超声在小儿睾丸附件扭转诊断中的应用

<正>睾丸附件扭转是小儿常见急腹症之一,临床易与睾丸扭转、睾丸炎、附睾炎、睾丸挫伤等相混淆。本文总结了55例小儿睾丸附件扭转的彩色多普勒超声图像特点,发现超声对该病的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的应用价值。1资料与方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2013年12月经彩色多普勒超声诊断为小儿睾丸附件扭转的患儿55例,年龄5~15岁,平均8岁。左侧35例,右侧20例。临床表现为突发阴囊疼痛,     

彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及其临床意义

睾丸扭转多发生于青少年，早期诊断对能否保留睾丸有着重要意义。在临床上，睾丸扭转和急性睾丸炎及附睾炎等较难鉴别，如果不能及时作出诊断，有可能延误抢救时机。本文报道经多普勒超声检查并手术证实的睾丸扭转12例。探讨其临床意义。     

彩色多普勒超声在急性阴囊肿痛诊断中的应用

目的评价彩色多普勒超声(CD)在急性阴囊肿痛诊断及鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法应用CD对53例急性阴囊肿痛患者进行急诊检查。观察阴囊内容物的形态、回声、结构及血流变化。经手术或临床治疗随访证实诊断。结果53例阴囊急症中,37例经非手术治疗及超声随访证实诊断,16例经手术及病理确诊。CD诊断准确率98%(52/53)。其中,睾丸扭转92%(12/13),睾丸、附睾炎100%(28/28),阴囊外伤100%(9/9),阴囊皮肤感染100%(3/3)。结论CD不仅能够区别睾丸扭转和炎症,并能鉴别肿瘤与炎症,还可评价阴囊外伤的程度及预后,因而它可作为诊断急性阴囊肿痛的首选方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断阴囊急症的价值

目的 :探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断阴囊急症中的应用价值。方法 :对145例阴囊急症患者的彩色多普勒超声声像图进行回顾性分析,并与随访结果对照。结果:睾丸扭转诊断符合率90.0%(18/20);睾丸附睾炎诊断符合率95.6%(108/113);睾丸外伤诊断符合率100%(12/12)。以上3类阴囊急症中,超声对睾丸外伤的诊断效果最佳,敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值均达100%。睾丸附睾炎Vmax为(0.31±0.09)m/s,三者中最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);睾丸附睾炎Vmin为(0.07±0.01)m/s,为最高,与扭转比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);睾丸扭转的RI值0.71±0.05最高,三者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声对阴囊急症的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

急性阴囊闭合性损伤的磁共振成像与彩色多普勒超声诊断

目的探讨磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）与彩色多普勒超声在急性阴囊闭合性损伤中的诊断价值。方法收集急性阴囊闭合性损伤患者8例,所有病例全部经MRI及彩色多普勒超声检查,回顾性分析及比较MRI及彩色多普勒超声图像。结果8例急性阴囊闭合性损伤患者中,MRI示睾丸损伤出血8例（其中自膜下少量积血2例）,睾丸增大、阴囊肿大皮肤增厚、鞘膜积液8例,白膜毛糙3例,附睾增大5例（其中附睾损伤出血3例）,腹股沟区淋巴结肿大4例。彩色多普勒超声示睾丸损伤出血6例,睾丸增大6例,阴囊肿大、皮肤增厚8例,鞘膜积液6例,白膜异常未见,附睾增大2例,腹股沟区淋巴结肿大未见。结论MRI能清楚显示急性阴囊闭合性损伤,是目前诊断急性阴囊闭合性损伤的精确影像检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声检查睾丸附件扭转的临床价值分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在睾丸附件扭转诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对超声检查的睾丸附件扭转32例患儿影像学资料与病理结果进行对比分析。结果 32例患儿中,经彩色多普勒超声诊断为睾丸附件扭转者31例,诊断准确率为96.77%;超声误诊1例,1例误诊为附睾头结节,误诊率为3.23%。在睾丸与附睾头之间,或睾丸旁可见大小不等的圆形、椭圆形、斑片状、条索样结节,低回声或稍强回声,不伴声影,边界清晰,内部呈不均质网状回声。患侧阴囊壁增厚,附睾头肿大,与睾丸大小正常,睾丸鞘膜腔内少量积液。彩色多普勒血流显像示患侧附睾头血流信号较健侧明显增加;而睾丸旁结节内部无明显血流信号。结论彩色多普勒超声简便、无创、重复性好、准确率高,对睾丸附件扭转的诊断及其鉴别诊断具有重要的价值。     

彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转诊断中的作用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断睾丸扭转的临床意义。方法回顾分析15例经手术病理证实的睾丸扭转患者的术前彩色多普勒超声表现,并与手术病理对比分析。结果15例患者中,13例的彩色多普勒超声显示血流消失或明显减少提示睾丸扭转,有2例初次超声检查误诊,1例误诊为睾丸炎,另1例误诊为正常。后经复查超声,诊断为睾丸扭转。结论彩色多普勒超声能准确地显示睾丸内血供情况,判断睾丸缺血的不同阶段,因而它是诊断睾丸扭转首选的、可靠的检查方法。     

急性睾丸疾病的超声诊断与鉴别诊断

目的:探讨超声诊断和鉴别诊断急性睾丸疾病的价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析78例急性睾丸疾病患者的睾丸超声表现,并与临床、手术及病理结果进行对照分析. 结果:12例睾丸肿瘤瘤体较大,内部回声杂乱不均匀,病灶区血管走行不规则或呈"树枝状"分布,5例伴有钙化灶;26例睾丸外伤阴囊壁水肿增厚,病变部位回声减弱并与液性暗区混杂分布,彩色血流减少,周围组织彩色血流增强;21例急性睾丸炎患侧睾丸肿大,实质血流分布异常丰富呈五彩镶嵌的"彩球样"; 18例睾丸扭转患侧睾丸血流明显少于健侧或血流消失;1例睾丸结核病侧睾丸回声极不均匀,多种回声混杂分布. 结论:超声能够对各种急性睾丸疾病做出快速、准确的诊断和鉴别诊断.     

彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及临床意义

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对睾丸扭转的诊断及临床意义。方法总结分析我院15例经手术证实的睾丸扭转患者彩色多普勒超声表现及临床治疗结果。结果睾丸扭转声像图表现与扭转时间及扭转程度密切相关,早期睾丸扭转的敏感指标是患侧睾丸血流减少伴阻力指数增高,手术复位成功率高。患侧睾丸血流消失是睾丸扭转的可靠性指标。结论彩色多普勒超声能准确判断睾丸扭转程度,对临床治疗具有指导意义,是睾丸扭转的首选检查方法。     

睾丸扭转的超声诊断价值

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声检查在睾丸扭转诊断中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析分析经手术证实18例睾丸扭转患者的声像图特征及临床资料。结果：18例睾丸扭转超声明确诊断16例,高度怀疑2例,无漏诊。睾丸扭转超声特异性表现为睾丸上方可见精索扭转成团及睾丸内血运减少或消失。超声检查时触诊睾丸位置抬高。结论：彩色多普勒超声在睾丸扭转诊断中具有重要诊断价值,是首选的影像学检查方法。     

Color Doppler sonography of normal and torsed testicular appendages in children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine the size and appearance of normal and torsed testicular appendages on color Doppler sonography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with acute scrotal pain underwent gray-scale and color Doppler sonography and subsequent surgery. Twenty-two patients had torsion of the appendix testis, six had epididymitis, three had torsion of the testis, and two had torsion of the appendix epididymidis. The testicular appendages of 30 patients and the testes of three were excised and sent to the laboratory for histopathologic examination. RESULTS: A testicular appendage was identified on color Doppler sonography in 23 patients (21 patients with torsed appendages and two patients with epididymitis). The torsed appendixes testis measured from 4.1 to 16.3 mm, and the normal appendixes in the two patients with epididymitis measured 4.1 and 5.6 mm. With the visualization of an appendix larger than 5.6 mm as the sonographic diagnostic criterion for torsion of a testicular appendage, sensitivity was 68.2% (95% confidence interval (CI), 45.1-85.3%), and specificity was 100% (CI, 74.7-100%). CONCLUSION. The identification of a testicular appendage larger than 5.6 mm is suggestive of torsion. Therefore, depending on the patients' clinical conditions, these cases can be treated conservatively when an appendage larger than 5.6 mm is identified.     

Ultrasonography of scrotal trauma

Ultrasound has emerged as the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with scrotal trauma. Most studies of testicular rupture show great accuracy with virtually no instances of false-positive or false-negative diagnoses. Ultrasonography is capable of differentiating between scrotal hematoma, extratesticular fluid collections, posttraumatic torsion testis, posttraumatic epididymitis, epididymal hematoma, as well as testicular rupture. The differentiation of hematocele from pyocele or exudative hydrocele is generally not possible. In patients with suspected testicular rupture, an accurate diagnosis followed by prompt surgical repair is the key to preservation of testicular function. Ultrasound is an extremely useful adjunct to the physical examination in cases of blunt scrotal trauma both for the differential diagnosis of the enlarged scrotum and for determining the necessity for emergency surgery.     

Ultrasonography of scrotal trauma

Ultrasound has emerged as the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with scrotal trauma. Most studies of testicular rupture show great accuracy with virtually no instances of false-positive or false-negative diagnoses. Ultrasonography is capable of differentiating between scrotal hematoma, extratesticular fluid collections, posttraumatic torsion testis, posttraumatic epididymitis, epididymal hematoma, as well as testicular rupture. The differentiation of hematocele from pyocele or exudative hydrocele is generally not possible. In patients with suspected testicular rupture, an accurate diagnosis followed by prompt surgical repair is the key to preservation of testicular function. Ultrasound is an extremely useful adjunct to the physical examination in cases of blunt scrotal trauma both for the differential diagnosis of the enlarged scrotum and for determining the necessity for emergency surgery.     

Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our experience concerning the use of color Doppler sonography (CDS) in the differential diagnosis of acute scrotum is reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From July 2000 to July 2005, 155 patients (median 17.2 years) were admitted with a diagnosis of acute scrotum (unilateral in 150 cases, bilateral in 5). Along with a careful anamnesis and the physical exam, all patients underwent a CDS study of the scrotal content using a sonograph GE Logiq 500 with a multifrequency (7.5-10 MHz) linear probe Small Part. The following CDS parameters were evaluated: intensity of the color-power signal on the testicular parenchyma and on the epididymis; systolic peak velocity (SPV) and telediastolic velocity (TDV) in correspondence of the gonadal hilum. Ultrasound and flowmetry parameters registered on the painful testis were compared with those registered on the healthy controlateral testis. The reduction/absence versus the increase of color-power signal in the parenchyma and the reduction/absence versus the increase of SPV and TDV in the centripetal intratesticular arteries were considered presumptive of testicular torsion versus orchiepididymitis. RESULTS: The results only refer to the 150 patients (300 testis) with acute monolateral scrotum. The clinical picture and the physical exam suggested a torsion of the spermatic cord in 40 cases, a spontaneous de-torsion in 5, an orchiepididymitis in 80, a blunt scrotal trauma in 15, a bulky epididymal cyst or a hydrocele in 4 and a testicular pain of unknown etiology in the remaining 6 cases. Standard US was pathological in 95 patients (63.3%); CDS was pathologic in 70 patients and in 42 of them suggested a testicular torsion. Fifty-three patients underwent surgical exploration: among 42 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of testicular torsion, the diagnosis was confirmed in 22 cases, no anomaly was found in 16 cases and in 4 patients a torsion of testicular appendix was found. The rupture of the tunica albuginea was present in six out of seven patients submitted to surgical exploration for previous blunt trauma and the sonographic diagnosis of hematocele was documented in all cases. The single false-negative diagnosis of testicular torsion in CDS occurred in an 18-month-old child. In presence of funicular torsion, the sensitivity and specificity of physical exam and CDS were 100% versus 95.7% and 86.5% versus 85.3%, respectively; sensitivity and specificity of SPV, TDV and color-Doppler signal on the testis were 100% and 94.8% versus 100% and 90.1% versus 95.7% and 90.8%. In the pre-operative assessment of scrotal trauma, the B-mode US showed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90%, respectively; the color Doppler analysis has not supplied with additional elements for planning a surgical exploration. In presence of orchiepididymitis, the sensitivity and specificity of the physical exam in association to CDS was equal to 100%. In all patients with torsion of the testicular appendix, physical exam and CDS parameters were within normal limits. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In our experience CDS is an indispensable imaging modality for the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum; however, the informations it can afford are operator-dependent and have to be supported by the history and physical exam of the patient. CDS findings constitute probably an important medico-legal support when the necessity of surgical exploration is excluded; anyway, in presence of a clinical suspicion of testicular torsion, even with an apparently normal CDS, the surgical exploration is recommended.     

The normal and abnormal scrotum in children: evaluation with color Doppler sonography.

The use of color Doppler sonography to evaluate the symptomatic testes in children with scrotal pain or swelling was prospectively studied with a fourth-generation color sonographic unit with a 7-MHz linear transducer. The 32 patients were 1 day to 18 years old (mean age, 8.6 years). Results were correlated with scintigraphic findings in 23 patients, with the final diagnosis established by surgery in 12 patients, and with clinical follow-up in all patients. Eight cases of testicular torsion, including two of acute torsion and six of late torsion, were correctly detected by color Doppler sonography and confirmed surgically. In the remaining patients, perfusion of the testis was correctly detected by color Doppler examination. The final diagnoses in these patients included torsion of the appendix testis (15 patients), epididymitis (five patients), epididymo-orchitis (one patient), yolk sac tumor of the testis (one patient), hydrocele (one patient), and local reaction to an insect bite (one patient). The ability to detect blood flow in the normal contralateral testis was also evaluated in 28 patients. Blood flow was demonstrated in normal testes larger than 1 cm3. Detection of flow in the very small normal prepubertal testis was often difficult, and no flow was identified in one testis. Flow was identified in central arteries in only six of 13 testes smaller than 1 cm3. We conclude that color Doppler sonography is helpful in the initial evaluation of pediatric testes, providing accurate evaluation of the involved hemi-scrotum in our patients and also providing the benefit of both structural and flow information. Until our sensitivity to low-velocity flow improves, we would not suggest the exclusive use of color Doppler sonography in the evaluation of testicular perfusion in the prepubertal patient. We advocate the addition of testicular scintigraphy to corroborate the presence of testicular perfusion when flow in intratesticular arteries cannot be established with certainty by color Doppler sonography.     

Scrotal pathology in pediatrics with sonographic imaging

Scrotal pathology in pediatrics ranges from the more benign hydrocele and varicocele to acute testicular torsion requiring emergent surgery. Malignant testicular tumors can be insidious in onset or may present acutely when trauma brings a swollen scrotum to the patient's or physician's attention. Three common conditions can present as an acute scrotum, all of which can suggest testicular torsion clinically. Epididymitis often has a less acute onset than testicular torsion, although it does not always present with a straightforward diagnosis. Although it is generally an inflammatory process affecting males from 9 to 14 years of age, it can be seen in younger males with Henoch-Schonlein purpura and Kawasaki disease. Torsion of the appendix of the testis and epididymis can present acutely and mimic acute testicular torsion and generally occurs from 6 to 12 years of age. Testicular torsion itself usually occurs from 12 to 18 years of age and usually results from the anatomical “bell-and-clapper” deformity. Infarction of the testis can occur within as early as 4 to 6 hours after torsion, depending on the duration of symptoms and degree of twist of the spermatic cord. Advances in ultrasound technology in recent years have made ultrasound the examination of choice for imaging scrotal pathology, whether acute or chronic in nature. Doppler technology has tremendously increased the radiologist's ability to assess flow within the prepubertal testicle, which allows assessment of viability in the undescended testis as well as in neonatal torsion. The ability of ultrasound to diagnose the pathogenesis of the acute scrotum is unsurpassed by any other imaging modality. Ultrasound is a readily available, noninvasive examination without radiation that provides excellent anatomic detail and serves as an important and tremendously helpful imaging modality in all types of pediatric scrotal pathology.