标准化根治性全腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术

先解剖胰腺上缘,游离肝总动脉、胃十二指肠动脉,结扎并离断胃十二指肠动脉,再解剖胰腺下缘肠系膜上静脉(SMV),此时可评估静脉根部是否受侵犯,确定肿瘤可切除后,先打通胰后隧道、离断胰腺;经KOCHER切口充分游离十二指肠、胰头部位,并清扫左肾静脉、下腔静脉夹角处软组织,离断空肠,以SMV-PV为轴心,游离悬吊SMV和肠系膜上动脉(SMA),以便采用动静脉交叉技术,为处理钩突提供充分的暴露和组织张力,此时注意联合神经淋巴清扫SMA-CA轴右侧180°范围至CA根部。胰肠吻合采用"三针法",完成胰肠、胆肠、胃肠吻合后整块取出标本。     

保留十二指肠胰头全切除术

保留十二指肠胰头全切除术要点：采用柯克手法将胰头从后腹膜分离,直至见到肠系膜下静脉。沿着肠系膜上静脉解剖直至胰颈。结扎切断Henle静脉干。游离、悬吊胃十二指肠动脉,暴露门静脉。缝扎胰腺上下缘、结扎胰头以减少横断胰颈时的出血。切断胰腺勾突,残端缝扎止血。沿着胰头部实质与十二指肠之间的疏松结缔组织解剖,结扎从胰十二指肠动脉弓到胰头的分支。沿着胰头与胆总管之间解剖。切断主胰管,残端用5/0普理灵线缝扎。胰管空肠吻合采用胰管对粘膜吻合法。     

全腔镜全胃切除术

切开胃结肠韧带,游离至脾脏下极,于根部离断胃网膜左血管,清扫第4组淋巴结,离断胃短血管直至脾上极。游离胃窦部,于胰腺上缘离断胃网膜右静脉,显露胃十二指肠动脉后,于根部离断胃网膜右动脉,并完成第六组淋巴结的清扫。显露胃窦后壁,离断胃右血管,清扫肝门部淋巴结。距幽门2 cm离断十二指肠。沿胰腺上缘解剖脾动脉根部,于根部离断胃左静脉。显露腹腔干及胃左动脉,向右侧清扫第8组淋巴结,于根部离断胃左动脉后,向头侧清扫第1,2组淋巴结。游离食管腹段,解剖出迷走神经左右支后离断。悬吊肝左叶后,距贲门2 cm离断食管,取上腹正中辅助切口3 cm,移除胃标本及大网膜。重建气腹后,距TREIZ韧带20 cm离断空肠,行食管左后壁与近端空肠侧侧吻合(OVERLAP法),手工缝合共同开口。距此吻合口40 cm,借助辅助切口完成小肠侧侧吻合(ROUX－Y)吻合。     

腹腔镜下扩大淋巴结清扫的胰十二指肠切除术

行传统Kocher切口行腹膜后淋巴结清扫,距屈氏韧带5～10 cm离断空肠,离断远端2/3胃体,肝十二指肠韧带骨骼化清扫,离断GDA,离断胰颈,清扫肝总动脉及腹腔干周围淋巴结,解剖SMA-CT系统,行SMA左右侧360°清扫,完成钩突全系膜切除,切除胆囊,最后离断肝总管。标准清扫+8P、9、12a、12P、14c-d、16a2、16b1的扩大淋巴结清扫。胰肠吻合采用创新的"两点法"胰管导管-黏膜吻合,胆肠吻合采取连续缝合,直线切割闭合器行胃后壁与空肠侧侧吻合。     

胰十二指肠切除术手术切缘评估

正陈汝福,周泉波(中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院胆胰外科)胰头癌手术切缘包括游离切缘(mobilization margins)和断端切缘(transection margins),前者主要包括腹膜后切缘、胰腺前表面切缘、十二指肠系膜切缘,后者包括胰腺内侧切缘[肠系膜上静脉(SMV)槽面和肠系膜上动脉(SMA)槽面]、胰颈断面、胆管断面、胃断端、空肠断端。通常认为,胰腺癌手术切缘阴性(R0)是病人获得术后长期生存的前提,     

保留胰头十二指肠的胰腺钩突癌切除联合静脉切除重建一例

目的 探讨在胰腺钩突癌根治术中行保留胰头十二指肠的胰腺钩突癌切除的手术技巧和应用价值。方法 回顾性分析泰州市人民医院对1例胰腺钩突癌患者实施保留胰头十二指肠的胰腺钩突癌切除联合静脉切除重建的临床资料。术前CT提示钩突延伸至SMA左侧,而肿瘤位于延伸的钩突下部,距离胰头十二指肠、胆胰管汇合部、主胰管均较远,幽门上下、肝十二指肠韧带未见肿大淋巴结,肿瘤侵犯区域位于肠系膜上静脉（SMV）、肠系膜上动脉（SMA）以及十二指肠升部。结果 施行保留胰头十二指肠的胰腺钩突癌切除联合血管切除重建,同时将受累及的十二指肠、近段空肠切除、十二指肠水平部-空肠侧侧吻合。首先采用动脉优先入路技术探查SMA,发现肿块仅侵犯动脉鞘及空肠分支,采用动脉鞘切除、受侵犯的分支切断结扎,保留了SMA起始部主干。再探查SMV,见主干受侵约3 cm,采用SMV节段性切除重建。距离肿块约1 cm离断胰腺,离断缺血的空肠肠系膜及空肠肠管、离断十二指肠水平部,行十二指肠水平部-小肠侧侧吻合。结论 基于胰腺钩突癌部位及侵犯情况,在保证根治的前提下,采用保留胰头十二指肠的胰腺钩突癌切除（或联合血管切除重建）,可避免手术创伤更大的胰十二指肠切除,保证了消化道的正常结构和生理功能,最大限度地保留患者胰腺内外分泌功能,改善术后营养状况,有利于术后早期辅助放化疗。     

全程使用LigaSure完成腹腔镜下胃癌根治术D2淋巴结清扫

手术全程使用Maryland LF1737 Liga Sure完成游离及淋巴结清扫,包括打开胃结肠韧带、解剖胃结肠静脉干、解剖肝十二指肠韧带、解剖小网膜、解剖胃短血管,以及完成淋巴结的清扫。尤其是完成了贲门周围淋巴结的清扫和脾门淋巴结的清扫,即第19、20组淋巴结和保脾的第10组淋巴结清扫。腔镜下离断食管和十二指肠完成切除,上腹正中辅助切口取出整块标本后行食管-空肠侧侧吻合、空肠-空肠侧侧吻合的Roux-en-Y消化道重建。术后恢复顺利,病理示胃体溃疡型低分化腺癌,侵犯至浅肌层,可见脉管侵犯。断端净。淋巴结1/89见癌转移,其中清扫第10组淋巴结8枚,第19、20组淋巴结为脂肪组织未见癌。     

腹腔镜胃癌根治术

应用电钩沿横结肠与大网膜附着处分离大网膜分别至结肠脾曲及结肠肝区。用超声刀沿胰腺被膜分离,至胰腺上缘显露近脾门处的脾动静脉主干向脾门解剖,清扫第10、11组淋巴结;显露胃网膜左血管根部并离断,向上离断部分胃短血管后,裸化胃大弯,清扫第4组淋巴结。沿胰腺下缘胰后间隙解剖,显露肠系膜上静脉,清扫14v组淋巴结,于胃网膜右静脉汇入胃结肠静脉干处夹闭,显露胃网膜右动脉根部并夹闭,清扫第6组淋巴结。沿胰腺上缘打开胃胰皱襞进入胰后间隙解剖肝总动脉及腹腔动脉干,游离并显露胃左动、静脉,脾动脉及部分肝总动脉,根部切断胃左动、静脉,清扫7、8、9组淋巴结。显露肝总动脉,清扫第8a组淋巴结,显露肝固有动脉,显露胃右动脉根部,夹闭切断胃右动脉,清扫第5、12组淋巴结。沿小网膜与胃小弯前壁附着处切除小网膜,裸化胃壁,清扫第3、5组淋巴结。     

完全腹腔镜进展期远端胃癌根治术并改良Roux－en－Y吻合

常规5孔法操作,根据D2淋巴结清扫原则进行胃周淋巴结清扫并解剖离断相应血管。直线切割缝合器离断十二指肠,预切除线处离断胃体。标本装入自制标本保护套。距Treitz韧带15 cm处直线切割闭合器离断空肠,将远端小肠与残胃大弯侧行胃空肠侧侧吻合。沿脐旁做弧形绕脐切口约2～3 cm,将标本取出,并提起近端空肠与远端小肠体外完成端侧吻合。术中失血30 ml,手术时间150 min。     

保留十二指肠、胆总管、Oddi’氏括约肌的胰头整块全切除术

保留十二指肠、胆总管、Oddi’氏括约肌的胰头整块全切除术(DCOPPHTR)。这个术式是基于我们对慢性胰腺炎病理改变的新发现和对胰腺解剖结构的深刻理解。因此这个术式打破了Beger术式的原理,是一个新的手术方式。要点如下:(1)采用Kocher手术从后腹膜游离胰头直到看见肠系膜下静脉。(2)沿肠系膜上静脉解剖,结扎Henle干。(3)解剖胃十二指肠动脉,暴露门静脉主干。(4)切断胰颈前缝合胰腺上下缘、结扎切除线的近端以减少出血。(5)在胰腺勾突注水,沿胰腺实质解剖,确保不损伤胰腺后被膜。(6)沿着十二指肠和胰头之间的疏松结缔组织解剖,结扎到胰头的小动脉分支。(7)沿胰腺实质和胆总管之间解剖,切断主胰管,用5-0普理灵线连续缝合其残端。(8)胰腺吻合采用胰管对黏膜的吻合方式。     

腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压上消化道出血

从胃大弯侧中部开始向头侧方向切断胃结肠韧带,凝闭切断胃网膜左血管、胃短血管直到胃底和贲门左侧。切断胃胰皱襞,在胰尾部上缘显露并夹闭脾动脉主干。继续凝断脾结肠韧带、脾肾和脾膈韧带,在脾门处显露胰尾,以切割闭合器切断脾蒂,完成脾切除。凝断食管下端和胃近端覆盖的韧带和血管,暴露两侧膈肌脚和膈肌裂孔,切断小弯侧肝胃韧带,向膈肌裂孔内继续切断食管周围高位和异位门体交通支,切断和夹闭胃左和胃右动脉交通支,闭合器切断胃左动、静脉,完成贲门周围血管离断。胃底行内翻折叠缝合。常规取标本,冲洗、止血、放置引流管。     

Posterior ‘Superior Mesenteric Artery First’ Approach for Resection of Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer

Background

En bloc resection of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), portal vein (PV), and/or splenic vein (SV) with concomitant venous reconstruction is required in 11–65 % of cases of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.1 Early retropancreatic dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) from behind the pancreatic head utilizing an ‘artery first’ approach has been reported to be an efficient and safe approach to pancreaticoduodenectomy when SMA involvement is suspected.2 Additionally, this technique has been shown to reduce blood loss and result in shorter PV clamp times.3 While there are multiple variations to ‘artery first’ resection,4 this video will illustrate the critical steps of using the ‘posterior approach’ in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. This approach has the benefit of early identification of a replaced right hepatic artery, but may be difficult in obese patients or those with extensive peripancreatic inflammation. These difficulties may be overcome by utilizing an ‘inferior supracolic (anterior) approach’, but this necessitates early division of the pancreatic neck and stomach.5

Methods

Select video clips were compiled from several pancreatoduodenectomies to demonstrate this technique. A variety of bipolar devices were utilized for dissection depending on surgeon preference. All patients were diagnosed with locally advanced pancreatic cancer by Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association/Society of Surgical Oncology (AHPBA/SSO) consensus criteria, confirmed by biopsy, and completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were restaged by pancreas protocol computed tomography scan at the end of chemotherapy and offered local resection if the tumor did not progress and they were medically fit. No Institutional Review Board approval was required.

Results

The operation begins by dividing the attachment of the transverse mesocolon to the right perinephric area and extending this down to the white line of Toldt, followed by a wide Kocher maneuver. The lateral attachments to the pancreatic head are then divided, thereby exposing the left renal vein. The lesser sac is entered directly over the uncinate, allowing for a full visceral rotation of the pancreatic head, and further facilitating exposure of the left renal vein. In the setting of malignancy, the SMA may now be palpated posterior to the pancreatic head and/or neck to confirm it is free of tumor. If tumor is invading the SMA, the pancreaticoduodenectomy is aborted prior to performing any gastrointestinal or pancreatic transections. If the SMA is free, the dissection is then carried on to the inferior aspect of the pancreatic neck. Here the SMV (jejunal and ileal branches), middle colic vein, and the gastroepiploic vein are identified and the latter is ligated and transected. Following this, dissection of the portal structures (hepatic arteries, gastroduodenal artery, common bile duct, and PV) is performed. The jejunum is then divided, the ligament of Treitz is taken down, and the jejunum is then mobilized to the patient’s right side. This allows for clear visualization of the pancreatic head/uncinate/SMV relationship. At this point, proximal and distal control of the PV, SMV, and SV should be obtained using vessel loops or umbilical tape. The dissection then proceeds laterally along the SMA border (posterior to the pancreatic head). This is often facilitated by use of a bipolar sealing device due to a rich lymphovascular network. Once the lateral border of the SMA is clearly exposed, dissection along its longitudinal axis is performed utilizing the jejunum for traction. Following this dissection, larger vessels such as the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery can be more readily identified and ligated to fully mobilize the pancreatic head. After the head is completely separated from the SMA, the neck is divided. This leaves the specimen attached solely by the PV and SMV, which greatly facilitates venous resection and reconstruction when necessary.

Conclusion

The ‘artery first’ approach has been shown to be safe and feasible in pancreatic resections. This technique should be considered whenever tumor is thought to involve the SMV and/or PVs as a means to facilitate safe venous resection and reconstruction while preserving sound oncologic principles.     

腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术

步骤包括:1先切开腹膜显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)。并于中结肠血管左侧辨认胰颈下缘,进入小网膜囊;2沿SMV左侧缘纵向反复多次切开薄层脂肪组织,以显露可能的结肠动脉分支(回结肠动脉或右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉),并结扎处理,充分显露SMV的全长;3结扎处理中结肠静脉汇入SMV的属支后,与SMV右侧处理回结肠静脉;4沿SMV右侧向胰颈分离,显露胃结肠干的各个分支,单独切断右结肠静脉/或胃网膜右静脉;5分离胰十二指肠前间隙和Toldt间隙,游离结肠,脐周切口完成吻合。特点:1纵向显露SMV左侧缘全长后再处理各静脉属支,简化各静脉属支的显露;2以胰腺颈部为标示,处理静脉属支更加安全。腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术简单、安全、可行。     

Resection of the intrapancreatic bile duct preserving the pancreas

Benign neoplasms of the distal bile duct are rare, but pose a therapeutic challenge. Usually, these lesions are resected by means of ampullectomy if located in close proximity to the ampulla of Vateri or by partial pancreaticoduodenectomy if located intrapancreatic and distant from the ampulla. Here, we present a case of an intrapancreatic benign neuroendocrine tumor that was resected by performing a pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection. First, a duodenotomy was carried out and a probe was inserted into the pancreatic duct to avoid inadvertent injury. Subsequently, the bile duct was divided proximal the lesion and dissected towards the ampulla. Pancreatic parenchyma was dissected dorsally and closed using absorbable interrupted sutures. The duodenal incision was closed, and reconstruction was performed by an end-to-side hepaticojejunostomy and a Roux-Y jejunojejunostomy. The postoperative course of the patient was uneventful. In conclusion, pancreas-preserving distal bile duct resection might be an option for intrapancreatic benign lesions of the distal bile duct that would otherwise require a partial pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Superior mesenteric artery first approach with first jejunal vein‐oriented mesenteric excision in pancreatoduodenectomy

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA) first approach prior to the isolation of the portal vein (PV)/superior mesenteric vein (SMV) from the pancreatoduodenal region during pancreatoduodenectomy was introduced to reduce blood loss due to congestion caused by the PV/SMV first approach. There are several SMA first approaches: the mesenteric approach for pancreatic head cancer and the anterior approach for other periampullary diseases are usually employed at our institution. In these approaches, identification of the first jejunal vein is a critical step to determine the optimal area for lymph node dissection along the SMA (mesoduodenum), and to identify the starting point of the SMA first approach to insulate the flow of the inferior pancreatoduodenal artery. We herein describe our SMA first approach with first jejunal vein‐oriented mesenteric excision during pancreatoduodenectomy.     

Pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery with an arteriovenous fistula after simultaneous kidney–pancreas transplantation

Vascular complications remain a significant source of morbidity after pancreatic transplantation. We describe a pseudoaneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) with an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) involving the SMA and the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) discovered and treated surgically in the second week after kidney pancreas transplantation. The patient experienced pain over the graft, and subsequent radionuclide and Doppler ultrasound scan were suggestive of a pseudoaneurysm in the head of the pancreas. Awaiting confirmatory angiography, the patient became hypotensive and after resuscitation, underwent emergency surgery when a pseudoaneurysm was found in the head of the pancreas. After looping the proximal and distal recipient iliac artery and base of the donor Y vascular graft, the AVF was separated and ligated. The SMV was dissected off the pancreatic head and repaired over a tamponading intraluminal Foley catheter. Graft function was preserved. Based on this experience, an AVF with or without a pseudoaneurysm in the pancreas allograft should be corrected as soon it is suspected.     

Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy after division of the splenic vessels

A 37-year-old woman with a history of syncope was hospitalized with a diagnosis of hypoglycemia due to insulinoma. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enhanced solid mass, 1.5 cm in diameter, at the tail of the pancreas. Angiography via the splenic artery revealed a hypervascular mass. Because the tumor was located deep in the pancreatic parenchyma, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed. The pancreas was exposed by dissecting the greater omentum, and the tumor was located by intraoperative ultrasonography. After division of the splenic artery, the pancreas, main pancreatic duct, and splenic vein were transected with an endoscopic linear stapler. The pancreatic pedicle was divided at the splenic hilum to preserve the spleen. The postoperative course was uneventful except for the appearance of splenic infarction on a CT scan 2 weeks after surgery but without any overt symptoms. Spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy by division of splenic vessels is a feasible treatment option for benign pancreatic disease.     

Resection of the inferior head of the pancreas: Report of a case

We developed a new technique for partial resection of the head of the pancreas with an end-to-side pancreaticoduodenostomy, while preserving the duodenum, the common bile duct, and the upper part of the head of the pancreas around the duct of Santorini. A resection of the inferior head of the pancreas was performed in a patient with an intraductal mucin-producing tumor of the pancreas. This procedure is considered to be appropriate for treating both benign disease and noninvasive malignant disease involving either the uncinate process or the duct of Wirsung, because it removes both the uncinate process and the pancreatic tissue around the duct of Wirsung. We thus believe that a resection of the inferior head of the pancreas with an end-to-side pancreaticoduodenostomy can help play a significant role in the management of patients with benign diseases and localized malignant tumors of the pancreas.     

Combined resection of aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis in panceaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer: A case report

IntroductionThis case report is intended to inform pancreas surgeons of our experience in operative management of aberrant pancreatic artery.Presentation of caseA 63-year-old woman was admitted to our institute’s Department of Surgery with obstructive jaundice, and the pancreas head tumor was found. To improve liver dysfunction, an endoscopic retrograde nasogastric biliary drainage tube was placed in the bile duct. Endoscopic fine-needle aspiration showed a pancreas head carcinoma invading the common bile duct, the aberrant right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery, and the portal vein. Enhanced computed tomography showed the communicating artery between the right and left hepatic artery via the hepatic hilar plate. By way of imaging preoperative examination, a pancreaticoduodenectomy combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery and portal vein was conducted without arterial anastomosis. Hepatic arterial flow was confirmed by intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography, and R0 resection without tumor exposure at the dissected plane was achieved. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful.DiscussionIn this case report, perioperative detail examination by imaging diagnosis with respect to hepatic arterial communication to achieve curative resection in a pancreas head cancer was necessary. Non-anastomosis of hepatic artery was achieved, and the necessity of R0 resection was stressed by such management.ConclusionBy the preoperative and intraoperative imaging managements conducted, combined resection of the aberrant right hepatic artery without anastomosis was achieved by pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreas head cancer. However, improvements in imaging diagnosis and careful management of R0 resection are important.