联合应用MSCT术前可切除性评估与解剖性探查对胰头癌切除率的影响

探讨联合多层螺旋CT(MSCT)术前对胰头癌可切除性评估及术中解剖性探查对提高胰头癌手术切除率的应用价值。笔者分析2004年7月—2005年10月收治的胰头癌手术患者21例（A组）。术前均行MSCT检查,根据CT影像显示的肿瘤和肠系膜上动、静脉及门静脉的关系,对胰头癌进行影像学分期,并以此分期为标准行可切除性评估。术中重点探查胰腺钩突部和肠系膜上血管、门静脉的解剖关系。以1997年1月—2004年6月胰头癌手术患者47例作为回顾性临床对照（B组）。比较两组手术结果。结果示A组12例术前判定可以切除,实际10例得以根治性切除,阳性预测值83.3%;9例术前判定不可切除,手术结果与术前判定一致,阴性预测值100%。A组手术切除率、并发症发生率、手术病死率分别为47.6%,19%和0%。B组手术切除率、并发症发生率、手术病死率分别为23.4%,25.5%和2.1%。两组手术切除率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。提示根据MSCT对胰头癌的影像学分期,可以较为准确地评估肿瘤可切除性;联合应用MSCT术前可切除性评估及术中解剖性探查技术对提高胰头癌的手术切除率有临床价值。     

三维可视化技术在胰头癌胰腺全系膜切除术中应用研究

目的 探讨三维可视化技术在胰头癌胰腺全系膜切除术中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院普外科行胰腺全系膜切除的105例胰头癌病人资料，采用三维可视化技术对胰头肿瘤的部位、大小、与周围血管的毗邻关系进行观察，完成术前可切除性的评估，共施行胰腺全系膜切除术105例。结果 平均手术时间239 min，平均术中出血409 mL。29例（27.6%）发生术后并发症，无围手术期死亡病例。74例标本三维空间切缘病理学检查达到R0切除，R0切除率为70.5%。结论 三维可视化技术在胰头癌全系膜切除术前规划中的应用，可以更好地指导胰头癌的精准手术，提高了术前评估的准确率与手术的R0切除率，降低手术并发症发生率。     

CT记分对胰头癌可切除性及其难度预测的价值

目的　探讨胰腺CT记分对预测胰头癌可切除性及难度的价值。方法　对近 3年收治的113例胰头癌患者术前进行胰腺CT记分 ,将CT记分分为 4类 :(1)易切除类 (0分 ) ;(2 )难切除类(1～ 5分 ) ;(3 )很难切除类 (6～ 9分 ) ;(4 )不可切除类 (>9分 ) ,并与手术中切除率进行比较。结果　 5 7例术前CT记分为 0～ 6分认为可切除的 ,有 5 5例经手术切除 ,CT预测准确率达 96.5 %。结论　胰腺CT记分能较准确预测胰头癌的可切除性及其难度。     

三维可视化技术在胰头癌胰腺全系膜切除术中应用研究

目的探讨三维可视化技术在胰头癌胰腺全系膜切除术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2017年6月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院普外科行胰腺全系膜切除的105例胰头癌病人资料,采用三维可视化技术对胰头肿瘤的部位、大小、与周围血管的毗邻关系进行观察,完成术前可切除性的评估,共施行胰腺全系膜切除术105例。结果平均手术时间239 min,平均术中出血409 mL。29例(27.6%)发生术后并发症,无围手术期死亡病例。74例标本三维空间切缘病理学检查达到R0切除,R0切除率为70.5%。结论三维可视化技术在胰头癌全系膜切除术前规划中的应用,可以更好地指导胰头癌的精准手术,提高了术前评估的准确率与手术的R0切除率,降低手术并发症发生率。     

血管受侵程度对胰头癌可切除性影响

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描下不同胰腺周围血管受侵类型及程度对胰头癌可切除性的影响。方法：回顾性分析我院收治的胰头癌患者病例62例,整理患者相关临床资料并根据螺旋CT表现的对胰周血管侵犯的不同影像学特点,对患者进行分类和评估,探讨不同类型胰周血管受侵情况对胰头癌可切除性的影响。结果：本组62例胰头癌病例中,行姑息性手术21例,胰十二指肠切除术41例。对比分析术前CT表现的血管受侵情况和术中探查发现,血管受侵周径分级、血管受压程度分级与血管受侵长度分级具有较高灵敏度、特异度和准确性。三者与临界胰头癌可切除性具有明显相关性,其中血管受侵长度较其余两者相关性更高。结论：螺旋CT对于评价胰头癌对周围血管受侵长度、受侵周径及受压程度具有重要意义,对胰头癌术前可切除性评价具有重要参考价值。     

用于胰头癌可切除性判断的术前血清标志物筛选

目的:探讨术前血清肿瘤标记物糖类抗原(CA19-9、CA50、CA242、CA125)和癌胚抗原(CEA)水平对胰头癌可切除性评估的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月—2015年12月收治的104例胰头癌患者的临床资料,筛选与胰头癌可切除性相关的血清肿瘤标记物,并采用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)与曲线下面积(AUC)分析其对胰头癌可切除性的预测价值。结果:104例患者均行手术探查,其中可切除54例(可切除组),不可切除50例(不可切除组)。两组术前血清CA50和CEA水平差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),而不可切除组CA19-9、CA242和CA125水平明显高于可切除组(317.99k U/Lvs.152.98k U/L;67.81k U/Lvs.39.36k U/L;71.53k U/Lvs.29.22k U/L,均P0.05)。ROC分析得出CA19-9和CA125对胰头癌可切除性均具有判断价值,其最佳截断点分别为236.13k U/L和16.44k U/L,AUC值分别为0.667和0.678(均P0.05),而单项检测CA242对胰头癌可切除性诊断无明显判别价值(AUC=0.609,P=0.085)。CA19-9、CA125联合诊断对胰头癌可切除性诊断的灵敏度和特异性提高。结论:术前检测血清CA19-9和CA125水平可作为辅助指标应用于胰头癌的可切除性评估,两者联合检测更能提高灵敏度和特异性。     

术前CT评估胰头癌可切除性的意义

目的评价术前CT判别胰头癌可切除性的方法和标准，并评估其临床意义。方法使用螺旋CT对24例胰头癌病人进行术前薄层多期扫描，将胰周血管受侵犯程度分为4级，结合周围组织脏器的受累情况判断胰头癌的可切除性，并与手术结果相对照。结果24例胰头癌病人，术前15例判别可切除，实际14例得到了根治性切除，阳性准确率达93．3％，阴性准确率达100％。结论利用血管受侵犯程度分级，螺旋CT可以较准确的判别胰头癌的可切除性，具有重要的临床意义。     

电子束CT及三维成像对胰头癌可切除性的评价

目的　用电子束CT对胰头癌的可切除性进行术前评价 ,以确定电子束CT对胰头癌分期诊断的应用价值。方法　对 5 7例胰头癌行动、静脉双期扫描或实质期扫描并三维成像 ,术前评价其可切除性 ,并与手术中发现相比较。结果　本组 5 7例胰头癌均被手术探查证实。可根治切除 2 1例 ,行动、静脉双期扫描 32例 ,行实质期扫描并三维成像 2 5例。电子束CT判断胰头癌不能切除的准确率为 94%、可切除的准确率为 71% ,两种扫描方式无差别。结论　电子束CT能较为准确、全面地评价胰头癌的可切除性 ,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

胰头癌与周围重要血管关系的CT分型及在切除性评估上的意义

目的在CT图像上对胰头癌肿块与胰周重要血管之间的关系进行分型，并分析各型胰头癌的可切除性。方法收集51例因胰头癌行开腹手术且术前行螺旋CT或多层螺旋CT胰腺双期扫描的病例，在CT图像上分析病灶与邻近重要血管之间的关系，分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ五型，依据手术及病理结果，判断此种分型在预测肿瘤可切除性的准确程度。结果依据CT影像所见及肿物与周围血管的密切关系将51例胰头癌分为Ⅰ型7例，Ⅱ型8例，Ⅲ型15例，Ⅳ型11例和Ⅴ型10例。全部Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型均可切除且无需行血管切除（其中仅1例Ⅱ型切缘为阳性）；Ⅲ型中有7例可切除（但其中3例同时行静脉切除），余8例未能切除；全部Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型均未能切除。结论Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型者可较为可靠地判断为可切除；Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型者可较为可靠地判断为不可切除；Ⅲ型者部分可切除，部分为不可切除，行静脉切除能提高该型的切除率。     

102例可切除胰头癌的临床病理特点

目的　探讨可切除胰头癌的临床病理特点。方法　回顾性分析 1990年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月实施胰十二指肠切除手术的 10 2例可切除胰头癌患者的临床病理资料。结果　胰周组织侵袭率达74.5 % ,其中胰后脂肪侵袭率 2 7.5 % ;胰周淋巴结转移率为 71.6% ,其中腹主动脉周围淋巴结转移率达 2 1.1%。结论　外科可切除胰头癌并不等于是早期胰头癌 ,胰头癌根治性切除的手术范围至少应包括胰十二指肠切除和区域性软组织与淋巴结廓清 ,将腹主动脉周围淋巴结划归为胰头癌的第1站淋巴结可能更合理     

CT三维重建在肝门部胆管癌的诊疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨术前CT三维重建在肝门部胆管癌的诊断和可切除性评估中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析安徽医科大学附属省立医院自2015年1月—2016年12月收治的15例肝门部胆管癌患者资料,所有患者术前常规行CT三维重建,分析肿瘤的位置与毗邻关系以及Bismuth分型,从而进行手术的可切除性评估。结果:15例患者均完成手术探查,其中Bismuth分型Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型5例(Ⅲa型2例,Ⅲb型3例),Ⅳ型9例,其中根治性手术11例,姑息性切除术4例。CT三维重建在术前诊断肝门部胆管癌分型、肿块与门静脉及肝动脉比邻关系、肿块体积的准确率分别为93.3%、86.7%、53.3%、93.3%;术前模拟手术与实际手术方式符合率为80%。结论:术前CT三维重建可以准确、直观、动态的显示肝门部胆管癌及三维毗邻关系,对于判断肝门部胆管癌的可切除性具有较高的准确性,值得临床推广。     

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目的探讨螺旋CT判断胰头癌可切除性的方法和标准。方法上海华东医院2002年1月至2003年9月使用螺旋CT对18例胰头癌病人进行术前薄层多期扫描，将胰周血管受侵犯程度分为4级，结合周围组织脏器的受累情况判断胰头癌的可切除性，并与手术结果相对照。结果18例胰头癌病人，术前9例判断可切除，实际8例得到了根治性切除。准确率达87．5％，不可切除的判断准确率达90％。结论利用血管受侵犯程度分级，螺旋CT可以较准确的判断胰头癌的可切除性，具有重要的临床意义。     

增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断及分期中的价值

目的 探讨增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断及分期中的价值.方法 回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院普外科2009年10月至2013年10月间收治47例手术治疗的胰腺占位患者资料.术前均行CA19-9检查、腹部增强CT扫描及全身PET/CT扫描,比较增强CT与PET/CT在胰腺癌诊断及分期中价值.结果 47例患者中,确诊胰腺癌41例,非胰腺癌6例.CA19-9、增强CT和PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断的灵敏度分别为78.0％、80.4％和95.1％,PET/CT灵敏度优于CA19-9和增强CT,差异有统计学意义（P值分别为0.023和0.043）;在胰周淋巴结转移判断方面,PET/CT和增强CT的灵敏度分别为75.0％和41.6％,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.019）;在肝转移判断方面,PET/CT和增强CT诊断的灵敏度分别为80.0％和60.0％,二者差异无统计学意义（P=1.0）.结论 PET/CT对胰腺癌诊断有较高灵敏度,显著优于增强CT.当肿瘤SUV值升高,PET/CT诊断仍应注意结合CA19-9、增强CT甚至MRI综合判断;PET/CT有助于发现淋巴结和远处器官转移病灶,获得更加准确的术前分期,从而避免诊断性剖腹探查手术.     

The questionable role of computed tomography in preoperative staging of esophageal cancer

The findings of computed tomography (CT) in 18 patients with histologically proven esophageal carcinoma were compared with operative and pathological findings. Computed tomography delineated esophageal lesions in 14 of the 18 patients. In 11 patients, CT scanning was found to be inaccurate in assessing tumor involvement of esophageal lymphatic drainage. Nine patients had no abdominal nodal metastasis demonstrated by CT scan. Operative exploration revealed tumor involvement of celiac or left gastric lymph nodes in all of these patients. Two patients' CT scans demonstrated tumor involvement of celiac and left gastric lymph nodes; at operative exploration, these nodes were enlarged, but they were histologically negative for esophageal carcinoma. Operative exploration changed the preoperative TNM classification in 8 of the 11 patients. Review of these data indicates that surgical exploration continues to be the only reliable method of determining the actual extent and often the resectability of esophageal carcinoma.     

Pattern of lymph node involvement and prognosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: direct lymph node invasion has similar survival to node-negative disease

Lymph node status is one of the most important predictors of survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Surgically resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma is often locally invasive and may invade directly into peripancreatic lymph nodes. The significance of direct invasion into lymph nodes in the absence of true lymphatic metastases is unclear. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare clinical outcome in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with direct invasion into peripancreatic lymph nodes with patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas and patients with true lymphatic lymph node metastasis. A total of 380 patients with invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma classified as pT3, were evaluated: ductal adenocarcinoma with true lymphatic metastasis to regional lymph nodes (248 cases), ductal adenocarcinoma without lymph node involvement (97 cases), and ductal adenocarcinoma with regional lymph nodes involved only by direct invasion from the main tumor mass (35 cases). Isolated lymph node involvement by direct invasion occurred in 35 of 380 (9%) patients. Overall survival for patients with direct invasion of lymph nodes (median survival, 21 mo; 5-year overall survival, 36%) was not statistically different from patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas (median survival, 30 mo; 5-year overall survival, 31%) (P=0.609). Patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas had an improved survival compared with patients with lymph node involvement by true lymphatic metastasis (median survival, 15 mo; 5-year overall survival, 8%) (P<0.001) regardless of the number of lymph nodes involved by adenocarcinoma. There was a trend toward decreased overall survival for patients with 1 or 2 lymph nodes involved by true lymphatic metastasis compared with patients with direct invasion of tumor into lymph nodes (P=0.056). However, this did not reach statistical significance. Our results indicate that patients with isolated direct lymph node invasion have a comparable overall survival with patients with node-negative adenocarcinomas as opposed to true lymphatic lymph node metastasis.     

Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging improves the staging of pancreatic tumors.

OBJECTIVE: This prospective study was undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of a noninvasive "all-in-one" staging method in predicting surgical resectability in patients with pancreatic or periampullary tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Despite progress in imaging techniques, accurate staging and correct prediction of resectability remains one of the chief problems in the management of pancreatic tumors. Staging algorithms designed to separate operable from inoperable patients to save the latter an unnecessary laparotomy are becoming increasingly complex, expensive, time-consuming, invasive, and not without risks for the patient. METHODS: Between August 1996 and February 1997, 58 consecutive patients referred for operation of a pancreatic or periampullary tumor were examined clinically and by 5 staging methods: 1) percutaneous ultrasonography (US); 2) ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging (UMRI); 3) dual-phase helical computed tomography (CT); 4) selective visceral angiography; and 5) endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The assessment of resectability by each procedure was verified by surgical exploration and histologic examination. RESULTS: The study comprised 40 male and 18 female patients with a median age of 63 years. Thirty-five lesions were located in the pancreatic head (60%), 11 in the body (19%), and 1 in the tail of the gland (2%); there were 9 tumors of the ampulla (16%) and 2 of the distal common duct (3%). All five staging methods were completed in 36 patients. For reasons ranging from metallic implants to contrast medium allergy or because investigations already had been performed elsewhere, US was completed in 57 (98%), UMRI in 54 (93%), CT in 49 (84%), angiography in 48 (83%), and ERCP in 49 (84%) of these 58 patients. Signs of unresectability found were vascular involvement in 22 (38%), extrapancreatic tumor spread in 16 (26%), liver metastases in 10 (17%), lymph node involvement in 6 (10%), and peritoneal nodules in only 2 patients (3%). These findings were collated with those of surgical exploration in 47 patients (81 %) and percutaneous biopsy in 5 (9%); such invasive verification was deemed unnecessary and therefore unethical in 6 clearly inoperable patients (10%). In assessing the four main signs of unresectability (extrapancreatic tumor spread, liver metastases, lymph node involvement, and vascular invasion), the overall accuracy of UMRI was 95.7%, 93.5%, 80.4%, as compared to 85.1%, 87.2%, 76.6% for US and 74.4%, 87.2%, 69.2% for CT. In assessing vascular invasion, the sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of angiography were 42.9%, 100%, and 68.8%, respectively. There were 3 complications (12.5%) after 24 resections, 5 in 17 palliative procedures, and none after 6 explorations only. The hospital stay was 14 days after resection, 13 after palliative bypass, and 6 after exploration alone. There was no operative or hospital mortality in these 58 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is by no means 100% accurate, UMRI is equal or even superior to all other staging methods. It probably will replace most of these, because it provides an "all-in-one" investigation avoiding endoscopy, vascular cannulation, allergic reactions, and x-radiation. But because even UMRI is not perfect, the final verdict on resectability of a tumor still will depend on surgical exploration in some cases.     

胰头癌可切除性的术前综合评估

目的探讨术前综合评估在判断胰头癌可切除性中的价值。方法收集2006年1月至2006年11月经解放军总医院手术治疗的56例胰头癌,按手术切除方式分为根治性手术组与姑息性手术组,并对两组病例的临床病理特点、实验室检查、CT影像特征进行回顾性分析。结果56例胰头癌根治性切除20例（36．7％）,姑息性切除组36例（64．3％）,姑息性切除的原因主要是血管侵犯（22例）、远处转移（8例）、侵犯周围器官或腹膜后组织并固定（6例）。两组病例中,根治性切除组的背痛及腹痛发生率较低,临床TNM分期多为I～Ⅱ（P〈0．05）;术前CT影像提示瘤体较小,血管侵犯率低（P〈0．01）。而黄疽、体重下降、肿瘤病理类型、分化程度、胆红素水平、血清肿瘤标记物、胆管及主胰管扩张的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前综合评估是判断胰腺癌可切除性的有效手段。     

64层螺旋CT胆道三维重建技术协助胆道梗阻的术前评估

目的 研究64层CT胆道三维重建(spiral CT cholangiograply,SCTC)在胆道梗阻中的运用价值和优缺点.方法 对20例胆道梗阻患者,包括肝门部胆管癌8例,肝内外胆管结石6例,胰头肿物4例,胆管狭窄2例进行SCTC检查,了解胆道树成像的图像质量以及对梗阻性质判断的准确率.结果 8例肝门部胆管癌中6例患者得到较完美的胆道树成像,2例患者胆道树部分显影.7例患者的Bismuth-Corlette分型与手术探查一致.4例胰头肿物、2例胆管狭窄、1例胆总管结石的患者术前SCTC均能得到较完美的胆道树成像,能准确提示梗阻的部位和病因.5例复杂的左右肝内胆管结石患者,虽能正确提示肝内外胆管结石的分布和位置,但难以得到较完美的胆道树成像.结论 SCTC可作为除复杂左右肝内结石外的胆道梗阻患者的术前评估的常规方法,其运用价值值得进一步的研究和分析.