腹腔镜解剖性脾切除术31例经验

目的 探讨腹腔镜解剖性脾切除手术的方法 与优点.方法 回顾性分析31例接受了腹腔镜解剖性脾切除术患者的临床资料.结果 27例顺利完成手术,出血5～300 mL,手术时间50～250 min.术后5～9 d患者出院,无并发症发生.1例术中因脾血管出血中转开腹手术.1例为手辅助脾切除术.1例门静脉高压患者切下脾后开腹止血.同时行门奇静脉断流术2例.同时行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)8例.1例行胆囊切除并脾下极部分切除术.结论 腹腔镜解剖性脾切除术可以明显减少术中出血的危险,是一种安全且效果良好的手术.     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术治疗直肠癌

目的：探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除治疗直肠癌的临床疗效。方法：按全直肠系膜切除原则、用吻合器（ETHICON ENDO）在腹腔镜下对10例直肠癌患者实施全直肠系膜切除根治术。Dixon＇s 5例、Mile’s4例、合并腹腔镜单侧卵巢切除术1例。结果；10例患者手术顺利，无转为开腹，手术时间180～300min，平均240min；术中出血30～80mL，平均65mL，术后1～2d恢复胃肠功能并下床活动，住院时间7～15d，平均11d，术中及术后无并发症发生。10例均随访6～12个月，患者一般情况好，未发现肿瘤复发，无腹壁套管穿刺孔的癌种植，无1例死亡。结论：腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除治疗直肠癌创伤小、术后疼痛轻、恢复快、保肛率高、安全可靠、近期疗效满意。     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术92例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的适应证、手术方法、临床效果和并发症。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术遇困难时行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术92例患者的临床资料。急性化脓性胆囊炎46例多伴胆囊颈部结石嵌顿,由于炎症重、张力高、胆囊壁水肿增厚,腹腔镜顺行或顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊;萎缩性胆囊结石29例及充填性胆囊9例腹腔镜逆行或顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊;肝内胆管结石并发肝硬化7例和横位胆囊1例均腹腔镜顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊。结果 92例腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术病例无1例中转开腹,手术时间30～120min,平均60min;住院天数3～10d,平均5d;术后无胆汁漏、出血、黄疸等并发症。随访2～5年患者无不适感觉。结论腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术相比疗效相似,均具有出血少、术后恢复快、住院时间短、痛苦少、并发症低等优点,故在复杂情况下行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术,有利于降低手术难度及风险,减少中转开腹率,缩短手术时间,减少术后并发症,切实可行。     

腹腔镜下困难胆囊切除术的体会

目的探讨腹腔镜下行困难胆囊切除术的方法和手术原则。方法对86例困难的腹腔镜胆囊切除术的手术技术进行总结。结果 86例患者均行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,中转开腹2例,平均手术时间75 min,术中出血量平均90ml,术后平均住院时间3.6 d,未出现严重并发症。结论采用适当的手术技术,困难的胆囊在腹腔镜下切除是安全的。     

肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的体会(附46例报告)

目的探讨在合并肝硬化的胆囊结石病例中腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用价值。方法对46例肝硬化胆囊切除手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果46例完成腹腔镜胆囊切除手术,,手术时间18～95min,平均34.2min。术中出血20～350mL,平均45.3mL。术后无出血、胆漏等并发症,住院3～9d,平均4.2d。结论术中出血的处理是肝硬化胆囊切除成功的关键点。腹腔镜胆囊切除术对ChildA和B级肝硬化胆囊结石患者是安全的,对ChildC级患者应审慎选择。     

手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术21例报告

目的探讨手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除术的临床应用价值。方法采用手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除治疗肾肿瘤21例。结果21例手助腹腔镜手术均成功。手术时间80～150min，平均110min；术中出血20-300mL。平均85mL；病理报告均为肾细胞癌（透明细胞癌20例，乳头状细胞癌1例）；术后住院时间5-14d,平均8d。结论采用手助腹腔镜根治性肾切除治疗肾肿瘤是安全有效的，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、痛苦少、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

腹腔镜肝切除术中护理配合体会

目的总结腹腔镜肝切除术的术中护理配合体会。方法回顾性分析16例腹腔镜肝切除手术患者的术中护理资料。结果16例均顺利完成手术。其中完全性腹腔镜肝切除术6例,腹腔镜辅助肝切除术10例;手术时间30～180min,出血量20～300mL。完全性腹腔镜肝切除术后平均住院5．2d;腹腔镜辅助肝切除术后平均住院9．8d。无并发症发生。结论腹腔镜肝脏切除术中良好的护理配合是手术成功的必要保证。     

手助腹腔镜肾切除术的临床应用

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜肾切除术的临床应用价值.方法 采用手助腹腔镜行单纯肾切除术6例.结果 6例手术均获成功,无术中、术后并发症发生.手术时间110～240 min,平均180 min,术中出血50～170 mL,平均115 mL,术后住院时间5～12 d.结论 手助腹腔镜肾切除术操作安全,手术时间缩短并使腹腔镜切除较大肾脏成为可能.     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术在困难胆囊切除中的临床应用

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术的适应证、手术方法及临床价值。方法该组29例困难胆囊切除均行腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术，对胆囊管的处理：其中套扎法10例，缝扎法8例，封闭法11例。结果手术时间45～70min，术中出血30～100mL，术后引流管留置时间24～36h，术后住院时间3～7d，无中转开腹，无大出血、胆漏、胆道损伤等严重并发症。结论腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术是一种安全有效的手术方法，在临床工作中合理应用该方法可以降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹和并发症的发生率。尤其是封闭法更简便、易行、安全、有效。     

改良经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的 探讨改良经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的可行性及临床应用.方法 对17例胆囊病变患者采用史赛克迷尔钳加弹道碎石杆辅助下行经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术.结果 16例经脐单操作孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术取得成功,手术时间30～90 min,平均42 min,1例因术中解剖困难改传统腹腔镜完成手术,所有病例无手术并发症发生.结论 经脐单操作孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种安全可行的术式,有美容性好、创伤小的优点.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.