腹腔镜右半结肠切除术外侧入路和内侧入路合理选择：争议与共识

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术的解剖标志、手术层面等手术关键技术日益成熟,淋巴结清扫范围及消化道重建方式逐步规范,完整结肠系膜切除理念得到广泛推广。选择合适的手术入路对规范淋巴结清扫范围、寻找正确解剖平面以及减少术中并发症同样具有重要意义。腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的中间入路具有较高肿瘤安全性和操作便利性。外侧入路方式目前临床较少采用,适用于肠系膜上血管区域粘连严重或肠系膜炎症导致局部组织层次显露不清等情况。尾侧入路既满足结肠癌根治的全系膜切除原则,同时较中间入路操作更加简便易行。头尾侧联合入路方式是在尾侧入路的基础上进行的改良,可减少对大网膜、结肠及其系膜的多次翻动,并有助于缩短腹腔镜手术的学习曲线。关于腹腔镜右半结肠切除术不同入路法的近远期疗效的高质量研究有限,目前尚无最佳手术入路的定论。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌完整系膜切除术经尾侧-中间联合入路回顾性研究

目的 :比较腹腔镜右半结肠癌完整系膜切除术(complete mesocolic excision, CME)经尾侧-中间联合入路(简称尾侧联合入路)与传统中间入路(简称中间入路)在手术学、肿瘤学等方面的效果。方法 :回顾性分析2017年1月至6月收治的68例右半结肠癌病人。根据手术入路分为尾侧联合入路组37例及中间入路组31例。采用West分级系统评估比较两组的CME完成质量以及手术安全性、术后近期疗效及远期预后。结果:病人均经CME完成质量评估。尾侧联合入路组CME完成率为86.5%,中间入路组CME完成率为80.6%。两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.53)。尾侧联合入路组腹腔镜下解剖时间较中间入路缩短[(62.70±12.22) min比(70.39±11.98) min,P=0.01]。两组病人总手术时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、术后并发症发生及远期预后差异均无统计学意义。结论:腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME,经尾侧联合入路可缩短腹腔镜下解剖时间,CME完成质量、安全性、预后两种手术入路相当。     

尾内侧入路联合中间翻页式淋巴结清扫腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术疗效观察

目的:探讨尾内侧入路联合中间翻页式淋巴结清扫腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的安全性和可行性。方法:采用描述性病例系列研究的方法,回顾性分析2018年4月至2020年5月,在广东省中医院胃肠外科,由同一主刀医师连续完成尾内侧入路联合中间翻页式清扫腹腔镜右半结肠根治术35例患者的临床资料。结果:35例患者均顺利完成手术,术中无肠系...     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除尾侧入路与中间入路的临床随机对照研究

背景与目的:腹腔镜结肠切除术已被广泛用于结肠癌根治术中,选择合适的手术入路对手术疗效起重要作用。由于右半结肠区域血管走行复杂,因此右半结肠切除术的操作难度更高,需要慎重选取手术入路。本研究通过比较右半结肠切除术中尾侧入路与中间入路的临床效果,探讨该手术的最佳手术入路。方法:选取2016年5月-2019年5月收治并确诊为右半结肠癌的患者136例,随机分为两组,每组各68例。一组患者采用尾侧入路行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(尾侧入路组),另一组患者采用中间入路行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(中间入路组)。比较两组患者的相关临床指标以及术后生存情况。结果:两组患者术前基线资料差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。尾侧入路组患者平均手术时间(123.52 min vs.168.64 min)、平均术中出血量(12.46 mL vs.24.28 mL)、中转开腹率(2.94%vs.11.76%)均明显优于中间入路组(均P<0.05)。两组患者的通气时间、通便时间、恢复饮食时间、引流量、引流时间、住院时间差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);尾侧入路组患者的切口感染、肺部炎症、吻合口瘘、及肠梗阻发生率及总并发症发生率(23.53%vs.35.29%)均明显低于中间入路组(均P<0.05);两组患者术后淋巴结清扫数、TNM分期差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。尾侧入路组患者术后2年生存率明显高于中间入路组(82.35%vs.52.94%,P<0.05)。结论:尾侧入路腹腔镜右半结肠切除术具有安全、微创、简便、可操作性好的优势,有利于保证手术视野的充分及解剖定位的准确,其近远期疗效均优于中间入路腹腔镜右半结肠切除术。     

腹腔镜下右半结肠切除术

本手术为腹腔镜下右半结肠切除术式,中央入路解剖血管、清扫主干旁淋巴结,头侧游离结肠肝曲,尾侧入路掀起右半结肠,将右半结肠相应血管离断、淋巴结清扫展示出来,尤其是处理Henle干。手术时间总长约60 min,视频剪辑后无加速,基本能反映出手术全程步骤的各个细节,全程手术层次入路标准,几乎无出血。腔镜下操作及缝合动作流畅,手术流程亮点包括血管解剖、淋巴结清扫、腔内关闭系膜。     

不同手术入路的腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME术临床疗效对比

目的探讨尾侧入路与尾侧中间联合入路腹腔镜右半结肠癌完整系膜切除术(CME)的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2017年3月至2018年7月84例行腹腔镜下右半结肠癌CME术患者临床资料,根据手术入路不同将患者分为尾侧组45例和尾侧中间联合组39例(联合组)。选用SPSS 22.00统计软件进行数据分析。围术期各项指标、CME完成质量等计量资料以■表示,采用独立样本t检验;并发症发生情况、CME完成率等计数资料采用χ~2或Fisher精确检验,两组生存率比较采用Log Rank检验。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果联合组手术时间和术中出血量均少于尾侧组(P0.05);两组术后排气时间与住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。尾侧组术后并发症总发生率11.1%,联合组为7.7%,两组术后并发症总发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在CME完成质量方面,两组间CME完成率、系膜完整性分级、切除系膜面积、血管结扎部位、切除结肠长度、淋巴结清扫数目差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后随访2年内均无死亡病例,联合组失访1例;2年无病生存率(DFS)比较,联合组与尾侧组差异无统计学意义(94.9%vs. 93.3%,P0.05)。结论尾侧中间联合入路腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME术在缩短手术时间和减少术中出血量方面较尾侧入路更有优势,其安全性、CME完成质量、短期疗效方面与尾侧入路基本相当。     

尾侧中间联合入路与传统中间入路腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术临床对比研究

目的 探讨尾侧中间联合入路与传统中间入路腹腔镜右半结肠癌完整结肠系膜切除（CME）的技术优劣。方法 前瞻性纳入2017年7月至2018年4月期间于上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院胃肠外科（上海市微创外科临床医学中心）行腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的病人,根据手术入路分为传统中间入路组（中间组）和尾侧中间联合入路组（尾侧组）,并对比两组病人的临床资料（包括基线情况、围手术期相关指标、术后病理情况、CME完成情况等）。结果 共纳入75例病人,其中中间组35例,尾侧组40例,两组病人基线水平（除CA19-9外）、围手术期相关指标、术后病理情况等差异均无统计学意义,切除肠管长度（24 cm vs.22 cm）、A线长度（9.8 cm vs.9.4 cm）、B线长度（9.0 cm vs.8.5 cm）、切除系膜面积（112.4 cm2 vs.109.0 cm2）、中位淋巴结清扫数（19枚 vs.19枚）、淋巴结清扫合格率（97.1% vs.97.5%）、CME完成率（80% vs.85%）等差异均无统计学意义。肥胖［体重指数（BMI）≥25］为影响CME完成率的独立危险因素（P=0.019）。结论 尾侧中间联合入路与传统中间入路腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术在安全性、可行性、短期疗效、淋巴结清扫彻底性及CME完成质量方面差异均无统计学意义,但仍需更大样本前瞻性随机对照研究（RCT）予以证实。     

尾背侧入路在腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术中的临床应用

目的探讨经尾侧入路腹腔镜右半结肠切除术的安全性和可行性。方法回顾分析2016年1月至2016年12月,我科收治的需进行腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治切除术患者22例。按照采用尾背侧中间入路10例(简称尾背侧组)和尾腹侧中间入路12例(简称尾腹侧组);两组患者均进行腹腔镜右半结肠切除术,对两组患者的手术时间、手术出血量、淋巴结清扫个数、切除的标本质量、术后首次排气时间及吻合口瘘发生情况进行记录,同时比较结果。结果尾背侧组手术时间178.6±16.2 min、术中出血83.2±8.4 mL与尾腹侧组205.0±20.0 min、100.7±13.3 mL比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。尾背侧组清扫淋巴结数目15.7±1.9枚,术后排气时间2.8±0.5 d、切除标本中系膜保留完整10例、无吻合口瘘,无中转开腹、住院日12.6±1.2 d;尾腹侧组16.3±1.7枚、2.8±0.5 d、12例、0例、0%、平均住院日12.7±1.1 d比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。手术标本系膜完整两组均完整无破损,尾背侧组与尾腹侧组各出现术后并发症1例(淋巴瘘),均于术后第4天出现,保守治疗3天后治愈。结论选择尾背侧入路在腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治切除术是安全的,可行的。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术中间入路手术体会

探讨腹腔镜中间入路法右半结肠癌根治术的手术要点、安全性及临床应用。回顾分析2015年1月—2018年4月行右半结肠癌根治术66例患者,其中开腹33例,腹腔镜中间入路33例。腹腔镜手术以回结肠血管为起始入路标志,以肠系膜上静脉为解剖学标志,建立正确的外科平面进行系膜血管的解剖及淋巴结清扫。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门首次排气时间、术后住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目及并发症情况。结果显示,腹腔镜中间入路与开腹侧方入路比较,其在术后肛门首次排气时间、术后住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目有优势,并发症和术中出血量减少,但手术时间延长。结果表明,腹腔镜右半结肠癌中间入路完整肠系膜切除,手术安全,创伤小,可行性高。     

不同入路腹腔镜完整结肠系膜切除术治疗右半结肠癌的临床效果和预后的对比研究

目的研究和比较中间入路、尾侧入路以及尾侧中间联合入路腹腔镜完整结肠系膜切除术（CME）对右半结肠癌患者围手术期和术后累积生存情况。 方法前瞻性单盲选择2016年2月至2019年7月在肇庆市第一人民医院进行腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME的96例患者，用随机数字表法将其分为三组，各32例：中间组（行中间入路）、尾侧组（行尾侧入路）和联合组（行尾侧中间联合入路）。比较三组患者围手术期指标、并发症发生率，Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析患者术后累积无病生存率（DFS）、总生存率（OS）。 结果中间组、尾侧组分别中转开腹3、1例。尾侧组和联合组手术时间、术中出血量均优于中间组，且联合组优于尾侧组（P<0.05）；联合组肛门排气时间、引流管拔除时间和术后住院时间均显著少于尾侧组和中间组（P<0.05），并发症总发生率更低（P<0.05）。三组患者术后累积OS和DFS比较，差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.227、0.714，P=0.893、0.700）。 结论腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME术中行尾侧中间联合入路在缩短手术时间、减少术中出血量及降低并发症发生率等方面更具优势，有益于患者术后康复，值得在临床上推广。     

Retrocolic spaces: anatomy of the surgical planes in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer

To explore the regional anatomy of the fasciae and spaces around the right-side colon from laparoscopic perspective, we observed the location, extension, and boundaries of the spaces around the right-side colon in seven cadavers and in 49 patients undergoing laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer, and reviewed computed tomography images from patients and healthy individuals. Between the ascending mesocolon and prerenal fascia (PRF), there was a right retrocolic space (RRCS), which extended in all directions. The anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, cranial, and caudal boundaries of the RRCS were the ascending mesocolon, PRF, superior mesenteric vein, right paracolic sulcus, inferior margin of the duodenum, and inferior margin of the mesentery radix, respectively. Between the transverse mesocolon and the pancreas and duodenum, there was a transverse retrocolic space, which was enclosed cranially by the radix of the transverse mesocolon. In CT images, healthy PRF was noted as slender line of middle density, continuing to the transverse fascia. The retrocolic spaces was unidentifiable, unless they were filled with retroperitoneal lesions. The RRCS and transverse retrocolic space are natural surgical planes for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for cancer. The boundaries of these fusion fascial spaces are the best access, and the PRF is the best guide.     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术外科间隙的解剖学观察

目的探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术（LRC）相关筋膜和间隙的局部解剖学特点。方法对7具尸体和49例接受LRC的患者进行解剖学观察：比较腹部健康者和结肠癌患者的CT影像资料。结果在升结肠系膜和肾前筋膜之间存在各向交通的右结肠后间隙：其前、后、中线侧、外侧、头侧和尾侧边界分别为升结肠系膜、各向延续的肾前筋膜、肠系膜上静脉、右结肠旁沟腹膜反折、十二指肠水平部下缘和肠系膜根下缘。在横结肠系膜和胰十二指肠之间．存在横结肠后间隙．其头侧以横结肠系膜根为界。在横结肠系膜和大网膜之间,存在胃结肠系膜间间隙。在CT影像上。正常肾前筋膜是与腹横筋膜相延续的等密度细线,右结肠后间隙无法辨认;但对于右侧结肠癌患者,肾前筋膜和右结肠后间隙可能受侵犯而较易辨认。结论右结肠后间隙和横结肠后间隙对于LRC是天然外科间隙．‘肾前筋膜是天然外科平面。     

Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery for Cancer: What Is the Role of Complete Mesocolic Excision and Splenic Flexure Mobilization?

Laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer is nowadays routinely performed worldwide. After the introduction by Heald of total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer, also a complete mesocolic excision has been advocated as an essential surgical step to improve oncologic results in patients with colon cancer. The complete removal of mesocolon with high ligation of the main mesenteric arteries and veins and the mobilization of splenic flexure are well-known but still debated in western surgical society. The authors reviewed the literature and outlined the rationale and the results of splenic flexure mobilization and complete mesocolic excision in laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer.     

Malignant pheochromocytoma with liver invasion treated successfully by combined retroperitoneal laparoscopic control of arterial in-flow followed by open hepatectomy: A case report

IntroductionPheochromocytoma surgery is generally challenging for surgeons and anesthesiologists for cardiovascular complications.Presentation of caseA 54-year-old Japanese man was found to have a large right pheochromocytoma infiltrating the posterior part of his liver and vena cava and multiple lung metastases. After retroperitoneal laparoscopic dissection of the dorsal side of the tumor and ligation of the feeding vessels, total resection of the primary tumor, extended posterior sectional hepatectomy, and partial vena cava resection were performed by open surgery via a thoracoabdominal approach. Abundant congestive bleeding with instability of vital signs occurred during transection. It could be finally controlled by dissect the remnant feeding artery in the inmost space. Prior control of arterial in-flow enabled successful completion of the planned surgical procedure. The patient has now survived for 27 months since resection of the primary lesion.ConclusionLigation of the feeding arteries to this hypervascular catecholamine-releasing tumor via a retroperitoneal laparoscopic approach prior to performing combined organ resection facilitated successful excision of this large malignant pheochromocytoma.     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大切除原则与评价

完整结肠系膜切除原则(CME)在结肠癌手术中的应用已有十年,该原则强调了解剖平面下的结肠完整系膜切除,中央组淋巴结的清扫,饲养血管的中央部位结扎和离断。但在随后的临床应用和推广中,人们发现该原则在诸多方面并未有准确定义,比如右半结肠癌的手术中中央组淋巴结清扫的界限、肠管切除长度等。以该原则实施手术的质量控制标准等问题也是在不断的实践过程中得以明确。本文拟对腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大切除的定义、CME手术的原则进行梳理,论述腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大切除手术的评价标准。     

Laparoscopic nissen fundoplication: the "right posterior" approach

The main steps for performing a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication are described: They start with a "right approach" by dissection of the high lesser curve, near the esophagogastric junction. Then the posterior surface of the stomach is easily visualized by the "posterior approach." The fat pad and both vagal trunks are displaced to the right, avoiding any vagal injury. Two to three short gastric vessels are divided, leaving a loose gastric fundus. A 360_ total symmetric and geometric fundoplication is then performed, including the esophageal wall in the most proximal and distal stitch. A final stitch for an anterior fundophrenopexy is performed. This surgical approach has been used in 225 patients with severe chronic pathologic reflux with a 1.3% conversion rate, no mortality, and only one significant postoperative complication. Late evaluation at 5 years after surgery has shown excellent or good results in 85% and fair or poor results in 15% of the patients.     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME切除术——尾侧中间联合入路

手术遵循完整结肠系膜切除原则。手术过程包括：探查腹腔;自尾侧从末端回肠系膜根部黄白交界线打开系膜,进入右结肠后间隙,向头侧,外侧拓展该间隙,至十二指肠水平;回到传统中间入路,回结肠血管下方打开结肠系膜,与尾侧方向打开的间隙会师;解剖并高位结扎切断回结肠血管、打开肠系膜上静脉血管鞘,清扫外科干,高位结扎切断右结肠血管、中结肠血管右支,继续拓展分离右结肠后间隙、横结肠后间隙,直至胰腺下缘并进入小网膜囊;打开胃结肠韧带,游离结肠肝曲;打开右侧腹膜,完成肠段游离,体外切除标本、重建消化道。     

降结肠系膜旋转不良影像学特征及其对腹腔镜结直肠手术影响对策研究（附16例报告及文献复习）

目的 探讨降结肠系膜旋转不良（PDM）的影像学特征、PDM对腹腔镜结直肠癌（低位）前切除手术的影响及对策。方法 回顾性分析同一术者于2019年1月至2021年12月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院和北京大学第一医院收治的行直肠（低位）前切除手术的16例PDM病人的临床资料；使用增强CT后处理的多平面重组（MPR）技术和最大投影密度（MIP）技术来诊断及分析PDM的影像学特征；采用肠管悬吊法显露直肠后间隙，通过头侧中间入路解剖肠系膜下动脉（IMA），并对其手术结局进行初步分析。结果 16例合并PDM的结直肠癌病人占同期520例手术的3.1%（16/520），其中男性13例，女性3例，中位年龄58.5岁，中位体重指数25.3。应用MPR-MIP技术测量PDM相关影像学指标，其主要表现为：IMA偏向腹主动脉左侧为9例（56.3%），偏向右侧为7例（43.7%）；肠系膜下动脉分型为I型5例（31.2%），Ⅱ型3例（18.8%），Ⅲ型8例（50.0%）；IMA至左结肠动脉的中位距离为1.7 cm（0.9，2.2），IMA至边缘血管弓距离为3.2 cm（1.7，3.8），IMA至结肠壁4.0cm（2.6，4.9）。围手术期结果为：1例（6.3%）病人中转开放手术处理IMA；4例（25.0%）因边缘血管弓损伤致肠管缺血被迫游离脾曲；2例（12.5%）病人术后出现吻合口漏。结论 降结肠右侧缘位于左肾门内侧可作为PDM诊断的标准；CT后处理MPR和MIP技术可快速、准确评估PDM病人IMA分型及血管变异，可为腹腔镜手术提供参考。采用肠管悬吊法显露直肠后间隙和头侧中间入路解剖IMA可降低PDM病人中转开放手术和边缘血管弓损伤的风险，从而提高手术安全性。     

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??Anatomy and surgical plan of laparoscopic right posterior sectioniectomy CHEN Ya-jin??CHEN Jie. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery??Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital??Sun Yat-sen University??Guangzhou510120??China
Corresponding author??CHEN Ya-jin??E-mail??cyj0509@126.com
Abstract Laparoscopic right posterior resection of the liver is one of the most difficult surgical procedures for major liver resection. Through the anatomical application of Rouviere’s sulcus??posterior inferior hepatic vena cava and inferior vena cava periventricular space??the appropriate surgical position??surgical approach??liver parenchyma incision plane??liver blood flow control methods and the procedure of surgical procedure were established. The series of strategies and measures can reduce the learning curve??reduce the difficulty of surgery??while reducing the transfer rate and transfusion rate of the operation??to achieve the training of laparoscopic right posterior resection homogenization??and ultimately benefit most patients.     

Totally retroperitoneal laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass

The classic procedure for aortobifemoral bypass is open surgery. Since the first totally laparoscopic aortobifemoral bypass reported in 1997 by Yves-Marie Dion, laparoscopy has been accepted by several authors as a possible minimally invasive alternative for aorto-iliac occlusive disease. The transperitoneal left retrocolic and retrorenal ways are generally used. The totally retroperitoneal laparoscopic procedure has been described as an alternative to the transperitoneal approach. We report here a totally laparoscopic retroperitoneal approach to performing aortobifemoral bypass. This approach was proposed to a 51-year-old man with aorto-iliac occlusive disease. There was no indication for endovascular revascularization. The patient suffered from 10 metres of bilateral intermittent claudication and lower limb ulcers. During the surgical procedure our patient was placed in a 30-degree right lateral decubitus position. The optical system was first placed in an intra-abdominal position to check the positioning of the trocars in the left retroperitoneal space. The dissection of the retroperitoneal space was performed by CO2 insufflation and by blunt dissection using laparoscopic forceps. The infrarenal aorta was exposed and clamped by laparoscopic clamps. A bifurcated graft was sutured on the left-hand side of the aorta by a running suture. Both prosthetic limbs were tunnelized retroperitoneally to the groin under optical control. The femoral anastomoses were performed by classic open surgery.