治疗性缩乳成形术在乳房肥大患者乳腺癌保留乳房手术中的应用

乳房肥大(巨乳症)合并乳腺癌的患者接受传统保留乳房治疗后往往会出现难以接受的美容并发症。乳房肥大的乳腺癌患者行保留乳房手术后,放射治疗常常导致乳房外形不佳,巨大乳房又会影响放射治疗的剂量分布和定位,影响放射治疗效果。治疗性缩乳成形术可以使乳房肥大的乳腺癌患者达到保留乳房和美容成形的双重效果。笔者从治疗性缩乳成形术的肿瘤治疗安全性、并发症以及手术方式等方面对其进行全面总结。既往研究结果表明,治疗性缩乳成形术不仅可以提供安全的肿瘤治疗方式,还可以防止或减轻合并症,成为乳房肥大的乳腺癌保留乳房患者的有利选择。     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后放射治疗临床研究

目的 观察早期乳腺癌保留乳房术后放射治疗的疗效、乳房美容效果及并发症.方法 随访2001年1月至2008年9月治疗的78例早期乳腺癌患者,其中Ⅰ期36例,Ⅱ期42例.术后全乳切线照射50 Gy,瘤床追加电子线照射10 Gy.淋巴结阳性者,患侧锁骨上X线和电子线混合照射50 Gy.结果 随访6～98个月,局部复发率4.9%,3年总体生存率96.6%,5年总体生存率92.7%,乳房美容满意率94.9%,治疗后并发症主要有皮肤急性反应及上肢水肿.结论 乳房保留手术加术后根治性放射治疗早期乳腺癌可获得满意的生存率及美容效果,提高了患者的存活质量.     

乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的相关问题探讨

 乳腺癌术后乳房重建显著提高了患者的生活质量,已成为乳腺癌综合治疗的一个重要部分,但也暴露出一些盲目重建的问题。乳腺癌术后乳房重建的选择应综合考虑,即刻重建与保乳手术相比选保乳,即刻重建与延期重建相比尽量即刻再造乳房,假体重建与自体重建的选择也因人而异。总之,乳房重建应遵循根治基础上兼顾美容的原则。     

乳腺癌保乳术后即刻乳房成形术的手术配合

目的提高早期乳腺癌保乳手术后即刻行广基带血管蒂腺体组织瓣Ⅰ期乳腺内成形术的手术配合能力。方法回顾2009年1月至2010年2月60例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术并即刻行广基带血管蒂腺体组织瓣Ⅰ期乳腺内成形术的术中配合情况,分析总结配合体会。结果 60例患者术前情绪稳定,能良好配合手术;手术过程顺利,手术时间30~80 min(平均50 min),术中出血量5~10 ml。术后能配合治疗,未发生切口感染、出血、皮瓣坏死、皮下积液、上肢淋巴水肿等并发症。术侧乳房无明显萎缩变形,两侧乳头基本对称。结论预先熟知手术步骤、了解术者要求是完美手术配合的基本保证;加强术前访视、护患沟通,能够减轻或消除患者术前焦虑,有利于患者配合手术、促进早日康复,减少医患纠纷。     

部分乳腺照射在乳腺癌保乳术后放射治疗中的应用

放射治疗是保留乳房治疗(breast-conserving treatment,BCT)的重要组成部分,对提高局部肿瘤控制率和乳房保全率都发挥着重要作用,对患者的长期生存也有正面的影响[1].     

DIEP皮瓣在乳腺癌术后一期乳房重建中的应用体会

目的:探讨腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣(DIEP)+微血管吻合术在乳腺肿瘤术后一期乳房再造中的应用价值.方法:选择2007-4-25-2008-2-1收治11例乳腺肿瘤患者,其中保留乳房手术3例,保留或不保留乳头乳晕皮下全乳切除8例.所有患者术后即刻行腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣+微血管吻合术,对缺损乳腺一期整形或再造.结果:11例乳腺肿瘤患者中,浸润性导管癌4例,浸润性小叶癌1例,导管内癌伴微小浸润3例,导管原位癌2例,恶性分叶状肿瘤1例.11例患者皮瓣全部成活,无脂肪液化、腹壁切口疝等并发症发生,美容效果满意.结论:腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣+微血管吻合术是乳腺肿瘤术后一期再造的理想术式.中华肿瘤防治杂志,2009,16(1):66-68     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术的回顾与展望

乳腺外科是治疗乳腺癌的重要组成部分，乳腺癌的最佳手术一直是争论和研究的热点。随着基础医学研究的深入和前瞻性随机临床试验的开展，乳腺癌的外科治疗正在向更科学更合理的方向迈进。笔者就早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术作一回顾，以促进中国保留乳房手术逐步规范化，提高乳腺癌患者的保留乳房率，兼顾疗效与患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌术后乳房缺损患者对乳房再造手术的心理需求调查

目的 调查乳房缺损患者对乳房再造手术的心理需求与接受程度.方法 应用问卷形式向49位乳房缺损患者对乳房再造手术的关心问题与接受程度等问题进行调查,并进行统计分析.结果 患者的年龄和文化程度以及医生是否介绍相关知识对乳房缺损患者对乳房再造手术的接受程度与关心问题的影响有差异.结论 患者的年龄和文化程度以及医患沟通是影响患者对乳房再造接受程度的重要因素.     

20例保留皮肤的乳腺癌全乳切除和即刻乳房再造

选择早期乳腺癌患者20例,行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻植入假体(14例)或背阔肌肌皮瓣(2例),或联合乳房再造(4例),部分保留乳头乳晕复合体.20例患者中,保留乳房皮肤及部分保留乳头乳晕,均未见局部复发.再造效果优6例,良12例,尚可2例,无严重变形病例.无严重并发症,均按时进行辅助治疗.保留乳房皮肤及乳头乳晕的乳腺癌全乳切除术局部复发率低,术中即刻假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合乳房再造手术效果好,并发症少.     

老年人早期乳腺癌保乳手术的临床研究

目的探讨保乳手术在老年人早期乳腺癌治疗中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2007年12月间在克拉玛依市中心医院和新疆医科大学第二附属医院接受保乳手术的46例老年早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料。手术方式为乳腺部分切除加腋窝淋巴清扫,术后辅助放射治疗、化疗和（或）内分泌治疗。结果46例患者手术成功,术后无严重并发症,标本石蜡病理切片显示各切缘均无癌细胞残留,随访9～68个月,2例局部复发,均无远处转移。结论保乳手术创伤小、术后并发症少,是老年人早期乳腺癌安全有效的治疗方法。掌握适应证及禁忌证,以及规范化和个体化治疗是保乳手术成功的关键。     

Survival disadvantage among Medicaid-insured breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery without radiation therapy

Background Clinical studies indicate that breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery (BCS) without radiotherapy (RT) have a greater risk of recurrence and mortality compared to those receiving BCS plus RT. However, this relationship has been underdeveloped among low-income women in the community who may face barriers in accessing adjuvant treatment and post-treatment surveillance. It is possible that the prognostic significance of omission of RT in clinical trials underestimates the significance of risk in the community. Methods Using cancer registry, Medicaid claims, and the Social Security Master Death File, we evaluated receipt of RT in women with early stage breast cancer treated with BCS and mean 6-year overall and cancer-specific survival. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of RT. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to determine survival by RT status and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate the role of RT status on overall and cause-specific survival. Results A total of 65% of women received RT, and 82% of the sample survived the study period. Death rates of 16% and 51% were observed among those who did and did not receive RT, respectively (P < 0.001). One-third of women who died from cancer (8 of 24) received radiation. Use of RT was associated with a statistically significant decrease in all-cause (hazard ratio = 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.85) and cancer-specific mortality (hazard ratio = 0.22, 95% CI −0.09 to 0.57). Conclusions Adjuvant radiation following BCS was underused in this sample of poor breast cancer patients. Lack of adjuvant RT may be a proxy for inadequate access to care and poor cancer surveillance after treatment.     

The outcome of patients with breast cancer who underwent breast conserving treatment with or without immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue

Background  Breast conserving treatment (BCT) is accepted as an appropriate therapy for most patients with stage I and stage II breast cancer. However, BCT is associated with a relatively high incidence of local recurrence, and aesthetically unacceptable results occur in some patients. A novel method of immediate volume replacement using autogenous tissue has been developed to strike a balance between adequate excision and cosmesis. We determined the oncological outcome in patients with breast cancer treated with wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue, and axillary dissection followed by radiotherapy. Methods  One hundred fifty-three patients with TIS, stage I, II, or III breast cancer underwent wide excision and axillary dissection. The surgical margin of excised breast tissue was examined histologically during surgery. If involved, the breast tissue adjacent to the primary site was excised. When the margin of re-excision was positive, patients underwent modified radical mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction. After wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue was performed, unless the deformity was corrected by undermining and conization of the residual breast tissue. Postoperatively, all patients received breast irradiation. Results  Eighteen patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. The surgical margin was negative in 132 of the 135 patients who underwent BCT. The crude local recurrence rate was 0.7% (1/135). Estimated overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 96% and 94%, respectively. Conclusions  Wide excision with tumor-free margins and axillary dissection followed by breast irradiation provides adequate local control in many patients with breast cancer. Immediate breast volume replacement with autogenous tissue may avoid some unpleasant cosmetic results associated with extensive local resection. Our technique eliminates the need for mastectomy in selected patients.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后联合全乳腺放射治疗的疗效分析

目的评价早期乳腺癌保乳手术联合放射治疗的疗效及美容效果。方法对26例早期乳腺癌患者采取保乳手术加术后全乳腺放射治疗,并与19例同期早期乳腺癌行改良根治术加术后放射治疗的患者进行对比分析。结果所有的患者均完成治疗,均无切口感染、切口不愈合及放射性皮肤坏死等不良反应,均有不同程度的近期皮肤反应,但均没有明显纤维化。保乳组的3年、5年生存率分别为96.2%(25/26)、92.3%(24/26),与对照组的3年、5年生存率100.0%(19/19)、94.7%(18/19)相似。保乳组22例(84.6%)美容效果良好。结论乳腺癌保乳手术美容效果良好,放射治疗对乳房外形无明显影响,两者联合应用可显著提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

乳腺癌皮下腺体切除联合一期植入物乳房重建59例临床分析

目的探讨不同乳腺癌皮下腺体切除联合一期植入物乳房重建手术方法的安全性和美容效果。 方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年12月在解放军总医院第一医学中心接受皮下腺体切除联合一期植入物乳房重建的59例乳腺癌患者临床资料。59例患者采取2种分组方式：(1)根据乳房切除方式不同，分为保留乳房皮肤的皮下腺体切除术(SSM)与保留乳头、乳晕复合体的皮下腺体切除术(NSM) 2组；(2)根据乳房重建方式不同，分为"一步法"或"两步法"2组。采用秩和检验或Fisher确切概率法分别比较2组乳房切除方式和2组重建方式的并发症和美容效果。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行患者生存分析。 结果33.9%(20/59)患者行SSM，66.1%(39/59)患者行NSM；44.1%(26/59)患者行"一步法"重建，55.9%(33/59)患者行"两步法"重建。30.5%(18/59)患者同时行对侧乳腺预防性皮下腺体切除术加植入物重建术。中位随访71个月(范围：27～133个月)，失访12例。随访的47例患者中术后假体移位发生率为10.6%(5/47)，包膜挛缩和假体破裂发生率均为4.3%(2/47)。21.3%(10/47)患者最终取出植入物。不同乳房切除方式的并发症发生率和植入物取出率差异无统计学意义(P＝0.697、0.716)；不同重建方式的并发症发生率和植入物取出率差异无统计学意义(P＝0.449、1.000)。死亡2例，余45例患者术后美容效果评分的优良率为73.3%(33/45)，不同乳房切除方式和不同重建方式的术后美容效果评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＝0.296、1.000)。患者是否同时行对侧预防性皮下腺体切除及植入物重建术的美容效果评分比较差异也无统计学意义(P＝0.571)。患者的OS率为95.7%(45/47)，DFS率为89.4%(42/47)。 结论乳腺癌皮下腺体切除联合一期植入物乳房重建术后总体生存情况良好，不管采用哪种乳房切除方式或重建方式，术后不良事件与并发症发生率均较低，可达到预期的临床疗效，并获得良好的美容效果。     

整形保乳技术在早期乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用

目的：对比分析早期乳腺癌患者应用整形保乳技术和传统保乳技术的术后美容效果及并发症。方法收集2012年1月至2015年10月在福建医科大学附属闽东医院实施保乳手术的乳腺癌患者67例,其中应用乳腺腺体瓣转移等整复技术行保乳手术的30例作为试验组,实施传统保乳手术的37例作为对照组。对比分析两组患者术后并发症及美容效果。结果试验组和对照组术后美容效果评估为优良的患者分别为22例（73．33％）、16例（43．24％）,评估为一般的分别为6例（20．00％）、14例（37．84％）,评估为差的分别为2例（6．67％）、7例（18．92％）,差异具有统计学意义（Z ＝－2．513,P ＝0．012）。试验组13．33％（4／30）的患者出现术后并发症,其中皮瓣坏死并发切口感染及切口裂开1例、皮下积液3例;对照组5．41％（2／37）的患者出现术后并发症,其中切口感染及切口裂开各1例;两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．490,P ＝0．484）。中位随访时间为28个月,对照组发现局部复发1例、远处转移2例,试验组患者未发现术后复发及转移,差异无统计学意义（P ＝0．140）。结论对早期乳腺癌患者采用肿瘤整形技术进行保乳手术治疗,肿瘤治疗安全性高,美容效果好,值得推荐。     

An analysis of relapsed breast cancer in patients previously treated with breast conserving surgery

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in breast surgery have focused on breast conserving surgery in combination with radiotherapy. In the present study, we examine by retrospective analysis 105 patients with breast cancer who received breast conserving surgery for factors influencing disease free survival. METHODS: The analysis was performed on 105 patients with breast cancer who received breast conserving surgery in our department, including 38 patients without radiotherapy and 67 patients treated with radiotherapy. The disease-free survival of the patients was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The relapsed patients were assessed by examining pathological features and gene expression by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the disease free survival at 5 years between patients without radiotherapy (89.6%) and with radiotherapy (94.5%). Relapse after breast conserving surgery was found in 6 patients including 4 patients without radiotherapy and 2 patients with radiotherapy. Local relapse and bone metastasis were found in 4 (3.8%) and 2 patients, respectively. Among the 4 local relapses, 1 patient had received radiotherapy and 3 patients had not. There was no significant difference between the type of relapse in terms of lymph node metastasis, hormone receptor, nuclear grade and intraductal component, but more vessel invasion was observed in the 2 cases with bone metastasis. The overexpression of apoptosis and angiogenesis genes such as p53, Bax, Bcl-XL, Bcl-2 and VEGF was not common in the relapsed patients, whereas the overexpression of drug resistance genes, either P-gp or MRP1, was found in the all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although radiotherapy may reduce the incidence of local relapse and increase disease free survival after breast conserving surgery, the development of an effective adjuvant chemotherapy based on drug resistance markers, is also required.     

1999—2008年中国大陆地区乳腺癌保乳术及术后放疗情况的临床流行病学研究

目的 了解中国大陆地区乳腺癌保乳治疗和放疗情况。方法 随机纳入7家医院在1999—2008年治疗的乳腺癌患者,分析其中230例保乳治疗者的一般临床病理因素和检查治疗情况,及术后放疗使用及部位情况。对结果采用Wilcoxon分析、Cochran-Armitage 趋势检验和χ²检验等。结果 198例(86.1%)接受腋窝淋巴结清扫术,16例(7.0%)行前哨淋巴结活检术,15例(6.5%)未行腋窝手术,1例不详(0.4%)。165例(71.7%)接受术后放疗,术后放疗的使用率随不同治疗年代变化不明显(P=0.212),不同医院之间有差别(P=0.000)。全乳放疗后134例(81.2%)瘤床补量。除导管内癌患者,152例放疗者中31.6%照射同侧锁骨上下区、7.9%照射同侧腋窝、5.3%照射同侧内乳。腋窝淋巴结阳性数为0、1~3和≥4个者接受锁骨上下区照射的比例分别为31.5%、54.2%和100%(P=0.000)。结论 国内地区乳腺癌保乳术的开展有待于进一步提高,前哨淋巴结活检的使用率低。保乳术后放疗范围选择较规范,但使用率需要提高。     

乳腺癌患者生存与复发的随访报告：一项单中心回顾性研究

目的探讨乳腺癌患者长期的OS和无复发生存(RFS)及其影响因素。 方法依据纳入、排除标准,选取2000年1月1日至2015年12月31日在解放军总医院第五医学中心乳腺外科治疗的乳腺癌患者作为研究对象进行回顾性分析,最终共有2 423例患者纳入随访。采用Kaplan-Meier法及Log-rank检验比较不同临床分期、不同分子分型以及不同手术方式的患者5年OS和RFS的差异。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析患者生存的影响因素。 结果2 423例乳腺癌患者的中位年龄为48岁,随访时间为3.5～18.7年,中位随访时间为5.2年,随访率为85.3%(2 066/2 423)。本组患者5年、10年OS率分别为91.5%和84.4%,5年、10年RFS率(除外Ⅳ期乳腺癌)分别为85.8%和78.4%。在临床分期方面：本组可手术乳腺癌患者占81.0%(1 963/2 423),局部晚期乳腺癌患者占15.6%(378/2 423),Ⅳ期患者占3.4%(82/2 423)。0、Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者5年OS率分别为100%、98.5%、93.8%、78.1%和50.8%,5年RFS率(除外Ⅳ期乳腺癌)分别为98.5%、95.4%、87.0%和63.0%。临床分期与患者5年OS及RFS明显关联(χ²＝356.067、250.433,P均<0.001)。在分子分型方面：排除205例分子分型不详者后,将剩余2 218例按照受体状况分为luminal型、HER-2过表达型和三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC),3组的比例分别为72.3%(1 604/2 218)、10.1%(225/2 218)、17.5%(389/2 218),5年OS率分别为93.1%、88.3%和84.4%,5年RFS率(除外Ⅳ期乳腺癌)分别为87.7%、84.8%和76.7%。3组患者间5年OS率及RFS率相比,差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝24.124、31.668,P均<0.001)。在手术方式方面：本组患者保留乳房(简称保乳)率为24.8%(600/2 423)。Ⅰ期患者保乳率为44.9%(309/688),接受保乳者5年OS率比乳房全切者高(99.3%比98.4%,χ²＝6.338,P＝0.012),但5年RFS率与乳房全切者相比,差异无统计学意义(96.7%比94.8%,χ²＝2.245,P＝0.134);Ⅱ期患者保乳率为21.1%(237/1 125),保乳手术者与乳房全切者5年OS率分别为97.2%和92.7%,5年RFS率分别为88.5%和87.1%,组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ²＝3.793、1.425,P＝0.051、0.233)。在患者生存、复发影响因素方面：Cox比例风险回归模型显示,患者的年龄、临床分期、分子分型均与OS有关(HR＝1.017,95%CI：1.004～1.029,P＝0.019; HR＝3.242,95%CI：2.763～3.803,P<0.001;HR＝1.203,95%CI：1.066～1.357,P＝0.003)。 结论年龄、临床分期、分子分型是乳腺癌患者预后的影响因素。对于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者而言,保乳手术的疗效优于或不差于乳房全切术。     

背阔肌皮瓣修复在乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用

目的 探讨采用背阔肌皮瓣修复乳腺癌部分乳房切除术后较大范围缺损的治疗和美容效果.方法 24例乳腺癌患者的肿瘤最大径为3.0～5.5 cr,平均3.5 cm.均行保留乳房的病灶广泛切除,所有患者均在术中冰冻切片确定切缘达阴性后,即刻采用背阔肌皮瓣修复局部缺损,术后给予全乳放射治疗±辅助化疗±内分泌治疗.结果 全组24例患者背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,背部及乳房皮肤无坏死.术后中位随访23个月,患者均无病生存.全乳放射治疗对转移的背阔肌皮瓣末见明显影响,乳房外观优良率为79.2%,患者主观评价满意度为96.0%.结论 采用转移的背阔肌皮瓣修复部分乳房切除术后的较大缺损可获得满意的治疗效果和美容效果,对存在导管内癌、新辅助化疗后、乳房中央区(乳头乳晕区)及较大肿瘤(＞3 cm)等保乳手术相对或绝对禁忌的患者可行保乳手术,扩大了保乳手术的适应证.

Abstract：

Objective Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is one of standard treatment approaches in early breast cancer.Although most defect after BCS can be repaired, the cosmetic outcomes are unsatisfactory in the patients with poor tumor/breast ratio.Oncoplastic surgery (OPS) has emerged as a new approach for providing adequate tumor resection without compromise of aesthetic outcomes in BCS.Our purpose is to explore the cosmetic outcomes of applying latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap to reshape severe breast conservation deformities in breast cancer.Methods Totally 24 cases of breast cancer were studied.The tumor size was 3.0-5.5 cm ( median 3.5 cm).All the cases underwent BCS and achieved negative margin by frozen sections examination.Then LD flap reshaping were performed.All the patients received whole breast radiotherapy ± chemotherapy ± endocrine therapy.Results All the LD flaps were alive without skin necrosis.After a median 23-month follow-up, all the cases were disease-free surviving.The whole breast radiotherapy had no significant effect on the LD flaps.The rate of good cosmetic results was 79.2%.The subjective satisfactory rate of the patients was 96%.Conclusions Both satisfactory aesthetic outcome and good treatment effect were obtained using LD flap to reshape severe breast conservation deformity.OPS offers tools for breast conservation in patients otherwise destined for mastectomy or poor aesthetic outcome, such as large tumor/breast ratio, nipple-areola complex tumor, ductal carcinoma in situ,neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases and so on.