医院污水处理系统研究与工程实践

目的:针对医院污水水质特点进行达标排放,防止污染环境和危害人类健康。方法:通过测定医院污水水质成分并进行分析研究,采用水解酸化+生物接触氧化+ClO2组合工艺处理综合性医院污水。结果:工程实践结果表明,出水水质指标CODCr、BOD5、SS、NH3-N分别为39.3mg/L、18.5mg/L、20.2mg/L、6.3mg/L,类大肠菌群数为68.0cfu/L,pH值为7.2,均优于污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)的一级标准限值。结论:该工艺系统运行稳定,处理效果良好,能够完全杀灭致病微生物及病毒且处理成本较低,适合应用于医院污水处理。     

水解酸化-生物接触氧化法处理医院污水

目的 探讨水解酸化一生物接触氧化法处理医院污水的效果,为医院污水处理工艺的选择提供依据. 方法选用生物接触氧化法,经二沉池、过滤池净化处理. 结果运行结果表明,当进水CODCr、BOD5、SS、氨氮、粪大肠菌群分别为:230 mg/L、76 mg/L、105 mg/L、32 mg/L、1.5×108 MPN/L时,出水达到GB18466-2005<医疗机构水污染物排放标准>[1]排放标准. 结论该工艺处理医院污水可行,且具有耐冲击负荷能力强,运行稳定,污泥产量较低等优点.     

卫生防护与三废处理

CASS工艺处理高氨氮污水的脱氮设计;补加营养元素对活性污泥法处理工业废水的优化作用;A／O MBR（一体式）系统处理印染废水;水解酸化-接触氧化工艺处理印染废水     

天津某机务段含油废水处理效果评价

天津某机务段的含油废水处理站位于该机务段段内，该项工程设计最大日处理水量为150m^3／日，主要用于处理污水中的石油类、COD、SS，设计排放废水水质达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。该段的含油废水在未处理以前主要污染物石油类、COD、SS的浓度最高分别达到：21．0mg／L、378．5mg／L、452．0mg／L。废水排放的去向是天津市城市排水管网。     

鸡蛋壳在酸性含铜废水处理中的应用

目的 探讨矿山酸性含铜废水无害化处理方法.方法 研究了不同煅烧温度(100-500℃)、鸡蛋壳用量(10～40g/L)、鸡蛋壳粒度(0.10～1.00 mm)、搅拌速度(120～300 r/min)下,处理后的鸡蛋壳对东华理工大学溶浸实验室铜矿石溶浸废水和模拟矿山酸性含铜废水(Cu2 浓度为143.00 mg/L,pH值为1.80～2.00)的处理情况.结果 鸡蛋壳对含铜废水进行处理的最佳实验条件如下:煅烧温度为400℃,鸡蛋壳用量为25 g/L,鸡蛋壳粒度为0.25 mm,搅拌速度为240 r/min.鸡蛋壳可将2种酸性含铜废水的pH值由1.80～2.00提高到6.86～7.34,Cu2 的浓度降低到0.09～0.43 mg/L,符合GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>规定的一级标准,去除率可达99.70%～99.94%.结论 用鸡蛋壳处理酸性含铜废水,工艺简单,操作方便,处理效果好,具有一定的应用前景.     

膜生物反应器处理医院污水及氯消毒效果评价

目的研究膜生物反应器（MBR）工艺处理医院污水在消毒效果和安全方面的优越性。方法采用天津市第一中心医院的原MBR出水，投加次氯酸钠消毒，测定消毒前后水样细菌学指标，并用顶空-气相色谱法测定水中卤代烃含量。结果原污水和MBR出水的适宜投氯浓度、接触时间以及相应的卤代烃含量分别为14．0mg／L、60mm、26．40μg／L和1．0mg／L。1．5min，7．98μg／L。结论医院原污水消毒不应盲目加大投氯量和接触时间，采用MBR处理医院污水是有效减少消毒剂使用量、提高消毒效率、降低消毒副产物生成量的好方法。     

天津市和平区医院污水氯化消毒效果调查

目的了解天津市和平区医院排放污水的氯化消毒效果。方法采集2003、2004、2005年和平区14家医院排放的污水。每季度监测1次，采用碘量法测定医院排放污水中余氯的含量，采用多管发酵法测定废水中的粪大肠菌群数。结果和平区14家医院排放污水中余氯含量为3．1～86．9mg／L，平均为13．1mg／L；污水中粪大肠菌群数〈20个／L，符合《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）。结论和平区14家医院排放的医院污水中余氯含量偏高，对水环境造成的二次污染应引起重视。     

混凝沉淀-水解酸化-A/O-混凝沉淀组合工艺处理印染废水

采用混凝沉淀-水解酸化-MO-混凝沉淀工艺处理印染废水。结果表明,此工艺对印染废水有很好的处理效果,处理后出水水质达到GB4287--1992纺织染整工业水污染物排放一级标准。     

ClO2消毒医院污水的研究

目的 了解采用ClO2消毒医院污水时，污水中微生物达标所需的剩余ClO2量和接触时间。方法 在实验室条件下，对经人工加菌的医院污水进行ClO2不同投加量(2、4、6、8、10、12mg／L)、不同接触时间(5、10、30、60、90min)的消毒效果实验，并分别测定样品的ClO2剩余量及微生物含量。结果 投加ClO210．0mg／L，接触30min，剩余ClO2 2．5mg／L时，大肠杆菌灭活率为99．99％；投加ClO2 10．0mg／L，接触10min，剩余ClO22mg／L时，沙门菌去除率100％；投加ClO2 10．0mg／L，接触5min，剩余ClO23．5mg／L时，未检出结核杆菌。结论 经一级处理的医院污水中剩余ClO2达2．5mg／L，接触时间达30min时，大肠杆菌、沙门菌、结核杆菌指标均达标。     

卫生防护与三废处理

水解酸化-好氧生物工艺处理制浆造纸综合废水；生物助剂在制浆废水处理中的应用研究；化学沉淀法去除垃圾渗滤液中氨氮的试验研究；曝气生物滤池去除水中氨氮的试验研究；特高浓度有机膦氨氮废水预处理工艺研究     

Coagulant toxicity and effectiveness in a slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant

Attempts were made in this study to examine the toxicity of polymer/alum addition to the aeration tank effluent prior to sludge flotation as practiced in a slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant. Based on the Microtox toxicity assay, alum at concentrations 100-200 mg/L was found to slightly increase the toxicity level of slaughterhouse wastewater effluent. However, at higher concentrations (300-1000 mg/L), significant residual chronic toxicity remained in all slaughterhouse wastewater effluents, independent of the treatment process. Polymer, on the other hand, removed organics and solids, but polymer effluents are more toxic than alum at extremely low concentration. Results indicated that alum and polymer caused inhibitory effects to the system at soluble concentrations of approximately 400 and 60 mg/L and above, respectively. The data also indicated that the solids collected in both tests (polymer/alum) were much more toxic than those from the effluents. Sediment samples from the polymer tests were the most toxic. Furthermore, the effluent toxicity of the coagulants was dramatically more significant when used after the settlement of solids than when used in mixed liquor. In addition, strong correlations were observed between the observed toxicity for a series of supernatants and the coagulant concentrations of alum/polymer processes, and between supernatants and solids collected in both tests.     

Maximizing total nitrogen removal from onsite-generated wastewater

The research reported here examined the use of hydraulic loading strategies to maximize nitrogen removal from onsite-generated wastewater. These strategies are made practical by the inherently intermittent flow of onsite-generated wastewater. Experimentation was conducted at the Western Regional Wastewater Pretreatment Facility in Montgomery County, Ohio, with an established, full-scale onsite wastewater treatment system rated at 500 gallons per day. The onsite wastewater treatment unit was fed primarily with domestic wastewater that had passed through fine screens and grit removal. The dosing schedule was intermittent, representing what would be expected from onsite-generated wastewater. Oxidation occurred in the aeration tank and potentially on the solid-liquid filtration socks within the aeration tank. All major wastewater characterization parameters were monitored during the approximately one-year study, including five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD;), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, total nitrogen, pH, and alkalinity. Excellent removal of BOD5 and TSS resulted, with the effluent concentration of each parameter substantially and consistently below 10 mg/L for all operating conditions. Excellent total nitrogen removal occurred, typically to below 10 mg/L of nitrogen when the instantaneous flow of wastewater was low, even when the daily hydraulic loading was high. The removal of nitrogen was attributed to microbial biodegradation. This result indicates that the onsite wastewater treatment unit has an inherent denitrification capacity that can be matched with an equalized-hydraulic-loading strategy. The practical ability to equalize and reduce instantaneous loading results from the inherently intermittent nature of the flow associated with onsite wastewater treatment.     

Wastewater treatment polymers identified as the toxic component of a diamond mine effluent

The Ekati Diamond Mine, located approximately 300 km northeast of Yellowknife in Canada's Northwest Territories, uses mechanical crushing and washing processes to extract diamonds from kimberlite ore. The processing plant's effluent contains kimberlite ore particles (< or =0.5 mm), wastewater, and two wastewater treatment polymers, a cationic polydiallydimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) polymer and an anionic sodium acrylate polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer. A series of acute (48-h) and chronic (7-d) toxicity tests determined the processed kimberlite effluent (PKE) was chronically, but not acutely, toxic to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Reproduction of C. dubia was inhibited significantly at concentrations as low as 12.5% PKE. Toxicity identification evaluations (TIE) were initiated to identify the toxic component of PKE. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium thiosulfate, aeration, and solid phase extraction with C-18 manipulations failed to reduce PKE toxicity. Toxicity was reduced significantly by pH adjustments to pH 3 or 11 followed by filtration. Toxicity testing with C. dubia determined that the cationic DADMAC polymer had a 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.32 mg/L and 7-d median effective concentration (EC50) of 0.014 mg/L. The anionic PAM polymer had a 48-h LC50 of 218 mg/L. A weight-of-evidence approach, using the data obtained from the TIE, the polymer toxicity experiments, the estimated concentration of the cationic polymer in the kimberlite effluent, and the behavior of kimberlite minerals in pH-adjusted solutions provided sufficient evidence to identify the cationic DADMAC polymer as the toxic component of the diamond mine PKE.     

济南市区医院废水余氯含量

目的了解济南市医院排放废水中的余氯含量。方法2003年6-9月采集济南市区12家医院排放的废水,采用碘量滴定法测定医院排放废水中余氯的含量,并测定了废水中的粪大肠菌群。结果济南市区12家医院排放废水中余氯含量为3.7～128mg/L,平均为27.6mg/L。废水中的粪大肠菌群均<90个/L,符合国家标准。结论济南市区医院排放废水中余氯含量过高,对水环境会造成二次污染。     

活性生物滤池净化处理生活污水研究

目的 研究活性生物滤池对生活污水的处理效果.方法 按GB11914-1989和GB7488-1987分别测定生活污水经生物氧化处理前后的CODcr和BOD₅.结果 10份生活污水处理前后水中CODcr分别为44.48±1.79mg/L和16.76±2.77mg/L,差异有显著意义(P<0.001);BOD₅分别为211.54±1.84mg/L和3.95±1.54mg/L,差异有显著意义(P<0.001).上述2项指标处理后的水平大大低于国家环保局制订的《污水综合排放标准》(GB8979-1996)中城市二级污水处理厂排放的一级标准.结论 采用活性生物滤池对生活污水的处理具有净化效果好、工艺流程简单、经济效益高等优点,有较好的推广应用前景.     

Control of occupational exposure to phenol in industrial wastewater treatment plant of a petroleum refinery in Alexandria,Egypt: An intervention application case study

Phenol exposure is one of the hazards in the industrial wastewater treatment basin of any refinery. It additively interacts with hydrogen sulfide emitted from the wastewater basin. Consequently, its concentration should be greatly lower than its threshold limit value. The present study aimed at controlling occupational exposure to phenol in the work environment of wastewater treatment plant in a refinery by reducing phenolic compounds in the industrial wastewater basin. This study was conducted on both laboratory and refinery scales. The first was completed by dividing each wastewater sample from the outlets of different refinery units into three portions; the first was analyzed for phenolic compounds. The second and third were for laboratory scale charcoal and bacterial treatments. The two methods were compared regarding their simplicities, design, and removal efficiencies. Accordingly, bacterial treatment by continuous flow of sewage water containing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was used for refinery scale treatment. Laboratory scale treatment of phenolic compounds revealed higher removal efficiency of charcoal [100.0(0.0) %] than of bacteria [99.9(0.013) %]. The refinery scale bacterial treatment was [99.8(0.013) %] efficient. Consequently, level of phenol in the work environment after refinery-scale treatment [0.069(0.802) mg/m³] was much lower than that before [5.700(26.050) mg/m³], with removal efficiency of [99.125(2.335) %]. From the present study, we can conclude that bacterial treatment of phenolic compounds in industrial wastewater of the wastewater treatment plant using continuous flow of sewage water containing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa reduces the workers' exposure to phenol.     

阿利吉仑对原发性高血压患者血一氧化氮和缓激肽的影响

目的 分析血一氧化氮(NO)、缓激肽(BK)及非优势臂坐位血压等指标在应用阿利吉仑及雷米普利前后的变化特点,探讨阿利吉仑对原发性高血压患者血NO、BK的影响及其临床意义.方法 选取轻、中度原发性高血压患者67例,经过2周的单盲安慰剂导入后,根据随机表上获得的随机号被分配到不同组别,各组均连续用药8周.试验揭盲显示:试验组50例(阿利吉仑组),给予阿利吉仑治疗,又分为三个亚组,300mg组(16例)、150mg组(17例)、75mg组(17例);对照组17例(雷米普利组),给予雷米普利5 mg治疗.采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验测定血NO及放射免疫分析测定血BK用药前后浓度,测量患者用药前后非优势臂坐位血压.结果 阿利吉仑组用药后,NO浓度升高[300mg组、150mg组、75mg组用药前分别为(44.414±5.841)、(43.496±5.576)、(41.037±5.312)μmol/L,用药后分别为(60.381±6.756)、(56.480±6.959)、(53.766±7.276)μmol/L],非优势臂坐位血压降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但阿利吉仑组用药前后血BK浓度比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).雷米普利组用药后,血NO、BK浓度较用药前均显著增加[(57.286±6.431)μmol/L比(39.935±6.388)μmol/L,(7.120±1.015)μg/L比(5.232±1.288)μg/L],非优势臂坐位血压降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 阿利吉仑与雷米普利均显著增加血NO水平.雷米普利显著增加血BK水平,但阿利吉仑不影响.     

Glutaraldehyde in Hospital Wastewater

Glutaraldehyde (GA) solutions are widely used in hospitals to disinfect reusable fiber-optic endoscopes. These solutions are dumped after use in the aquatic environment without any particular safety precautions. Taking into account the quantity of GA consumed daily and the released water volume, the predicted hospital wastewater concentration was estimated at 0.50 mg/L. To measure the real GA concentration present in hospital wastewater, we developed an analytical technique that is simple, sensitive, and reliable. This method consists of a water sample concentration and purification by solid phase extraction and then a spectrophotometric determination. This analytical method was used for a 1-week surveillance program at Rouen University Hospital (2,600 beds). The wastewater tested showed the presence of a concentrated peak approximately eight times higher than the predicted wastewater concentration. The environmental impact of GA release into the aquatic environment was then studied. A predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) < 1 μg/L was calculated. In most situations the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) was found to be <0.5 μg/L taking into account the hospital wastewater dilution in its way to the sewage treatment plant and GA biodegradation. The PEC/PNEC ratio is then < 1, showing that this release are not expected to present a significant risk to the aquatic environment. However in situations of insufficient dilution or of major release, the PEC/PNEC ratio become > 1, and an environmental risk should be expected. An internal prevention program of the various hospital departments to assure GA rational use, and a release spreading would give an additional safety margin to consider GA as safe in terms of environmental risk. Received: 19 January 2001/Accepted: 10 September 2001