腹腔镜直肠癌根治术

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术已在临床上受到广泛认可。在术中对于手术层面的识别非常的重要,正确的层次识别有利于间隙的游离、盆腔自主神经的保护,其对于手术成功与否以及患者术后生活质量尤为重要。术中需注意直肠系膜与神经前筋膜之间游离,紧贴直肠系膜游离间隙保证直肠系膜的完整,以及实现肿瘤的根治性切除。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术盆腔自主神经保留对术后性功能的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术盆腔自主神经保留的可行性及对术后性功能的影响。方法对我院2004年2月至2006年5月期间21例中低位直肠癌患者施行腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除保留盆腔自主神经手术，调查了解患者术后性功能情况。结果21例患者性功能均存在，绝大多数（18例）患者勃起功能良好。结论腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除术保留盆腔自主神经是可行的，患者性功能恢复满意。     

基于盆腔自主神经为解剖标志的腹腔镜下直肠癌系膜 全切除术

目的:探讨以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志寻找安全的手术操作平面,进行腹腔镜下直肠癌的直肠系膜全切除(TME)的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月—2015年12月腹腔镜低位直肠癌切除术157例男性患者的临床资料及手术视频,将2012年后的81例患者作为观察组,该组患者术中以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志行TME,从中间入路进行解剖游离,采用双吻合器技术进行消化道重建,将2012年前未按以上解剖标志手术的76例作为对照组,比较两组手术相关指标以及对患者术后泌尿和性功能情况。结果:与对照组比较,观察组术中出血量明显减少(14.9 mL vs.26.5 mL)、手术质量3级率明显增加(89.2%vs.59.6%),淋巴结清扫数目明显增加(19枚vs.15枚),术后勃起功能障碍率明显降低(2.3%vs.4.5%,P0.05),尿潴留率明显降低(6.2%vs.10.5%)差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:TME中以盆腔自主神经为解剖标志可以最大程度完整切除直肠系膜的同时减少对盆腔内脏神经的损伤,而且对低位直肠癌TME手术的标准化和熟练掌握有帮助。     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

确保腹腔镜直肠系膜完全切除的手术技巧:介绍一种自创骶前隧道式分离法

众所周知,全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)是治疗中低位直肠癌,降低局部复发率的有效方法.虽然对于一个熟练的腹腔镜结直肠专科医师来说,行腹腔镜低位或超低位直肠前切除时应用TME,感觉手术视野优于开腹手术[1].但遇到肥胖或骨盆狭窄的低位直肠癌患者,即使熟练的腹腔镜外科医师也感到棘手.主要难点在于对腹膜反折以下直肠侧方及末端系膜进行完整切除相当困难,如系膜切除不全则可能影响手术预后.我们基于对1000余例直肠癌直肠系膜标本的解剖认识及300余例腹腔镜直肠癌的手术经验,总结一种简易、不易造成直肠系膜破损的TME方法--骶前隧道式分离法,供同道参考.     

直肠切除术中保留盆腔内脏神经的解剖学基础及要点

目的了解盆腔内脏神经的走行及与盆腔筋膜的关系,寻找安全的操作平面,减少直肠癌手术中对内脏神经的损伤。方法通过解剖12例人骨盆标本,观察盆腔内脏神经的走向分布及与筋膜间隙的关系。结果腹下神经全程走行于骶前筋膜内,下腹下丛走行于盆壁层筋膜内,并于直肠2点及10点处（截石位）在多个平面交叉穿入Denonvilliers筋膜汇入泌尿生殖血管束,Denonvilliers筋膜内存在横行的神经交通支。结论直肠后方及侧方的手术操作平面在直肠固有筋膜与骶前筋膜之间靠近直肠固有筋膜一侧,在直肠前方的手术操作应注意保护直肠2点及10点位置的泌尿生殖神经血管束及Denonvillers筋膜内的神经交通支。     

直肠癌根治术中保留骨盆自主神经的神经解剖学基础及临床意义

目的　探讨直肠癌根治术中保留神经的解剖学基础。　方法　解剖 6例完整尸体标本(男 4例 ,女 2例 )和 4例直肠及盆腔未受破坏的矢状半骨盆标本 ,观察骨盆神经组成及走行。　结果　显露下腹神经干 ,确定其在第 5腰椎处分为左、右下腹神经。其特点是较为粗大 ,位置固定 ,在腹主动脉分叉处易找到 ,呈网状联系 ,质地较实 ,为灰白色 ,与腹主动脉较近。分叉后左右下腹神经还有较粗大分支。骨盆内脏神经在大体标本上较难辨认 ,在矢状半骨盆标本中见到发自骶前孔 2～ 4的骨盆内脏神经 ,该神经较纤细 ,在侧韧带处呈丛状的细小纤维。　结论　保留下腹神经临床上较易完成。保留骨盆内脏神经则须细心操作 ,预保留神经的一侧在侧韧带水平的手术操作应尽量贴近直肠进行。     

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??Controversy and expectation on preservation or excision of Denonvilliers fascia during radical rectal cancer resection FANG Jia-feng??WEI Hong-bo. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery??the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University??Guangzhou 510630??China
Corresponding author??WEI Hong-bo??E-mail: drweihb@126.com
Abstract Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the golden standard of surgery for mid-low rectal cancer. Traditional TME surgery requires dissection in front of the Denonvilliers’ fascia??as well as excision of Denonvilliers’ fascia. However??the high incidence of postoperative urogenital dysfunction has led to worldwide controversy and query on TME surgery. Individualized treatment should be applied to patients with middle and low rectal cancer. For patients whose tumors are not located in the anterior and lateral walls of rectum or local stages are early??TME should be performed at the back of Denonvilliers fascia to preserve the integrity of Denonvilliers fascia as far as possible??so as to protect the pelvic autonomic nerve??avoid postoperative urination and sexual dysfunction??improve postoperative life quality of patients.     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌手术精准筋膜解剖的原则与意义

近年来，膜解剖理念被广泛应用于结直肠癌手术，该理念将器官切除、肿瘤根治、血管神经解剖及功能保护与“膜”相关联，显著促进了结直肠癌微创手术的进一步发展。然而，目前学界对膜解剖结构的定义、膜平面的建立及手术层面，尤其是直肠癌手术层面的选择，仍存在较大争议。本文对低位直肠癌手术相关筋膜，包括直肠固有筋膜、盆筋膜、Denonvilliers筋膜、Waldeyer筋膜及壁筋膜等概念及结构进行梳理，并结合筋膜解剖对直肠癌手术层面入路的原则进行探讨，以进一步规范和提高低位直肠癌微创手术治疗效果，达到“肿瘤根治”与“功能保护”兼顾的最佳结果。     

Sexual function after resection for rectal cancer

Major rectal operation, that is, abdominoperineal or anterior resection, for cancer frequently damages the autonomic pelvic nerve supply with resultant sexual dysfunction. The anatomic characteristics and function of the autonomic nervous system in the pelvis has been reviewed. Sexual function after rectal excision for cancer was studied in 25 male patients who were less than 60 years of age and exhibited normal sexual activity preoperatively. Of nine patients who had abdominoperineal resection, four were impotent and two reported no ejaculation with normal potency postoperatively. Of 4 patients who had high anterior resection, only 1 reported no ejaculation, whereas of 12 patients with low anterior resection, 4 were impotent and 3 reported no ejaculation. A higher incidence of sexual dysfunction was noted after abdominoperineal resection compared with after anterior resection (66 percent and 50 percent, respectively). However, the incidence after low and very low anterior resection was comparable with that after abdominoperineal resection (58 percent and 66 percent, respectively). Advanced patient age and very low resection were the two main factors effecting sexual dysfunction after major rectal operation. Although we believe that careful operative technique might reduce the incidence of sexual disturbances attributable to sympathetic fiber damage, avoidance of parasympathetic damage during operation cannot be accomplished because the most likely site of injury, namely the periprostatic plexus, is usually within the operative field, the exception being cases in which the tumor is small, thus allowing preservation of the rectoprostatic fascia.     

Pelvic intraoperative neuromonitoring during robotic-assisted low anterior resection for rectal cancer

While the oncological outcome of patients with rectal cancer has been considerably improved within the last decades, anorectal, urinary and sexual functions remained impaired at high levels, regardless of whether radical surgery was performed open or laparoscopically. Consequently, intraoperative monitoring of the autonomic pelvic nerves with simultaneous electromyography of the internal anal sphincter and manometry of the urinary bladder has been introduced to advance nerve-sparing surgery and to improve functional outcome. Initial results suggested that pelvic neuromonitoring may result in better functional outcomes. Very recently, it has also been demonstrated that minimally invasive neuromonitoring is technically feasible. Because, to the best of our knowledge, pelvic neuromonitoring has not been performed during robotic surgery, we report the first case of robotic-assisted low anterior rectal resection combined with intraoperative monitoring of the autonomic pelvic nerves.     

Multimodality management of locally advanced rectal cancer

Despite the routine use of adjuvant chemoradiation for curatively resected stage II and III rectal cancer a significant percentage of patients ultimately fail locally and/or distally; this underscores the need for continued improvement in the efficacy of combined-modality therapy and quality of rectal cancer resection. The recognition of the significance of lateral or circumferential margins of resection has paralleled the widespread use of total mesorectal excision. In addition to facilitating negative margins of resection and local control, sharp mesorectal techniques also facilitate identification and preservation of pelvic autonomic nerves thereby greatly reducing the incidence of urinary and sexual dysfunction following radical resection. Lastly, restorative options can result in excellent bowel function in carefully selected patients undergoing a "very low" anterior resection. Efforts are currently directed at identifying the subset of locally advanced rectal cancer patients who may be adequately treated with a resection alone thereby avoiding the added morbidity of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy.     

Continuous intraoperative monitoring of autonomic nerves during low anterior rectal resection: an innovative approach for observation of functional nerve integrity in pelvic surgery

Purpose

The aim of this study was to develop a methodological setup for continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring with intent to improve nerve-sparing pelvic surgery.

Methods

Fourteen pigs underwent low anterior rectal resection. Continuous stimulation of pelvic autonomic nerves was carried out with a newly developed tripolar surface electrode during lateral, anterolateral, and anterior mesorectal dissection. Neuromonitoring was performed under electromyography of the autonomic innervated internal anal sphincter.

Results

Continuous neuromonitoring resulted in significantly increased electromyographic amplitudes of the internal anal sphincter, confirming intact innervation throughout the whole dissection in each animal (median 0.9?μV, interquartile range 0.5; 1.5 vs. median 3.4?μV, interquartile range 2.1; 4.7) (p?Conclusion The present study is the first to demonstrate that continuous intraoperative monitoring of pelvic autonomic nerves during low anterior rectal resection is feasible.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中保留盆自主神经的关键技术与意义

直肠癌术中盆自主神经(PAN)的损伤是患者术后排尿功能和性功能障碍的主要原因之一。术中盆自主神经的精准辨认和保护始终是直肠癌根治术的要点与难点。术者应熟悉PAN的走行，把握直肠周围筋膜的解剖层次，才能维持正确的外科平面(surgical plane)，最大程度降低盆神经损伤概率。高清腹腔镜设备及应用解剖技术的进展使外科医生更精准地辨认PAN、血管、筋膜等重要解剖结构。本文对腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术中保留PAN的关键技术和意义作一综述。