健侧颈7神经根移位同时修复两条神经的初步临床疗效

目的探讨用健侧颈，神经根移位同时修复2条上肢神经的临床效果。方法设计2种移位修复的方法。(1)合干法：健侧颈，前后股→尺神经→尺神经近端分2股分别和正中神经、桡神经(或肌皮神经)缝合，共5例。(2)分干法：健侧颈前后股→尺神经、腓肠神经→正中神经、桡神经(或肌皮神经)，共3例。结果合干法4例术后随访12～19个月，1例尚在随访中。正中神经运动：2例已恢复屈腕、屈指，肌力M3。2例屈腕肌力为M1。正中神经感觉：3例为S2，1例为S0。桡神经运动：2例伸腕、伸指肌力为M2。1例伸肘肌力为M2，1例伸腕肌力为M1。桡神经感觉：1例为S2，1例为S1，2例为S0。分干法1例术后随访15个月，已恢复屈腕、屈指，肌力为M3。正中神经感觉为是。肌皮神经：屈肘肌力为M3。另2例术后时间短尚在随访中。结论健侧颈，神经根移位同时修复上肢2条主要神经的新术式，初步应用结果证实是可行的、有效的。     

健侧C_7神经根移位治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的疗效观察

目的观察健侧C7神经根移位修复臂丛神经根性撕脱伤术后患侧肢体运动、感觉功能恢复情况,以及该术式对健侧肢体的影响。方法 2008年8月-2010年11月,采用健侧C7神经根移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤22例。患者均为男性;年龄14～47岁,平均33.3岁。术前临床检查及电生理检测均确诊为全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤。其中修复正中神经16例,桡神经3例,肌皮神经3例;一期手术2例,二期手术20例。观察手术前、后患侧肢体运动、感觉功能恢复情况。结果 21例患者获随访,随访时间7～25个月,平均18.4个月。健侧C7神经根修复正中神经:屈腕肌肌力达3级或以上10例,屈指肌肌力达3级或以上7例;感觉恢复达S3或以上11例。健侧C7神经根修复肌皮神经:屈肘肌肌力达3级或以上2例;前臂外侧皮肤感觉达3级2例。健侧C7神经根修复桡神经(失访1例)伸腕肌肌力达3级1例;感觉恢复达S3 1例。结论健侧C7神经根全干移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤效果较好,分期手术是提高疗效的重要因素。     

健侧C7神经根移位治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的疗效观察

目的观察健侧C7神经根移位修复臂丛神经根性撕脱伤术后患侧肢体运动、感觉功能恢复情况,以及该术式对健侧肢体的影响。方法 2008年8月-2010年11月,采用健侧C7神经根移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤22例。患者均为男性;年龄14～47岁,平均33.3岁。术前临床检查及电生理检测均确诊为全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤。其中修复正中神经16例,桡神经3例,肌皮神经3例;一期手术2例,二期手术20例。观察手术前、后患侧肢体运动、感觉功能恢复情况。结果 21例患者获随访,随访时间7～25个月,平均18.4个月。健侧C7神经根修复正中神经:屈腕肌肌力达3级或以上10例,屈指肌肌力达3级或以上7例;感觉恢复达S3或以上11例。健侧C7神经根修复肌皮神经:屈肘肌肌力达3级或以上2例;前臂外侧皮肤感觉达3级2例。健侧C7神经根修复桡神经(失访1例)伸腕肌肌力达3级1例;感觉恢复达S3 1例。结论健侧C7神经根全干移位修复全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤效果较好,分期手术是提高疗效的重要因素。     

健侧C7椎体前移位联合多组神经移位治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤

目的：探讨健侧C7神经根椎体前移位并联合多组神经移位治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的方法和疗效。方法对20例全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者采用健侧C7神经根、膈神经、副神经及健侧C7修复患侧下干后形成新的动力神经：臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经、下干后股移位修复患侧下干、肌皮神经、肩胛上神经、腋神经、桡神经、正中神经内侧头。并进行长期随访,观察肩外展、屈肘、屈指和伸腕伸指及手部感觉功能恢复的情况。结果20例中有17例获得随访,随访时间20～72个月（平均38个月）。肩外展平均39°,有效率（肌力M2以上）71%,优良率（肌力在M3以上）59％;屈肘平均77°,有效率83%,优良率53％;屈指、屈拇功能恢复：10例指屈肌力≥M2,有效率为59%（10/17）,其中7例肌力≥M3,优良率为42%;伸肘恢复有效率（肌力M2以上）59%,优良率42%;伸指有效率47%,优良率36%。结论健侧C7神经根椎体前移位并联合多组神经移位治疗全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤是有效的治疗方法之一。     

全臂丛神经损伤健侧颈7移位术后大鱼际肌功能的远期随访

目的 随访全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者行健侧颈7移位术后手内在肌的远期功能恢复情况.方法 对5例行健侧颈7移位于正中神经的全臂丛神经损伤患者进行远期随访,随访时间24～ 118个月,了解患肢受体神经所支配肌肉的肌力及其支配区域皮肤感觉恢复、神经电生理检测结果等.结果 5例患者(2例儿童,3例成人),其患侧大鱼际肌均获得不同程度的恢复.拇短展肌肌力恢复达M2者为4例,M1者1例;电生理检测拇短展肌动作电位有2例为单纯相,3例为少量运动单位电位(MUP);感觉恢复达S3者4例,S2者1例.结论 健侧颈7移位术治疗全臂丛神经损伤可使大鱼际肌得到一定程度的恢复.     

健侧颈7神经根移位治疗臂丛损伤的疗效观察

目的 观察健侧颈，神经根移位术后患侧肢体的功能恢复及对健侧颈7神经根所支配区运动、感觉的影响。方法 对25例全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者，均采用健侧颈7神经根（全部10例，后股15例）移位修复，其中修复上千6例，正中神经13例，桡神经3例，肌皮神经3例；并观察手术前、后健侧颈，神经根所支配肌肉功能和感觉的变化及患侧肢体的功能恢复。术后5～28个月随访到24例。结果 对健侧肢体的影响：10例健侧颈，神经根全部切断者，术后均出现不同程度的感觉运动障碍，主要表现为桡侧1～3指感觉减退、肢体酸胀、痛和不同程度的肢体无力，术后1年完全恢复正常。1例出现伸拇、伸指不能，1年半后仍无明显恢复。15例健侧颈，神经后股切断者，其中1例失访。术后2例无明显感觉障碍，但伸腕、伸指无力，3周后恢复正常。12例出现示、中指感觉异常，8例于术后3～4周后逐渐恢复正常，4例于6个月后症状消失。患肢功能恢复：术后随访至12～18个月，受区神经支配的部分肌肉获得不同程度的功能恢复。结论 健侧颈7神经根移位术后健侧肢体运动感觉功能不遗留明显的远期损害，但也偶有解剖因素导致其支配区功能的无法恢复。颈7后股移位能为受区神经提供足够的运动纤维，同时也减少了对健侧肢体感觉的影响。     

全长膈神经移位恢复伸腕指功能的解剖学研究和临床应用

目的 在应用显微解剖学方法对上臂段桡神经深支部位进行研究的基础上,探讨将全长膈神经移位到上臂段桡神经深支部分以恢复伸腕、指功能的手术疗效.方法 对16具32侧尸体标本应用显微解剖学的方法,研究桡神经深、浅支在上臂段的特点及背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支在主干中的部位;在临床上开展2例经胸将全长膈神经移位到背阏肌止点处桡神经深支部分的手术,并评价其疗效.结果 通过显微解剖学研究发现上臂段桡神经前臂支内均可看见2个大的神经束组,在背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经深支主要位于前臂支的内侧神经束组中.1例术后1年10个月随访,肩外展80°,屈肘90°,伸肘0°,伸腕、指到位,屈腕10°,屈指尚不能;伸腕肌力达到M4,伸指肌力达到M3.另1例术后2年随访,肩外展40°,屈肘30°,伸肘0°,伸腕到位,伸指轻限,屈腕、指尚不能;伸腕肌力M,,伸指肌力达到M3-.结论 将全长膈神经移位到背阔肌的肌腱止点处桡神经前臂支的内侧神经束组可能是恢复全臂丛根性撕脱伤患者伸腕、指功能的有效方法.     

伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能重建的手术图解

因桡神经不可逆损伤,造成伸腕、伸指、伸拇和拇指桡侧外展功能丧失,可用正中神经和尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位重建其功能。修复的方式较多,至今在临床上被公认为是标准的、疗效最好的肌腱移位术,是1960年Boyes提出的肌腱移位组合方式:即用旋前圆肌移位修复桡侧腕长短伸肌,尺侧腕屈肌移位修复指总伸肌,掌长肌移位修复拇长伸肌的方式。1 适应证用正中神经、尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位,修复伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能,主要用于桡神经不可逆     

神经束支移位重建屈肘功能80例随访分析

目的 评价用神经束支移位恢复屈肘功能的手术结果和影响疗效的因素。方法 臂丛神经上干根性损伤或上干根性损伤合并中、下干不全损伤的病例，应用正中神经束支或尺神经束支移位与肌皮神经肱二头肌支相吻合，恢复屈肘功能，临床治疗80例。结果术后经过8～108个月随访，肱二头肌力达M4者50例，肌力达M3者16例，M3以下者14例；手术有效率为(肱二头肌力M3以上)82．5％，优良率(肱二头肌肌力M4以上，为62．5％。结论对于臂丛神经上干或上、中干根性的损伤应首选尺神经或正中神经束支移位修复，重建恢复屈肘功能。     

健侧颈7神经根移位修复多条神经模型的建立及功能恢复动态观察

目的比较七种不同术式的健侧颈，神经根移位术后受体神经的功能以探讨颈，神经重建多组神经的可行性。方法SD大鼠105只，随机分为7组，每组15只。建立传统的健侧颈，移位经尺神经近端（单根）接正中神经或肌皮神经或桡神经（A、D、G组），健侧颈，经尺神经近端（2股，合干法）接正中、肌皮神经或正中、桡神经（B、E组），健侧颈，经尺神经及腓肠神经（分干法）接正中、肌皮神经或正中、桡神经（C、F组）。术后观察患肢功能，抓握力及梳洗动作出现时间。结果术后2个月，修复正中和肌皮神经的B、C组，均出现主动屈趾、屈肘功能。抓握力比较：合干法（B、E组）、分干法（C、F组）及传统法（A、D、G组）的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后3、6个月合干、分干法与传统法比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。梳洗试验出现时间：合干、分干法及传统法比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论颈，神经根能提供足够的神经再生纤维，可同时恢复2条神经功能。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.