北安国香附在性状及聚类分析中均与山东香附距离最远,表现出明显的趋异性。本文研究结果为我国不同产地香附药材的检定、识别和质量评价提供了客观依据。     

全身播散性毛霉菌病一例...

严重烧伤患者必需脂肪酸营养状况的分析 张明谏,王其芳,李小兵,张静琦,刘光晶,李刚 天津市第一中心医院烧伤整形科,300192,天津 摘要 目的: 了解严重烧伤患者伤后两周必需脂肪酸的营养状况。方法: 调查分析30例严重烧伤患者伤后3-7天、8-14天平均每日经膳食和肠内肠外营养途径摄入能量、蛋白质、脂肪、多不饱和脂肪酸量。于伤后1-3天,6-8天和13-15天,用气相色谱仪测定血清多不饱和脂肪酸（C16:1、C18:2、C20:3和C20:4）相对浓度。结果: 严重烧伤患者伤后3-7天和8-14天平均每日摄入能量分别是: 2272±319 Kcal 和 2575±324 Kcal, 多不饱和脂肪酸平均每日摄入量分别占总能量的7.3%和8.1%。 伤后1-3天、6-8天和13-15天血清多不饱和脂肪酸C18:2、C20:3、C20:4相对浓度低于健康人水平（P<0.05）; 伤后6-8天和13-15天血清相对脂肪酸浓度C16:1/C18:2 和 C20:3/C20:4比值均高于健康人比值。 多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量与血清多不饱和脂肪酸C18:2（r=0.487）、C20:3(r=0.505)、C20:4（r=0.495）相对浓度呈正相关。结 论： 严重烧伤患者伤后两周机体有必需脂肪酸缺乏的趋势。 关键词 烧伤 营养状况 必需脂肪酸 多不饱和脂肪酸     

卤虫中蛋白质和脂肪酸组成的研究

用毛细管气相色谱法、微量凯氏定氮法、氨基酸自动分析仪对卤虫中蛋白质和脂肪酸组成进行分析。结果表明，蛋白质含量比较高，富含18种氨基酸，包括8种必需氨基酸。色谱分离出32个峰。主要脂肪酸有C16：1（n－7），17．3％；C18：1（n－9），20％；C18：2（n－6），2．8％；C18：3（n－3），2．5％；C20：5（n-3），3．5％。     

不同加工莱阳沙参的氨基酸检测分析

目的检测不同加工莱阳沙参的氨基酸含量。方法采用氨基酸自动分析仪对不同加上的莱阳沙参进行氨基酸检测。结果莱阳沙参至少含有19种氨基酸，不同的加工品氨基酸含量差异明显，烫去皮晒干北沙参总氨基酸含量最高（19．18％）。结论为不同加工的北沙参质量评价提供依据。     

Influence of dipyridamole on the fatty acid composition of the main lipid classes of chick serum

We have studied the effects of dipyridamole treatment on the fatty acid composition of the main lipid classes of chick serum bearing in mind the relationship between platelet aggregation and eicosanoids production from arachidonic acid. In the free fatty acids, percentages of MUFA and n-6 PUFA fell. The effects of dipyridamole appeared to be less pronounced in triglyceride fraction, but more so in serum phospholipids and cholesterol esters. The percentage of arachidonic acid was significantly reduced by dipyridamole, as well as that of different n-3 PUFA present in phospholipid fraction. The percentage of linoleic acid in serum cholesterol esters was significantly lowered by dipyridamole, whereas that of arachidonic acid did not change significantly. Our results suggest that decreased arachidonic acid in the serum phospholipids and linoleic acid in all lipid classes may be of importance in order to dipyridamole participation in several pathologies characterized by an imbalance in the production of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor prostanoids.     

海参磷脂型EPA对血清及肝脏脂肪酸组成的改善作用

目的 本文研究了海参磷脂型EPA(Eicosapntemacnioc acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine from sea cucumber,EPA-PC) 对非酒精性脂肪肝(Nonalcoholic fatty live disease, NAFLD)大鼠血清和肝脏脂肪酸组成的改善作用。方法 以NAFLD大鼠为模型,灌胃EPA-PC 4w,检测血清中和肝脏中脂质水平及脂肪酸组成。结果 EPA-PC显著降低模型大鼠血清和肝脏总脂中甘油三酯(Triglyceride,TG)和总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)水平,显著升高血清高密度脂蛋白(High density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDLC)/TC水平;显著升高血清和肝脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA)的比例,降低n6/n3PUFA比例,升高DHA比例,降低肝脏总脂和磷脂去饱和C18：1/C18：0指数的比例,改善脂肪酸组成。结论 EPA-PC可以使血清和肝脏脂质水平下降,改变血清和肝脏脂肪酸组成,使NAFLD大鼠脂质水平紊乱状态得到改进。     

Biological significance of essential fatty acids/prostanoids/lipoxygenase-derived monohydroxy fatty acids in the skin

The skin displays a highly active metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (LA), an 18-carbon (n-6) PUFA, results in characteristic scaly skin disorder and excessive epidermal water loss. Although arachidonic acid (AA), a 20-carbon (n-6) PUFA, is metabolized via cyclooxygenase pathway into predominantly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and PGF2alpha, the metabolism of AA via the 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) pathway, which is very active in skin epidermis and catalyzes the transformation of AA into predominantly 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). Additionally, the 15-LOX also metabolizes the 18-carbon LA into 13S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13S-HODE), respectively. Interestingly, 15-LOX catalyzes the transformation of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), derived from dietary gamma-linolenic acid, to 15S-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (15S-HETrE). These monohydroxy fatty acids are incorporated into the membrane inositol phospholipids which undergo hydrolytic cleavage to yield substituted-diacylglycerols such as 13S-HODE-DAG from 13S-HODE and 15S-HETrE-DAG from 15S-HETrE. These substituted-monohydroxy fatty acids seemingly exert anti-inflammatory/antiproliferative effects via the modulation of selective protein kinase C as well as on the upstream/down-stream nuclear MAP-kinase/AP-1/apoptotic signaling events.     

Differential modulation by simvastatin of the metabolic pathways in the n-9, n-6 and n-3 fatty acid series, in human monocytic and hepatocytic cell lines

Statins affect the production of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), both in vitro and in vivo. Various studies have shown the effects of statins on the pattern of n-6 fatty acids (FA), but limited attention has been paid to the n-3 FA. We investigated, in THP-1 and in HepG2 cells, the effects of simvastatin on the conversion of the 18C FA precursors in the n-3 and n-6 series, [1-(14)C] alpha-linolenic acid (alpha-LNA) and [1-(14)C] linoleic acid (LA) respectively, and on the metabolism of [1-(14)C] stearic acid (SA). THP-1 cells, as in the case of LA, actively converted alpha-LNA to its products, and after simvastatin treatment, the total conversion was significantly increased (from 57.2+/-7.2 to 74.3+/-8.5%, p<0.05). HepG2 cells also converted LA and alpha-LNA, but simvastatin increased significantly only the conversion of LA (9.5+/-1.9% versus 23.8+/-5.1%, p<0.02). SA conversion was similar in untreated cells (about 50%), while statin increased the production of oleic acid in HepG2, but in THP-1 cells there was a decrease. In conclusion, LA, alpha-LNA and SA are differentially metabolized in THP-1 and in HepG2 cells and their increased conversion by simvastatin is lower in HepG2 than in THP-1. These differences may reflect the distinct features of the two cell lines: monocytes, precursors of phagocytic cells, versus hepatocytes with mainly metabolic functions. Substantial differences concern also cellular FA pools: structural in THP-1 cells, and also depot, resulting in sequestering of the substrates, in HepG2. The greater n-3 FA metabolism in THP-1 cells may have favourable functional effects.     

A comparative study on the effect of algal and fish oil on viability and cell proliferation of Caco-2 cells.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich micro-algal oil was tested in vitro and compared with fish oil for antiproliferative properties on cancer cells in vitro. Oils derived from Crypthecodinium cohnii, Schizochytrium sp. and Nitzschia laevis, three commercial algal oil capsules, and menhaden fish oil were used in cell viability and proliferation tests with human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. With these tests no difference was found between algal oil and fish oil. The nonhydrolysed algal oils and fish oil showed a much lower toxic effect on cell viability, and cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells than the hydrolysed oils and the free fatty acids (FFAs). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) were used as samples for comparison with the tested hydrolysed and nonhydrolysed oils. The hydrolysed samples showed comparative toxicity as the free fatty acids and no difference between algal and fish oil. Oxidative stress was shown to play a role in the antiproliferative properties of EPA and DHA, as alpha-tocopherol could partially reverse the EPA/DHA-induced effects. The results of the present study support a similar mode of action of algal oil and fish oil on cancer cells in vitro, in spite of their different PUFA content.     

Early modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids,platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers after low doses of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Objectives Although previous data suggested that only doses of 4 g/day or higher of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have had a beneficial effect in the prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, the GISSI-Prevenzione Study in a 3-year trial showed that 1 g/day reduced total and cardiovascular mortality in over 11,000 post-infarction patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the time course and the extent of incorporation of n-3 fatty acids in plasma and blood cells after 1 g/day of n-3 PUFA, the dose effective in the GISSI-Prevenzione in comparison with higher doses.Methods Thirty-six healthy volunteers were given 1, 2 and 4 g/day of n-3 PUFA ethyl esters for 12 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout. Blood was collected at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 and used for lipid profile analysis and measurement of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates.Results Total n-3 PUFA increased by 2.0-, 2.2- and 2.9-fold versus baseline after 12-week treatment with 1, 2 and 4 g respectively. A statistically significant raise of total n-3 PUFA was seen in platelets and mononucleates. Among individual n-3 PUFA, 22:5 n-3 was enriched early and dose dependently in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates; the raise of 22:6 n-3 was less marked especially in platelets and mononucleates.Conclusions One gram per day of n-3 PUFA induces fast (within 1 week) and striking changes in blood composition of PUFA that may well explain their beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases.Delia Di Stasi and Roberto Bernasconi contributed equally to this work.     

Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Actions of Synthetic Long Chain n-3 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer Cells That Overexpress Cyclooxygenase-2

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in many human cancers and converts the n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), which drives tumorigenesis; in contrast, n-3 PUFA inhibit tumorigenesis. We tested the hypothesis that these antitumor actions of n-3 PUFA may involve the n-3 olefinic bond. n-3 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) of chain length C16-C22 were synthesized and evaluated in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells that stably overexpressed COX-2 (MDA-COX-2 cells). Longer chain (C19-C22) n-3 MUFAs inhibited proliferation, activated apoptosis, decreased PGE(2) formation, and decreased cell invasion; C16-C18 analogues were less active. Molecular modeling showed that interactions of Arg120, Tyr355, and several hydrophobic amino acid residues in the COX-2 active site with C19-C22 MUFA analogues were favored. Thus, longer-chain n-3 MUFAs may be prototypes of novel anticancer agents that decrease the formation of PGE(2) in tumor cells that contain high levels of COX-2.     

Lipidomics reveals the dynamics of lipid profile altered by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy people

Glycerophospholipids (GPs) and sphingolipids (SPs) are important lipid components in the body and play biological functions. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are important nutrients, and their supplements are commonly used for preventing some diseases. However, the effect of n-3 PUFAs on the human glycerophospholipidome and sphingolipidome is unclear. We used targeted lipidomics to study the GP and SP profile of healthy individuals after supplementation with n-3 PUFAs for 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Fuzzy c-means clustering was used to cluster the lipid species into six classes reflecting different changed-content patterns after n-3 PUFA supplementation. Among the species with significantly changed content, lysophospholipids were the most sensitive; their content started to increase on day 3. The content of phosphatidylserines increased at a later stage. The content of most of the phosphatidylcholines and alkylphosphatidylcholines decreased on day 21. A correlation network analysis of lipid species suggested that some enzymes involved in the metabolism of lysophospholipids and phosphatidylserines were regulated by n-3 PUFAs. Levels of creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), urea, glucose, triglycerides and total bilirubin were altered by n-3 PUFA at 21 days. Correlation analysis revealed that the level of CK-MB was negatively correlated with those of species in lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine classes, which were increased by n-3 PUFA supplementation. With the analysis in this work, we demonstrated the regular pattern of n-3 PUFAs on GP and SP metabolism, which provides a pharmacological basis for n-3 PUFAs for clinical application.