老年人大肠癌内镜与临床分析

目的 探讨老年大肠癌患者的临床特点。方法 分析 116例老年大肠癌的结肠镜检查结果、临床表现及手术治疗情况。结果 ①老年大肠癌患者以粘液血便为主,占85％。②左半结肠多见,以直肠癌检出率最高;但右半结肠癌的发病率呈逐渐增高趋势。③直肠癌肛诊阳性率为86％,结肠镜诊断大肠癌的准确率为99％。④Borrmann Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ型大肠癌手术根治率分别为80％,78％及54％。结论 老年患者大肠癌发生率较高,以左半结肠多见,病程长,分化好。结肠镜检查可判断大肠癌的部位、范围和程度,但只能为选择手术方式提供参考。     

大肠癌合并肠梗阻的外科治疗

目的：探讨大肠癌并肠梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析我院1993至2003年收治手术52例大肠癌并肠梗阻临床资料。结果：52例患者中一期右半结肠切除12例；一期左半结肠切除23例；一期左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除、近端结肠造瘘、封闭远端结肠或直肠二期吻合14例：直肠癌晚期无法切除根治行乙状结肠造瘘5例，术后并发症发生率13．46％(7／52)，围手术期死亡率3．85％(2／52)。结论：提高本病认识，合理选择外科治疗；做好围手术期处理是提高疗效和改善生活质量的关键。     

老年急性大肠癌梗阻的33例诊治分析

目的探讨老年急性大肠癌梗阻的外科治疗方法。方法总结1992—2010年收治的33例老年急性梗阻性大肠癌手术病例。结果 33例患者中Ⅰ期行右半结肠切除吻合13例,Ⅰ期行左半结肠切除吻合14例,Ⅰ期行左半结肠或直肠上段癌切除,近端结肠造瘘、封闭远端结肠或直肠5例,其中Ⅱ期吻合3例,直肠癌晚期无法切除根治行乙状结肠造瘘1例。术后并发症发生率21.2%,含围手术期死亡2例,占6.1%。结论积极术前准备,加强围手术期的处理以及选择合适手术方式和有效肠道清洁是提高老年急性大肠癌梗阻患者Ⅰ期吻合手术疗效的重要措施。     

结肠造瘘口围手术期护理

直肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一。与长期高脂肪、高蛋白和低纤维素饮食有关。常见症状为黏液血便、里急后重。手术切除是治疗直肠癌的主要方法。直肠癌根治术患者多需将乙状结肠拉出，在左下腹行永久性人工肛门。结肠造瘘口分永久性和暂时性。远端结（直）肠全部切除或肿瘤不能切除时采用永久性结肠造瘘，梗阻性大肠癌或者结（直）肠外伤等治疗结（直）肠病变的第一步，多采用暂时性结肠造瘘口。     

同时性多原发大肠癌的诊断及治疗分析

目的探讨同时性多原发大肠癌的临床特点、误诊原因及治疗方法。方法对我院1984年6月~2004年6月收治的23例同时性多原发大肠癌病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组全部病人均行手术治疗,9例行直肠癌根治加结肠癌根治切除术,6例行直肠癌扩大根治切除术,4例行全结肠切除术,2例行肿物局部切除加右半结肠切除术,2例行肿物局部切除加左半结肠切除术。随访1~5年,仍健在14例,存活5年以上6例,3年以上11例,最长1例存活14年。结论术前行全结肠纤维结肠镜检查、术中全肠道探查及仔细检查切除的大肠标本是提高同时性多原发大肠癌诊断率的重要手段。通过积极、正确的手术治疗,同时性多原发大肠癌病人仍有较好的预后。     

腹腔镜结肠直肠癌根治手术操作指南(2006版)

前言 结肠直肠癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤之一，发病率呈上升趋势。结肠直肠癌根治术后5年生存率徘徊在50％（直肠癌）至70％（结肠癌）。目前大肠癌的诊治仍强调早期诊断和以手术为主的综合治疗。     

多原发性大肠癌的诊治分析

目的探讨多原发结直肠癌的诊断与治疗方法。方法对多原发大肠癌24例进行回顾性分析。结果24例多原发大肠癌占同期收治结直肠癌的3．6％,共48处癌灶;其中同时癌为16例（2．4％）,异时癌为8例（1．2％）。腺癌（34处）及腺瘤癌变（8处）;癌肿位置以直肠、乙状结肠、升结肠居多。诊断确立即予规范手术及再次手术治疗,并积极术后化疗。5年生存率为56％。结论术前结肠镜检查。1术中仔细探查,术后定期随访复查是提高多原发结肠癌诊断率的关键：积极手术治疗5年生存率与单发癌提示无显著性差异。     

炎症性肠病152例临床病理分析

为探讨炎症性肠病（IBD）的临床病理特点和治疗方法,回顾性分析152例IBD患者的临床资料,肠镜、病理检查及治疗方法。结果显示,临床主要表现：93例溃疡性结肠炎（UC）以腹泻为主,伴有腹痛和黏液脓血便,腹痛多位于左下腹和左腰腹部;59例克罗恩病（CD）以腹痛为主,伴有腹泻和黏液或水样便,腹痛多位于右下腹和脐周。病变范围：UC以直肠和全结肠为主;CD以末端回肠及其邻近结肠为主。临床类型：UC以初发型及慢性复发型多见;CD以狭窄型为主。内镜及病理大体检查：UC为多发性表浅溃疡、连续性弥漫性黏膜充血糜烂,病理检查镜下隐窝脓肿较多见;CD为节段性、非对称性的黏膜炎症,病理检查镜下黏膜下层见结节样肉芽肿。CD并发症较多,主要为肠梗阻、瘘管及肠穿孔。UC结肠镜病理活检确诊率为96．8％,3．2％的病例是经手术标本病理活检确诊。CD结肠镜病理活检确诊率为59．3％,40．7％的病例是经手术标本病理活检而确诊。结果表明,IBD临床表现多样,CD并发症较UC多见,误诊率较高,结肠镜病理活检是诊断UC和CD的有效方法。合理内科治疗和选择性外科治疗可提高IBD的治疗效果。     

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结直肠癌并急性结肠梗阻是常见的外科急腹症之一 ,亦是老年人肠梗阻的最常见原因。结直肠癌合并急性结肠梗阻有三个特点 :(1 )左半结肠梗阻多见。文献报道约占大肠癌梗阻的 2 /3。本院近 6年来收治了 2 2 5例梗阻性大肠癌病人 (均为完全性梗阻需急诊手术。经保守治疗后症状缓解 ,再经术前肠道准备而择期手术者不在此列 ) ,其中左半结肠癌、直肠癌病人占 1 4 7例。 (2 )晚期病例多见。本组病例ＤｕｋｅｓＡ期 2例 ,Ｂ期 35例 ,Ｃ期 1 6 1例 ,Ｄ期 2 7例 ;Ｃ、Ｄ期占 83 5 %。 (3)老年病人多见。本组平均年龄 6 4岁。文献报道在所有老年人低…     

大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗（附62例分析）

为探讨大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻的外科治疗方法及效果．回顾性分析62例大肠癌并发急性肠梗阻行急症手术治疗的临床资料,其中右半结肠癌并梗阻23例,左半结肠癌和直肠癌并梗阻39例。结果显示,62例均行手术治疗,其中行一期切除吻合45例（右半结肠一期切除吻合16例,左半结肠一期切除吻合29例）。回横结肠吻合7例．Hartmann术4例,单纯造瘘手术2例,Miles术4例。术后发生吻合口漏2例。肺部感染3例,创口感染5例（其中切口裂开2例）,并发症发生率为19．4％。死亡2例,1例（3．2％）死于多器官功能衰竭．1例死于心力衰竭。除死亡2例外,其他病例均通过非手术治疗治愈。结果表明,结、直肠癌并发急性结肠梗阻的治疗要根据患者的全身情况和肿瘤的局部情况来进行综合判定．适应症掌握恰当,一期肿瘤切除和吻合术是安全的。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.