CT在胰腺结核诊断中的价值

目的：探讨胰腺结核的CT征象及其诊断价值。资料与方法：回顾性分析14例胰腺结核的CT表现及临床资料。结果：胰腺结核表现为3型：（1）局灶型：9例，多位于胰头，表现为低密度肿块伴有周边或蜂房状强化；（2）多结节型：4例，胰腺内多发低密度病变，无强化或轻度强化，胰头病变明显，呈蜂房状强化；（3）弥漫型：1例，表现为胰腺弥漫性肿大，边缘模糊。胰腺结核常伴有胰外结核。胰周淋巴结肿大9例，7例增强，呈花环状或环形强化；肝脏受累3例，脾脏受累4例，表现为肝、脾实质内低密度无强化病灶；胆管梗阻、结核性腹膜炎各3例。结论：胰腺结核CT表现多样，包括胰腺局灶性低密度肿块、多发低密度结节或弥漫性胰腺肿大，但最常见的表现是胰腺内局灶性蜂房状强化的肿块。低密度的胰周和门静脉周围淋巴结肿大伴周边环形强化以及其他播散结核灶是支持胰腺结核诊断的重要辅助征象。     

胰腺恶性肿瘤的 CT 诊断

目的：探讨胰腺恶性肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断。方法：分析了５４例胰腺恶性肿瘤的ＣＴ表现，其中４１例胰腺癌、８例胰囊腺癌、５例胰转移癌。年龄２７～８６岁。扫描自脾门部至十二指肠水平部，层厚１０ｍｍ，连续扫描，必要时追加５ｍｍ层厚及层距。结果：胰腺恶性肿瘤ＣＴ表现为胰腺软组织肿块；平扫呈等密度、低密度或不均匀密度，肿块强化不明显；胆管及胰管扩张；胰腺萎缩；血管受侵犯；脏器及淋巴结转移；周围脏器及组织的直接浸润，腹水等。结论：熟悉胰腺恶性肿瘤ＣＴ的直接及间接征象，利于胰腺恶性肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

孤立型细支气管肺泡癌的CT诊断（附38例分析）

笔者报告３８例孤立型细支气管肺泡癌的ＣＴ表现，井与３１例直径小于３ｃｍ的其他类型的周围型肺癌进行了对照分析。本组肺泡癌ＣＴ上出现率较高的征象有：（１）空泡征或／和细支气管充气征；（２）病变位于肺外周或胸膜下（３）胸膜皱缩征；（４）形态个规则，呈星状或斑片状。笔者对产生这些征象的病理基础作了解释，对肺泡癌的ＣＴ诊断与鉴别诊断作了分析与讨论。     

胰管结石的X线特征与放射学诊断

目的：探讨胰管结石的Ｘ线特征和放射学诊断。方法：回顾性分析９例胰管结石病人的Ｘ线资料（腹部平片、ＣＴ、ＥＲＣＰ）及误诊原因。结果：Ｘ线特征为（１）腹部平片见上腹部胰腺走行区域致密钙化阴影;（２）ＣＴ片见胰头部大片状高密度钙化斑,并胰管扩张;（３）ＥＲＣＰ胰管扩张粗细不均,胰管内有透明阴影。误诊原因：主观上对本病认识不足,客观上鉴别诊断有难度。结论：只要我们提高对胰管结石疾病的认识,注意其Ｘ线特征,就不难做出正确的放射学诊断。     

胰腺癌的CT诊断

目的：探讨胰腺癌的ＣＴ特征、诊断与鉴别诊断。材料和方法：分析５５例（男３９例，女１６例）胰腺癌患者的临床和ＣＴ表现。年龄最大７８岁，最小２８岁，平均５７．７岁。其中胰头部癌３８例（６９．０９％），体部１２例（２１．８２％），尾部５例（９．０９％）。ＣＴ扫描以１０ｍｍ层厚与间隔，自隔顶扫至钩突下缘，胰腺部则取５ｍｍ层厚与间隔。并作冠状面及矢状面重建。结果：５５例中仅２０例手术切除。平均生存期为５～８月。ＣＴ表现为胰腺局部分叶状肿块（５０／５５）；平扫时与周围胰腺组织呈等密度或略低密度：增强后强化不明显，甚至低于正常胰腺组织；胰周组织浸润（２０／５５）；血管受侵（３７／５５）；远处转移（１７／５５）；继发性囊肿（４／５５）。３８例胰头癌ＣＴ中可见胰体、尾萎缩（３４／３８）；胰管扩张（２４／３８）；梗阻性胆管扩张（肝内胆管＋总阻管扩张１５例；单纯肝内胆管扩张４例）。结论：熟悉胰腺癌的特征性与非特征性表现，多数病例可被确诊，但对临床预后无帮助。     

胰腺结核的影像学诊断（附4例报告）

目的：本文对胰腺结核的影像学表现进行分析。材料与方法，４例胰腺结核均经手术病理证实，影像学检查方法包括，超声，ＣＴ和ＥＲＣＰ。结果：超声检查发现胰腺病灶呈低顺声或无回声，可有周围淋巴结肿大，ＣＴ检查发现胰腺病灶及周围肿大的淋巴结呈低密度，此变化在增强扫描时更明显；ＥＲＣ胰管有可受压移位，但无破坏；结论：超声和ＣＴ检查可发现液化，坏死的胰腺病灶及受累淋巴结；ＥＲＣＰ可准确判断胰管情况，超声，ＣＴ和Ｅ     

胰腺疾病中胰管异常表现及其影像学诊断进展

胰管异常是胰胆管疾病的重要征象,可见于胰腺各种病变;目前胰管异常影像学检查有ERCP、MRCP、MSCT（MDCT）及EUS等均能较好显示胰管形态特征及病变。本文对正常胰管及各种胰腺疾病中胰管异常的影像学表现加以总结。以增进对胰腺疾病的了解。     

薄层动态CT对胰腺癌的早期诊断

笔者采用薄层动态ＣＴ扫描，诊断直径≤３ｃｍ的胰腺癌１２例，其直接征象为胰头轻度不规则增大或有小的局部隆起、钩突圆隆变形、胰腺实质的分叶形态消失；间接征象为胰管、胆管的梗阻性扩张。认为薄层动态ＣＴ扫描是早期胰腺癌诊断的有效方法。     

磁共振胆胰管成像显示“双管征”的临床意义

磁共振胆胰管成像已成为诊断或筛查胆胰管疾病的首选检查方法，可清楚显示“双管征”。虽然“双管征”可见于良性和恶性胆胰管扩张，但它更多见于恶性病变。鉴别诊断应结合其他征象综合分析。     

胆胰管十二指肠连接区疾病

胆胰管十二指肠连接区（ 简称为连接区） ，顾名思义，即是胆管，胰管与十二指肠连接的区域，包括胆管下端，胰管下端与十二指肠乳头及周围（ 一般指以乳头开口为中心，直径２ｃｍ 的区域） 。在连接区疾病，常用的影像诊断检查方法包括无创性ＣＴ 扫描，有创性的ＥＲＣＰ、ＰＴＣ，以及以往曾用过的生理性胆系造影（ 即静脉法胆系造影） 、口服胆囊造影、常规（ 单对比或气钡双对比） 钡餐检查及低张十二指肠造影等，临床还常用十二指肠内镜检查等。本文将有关胆胰管十二指肠连接区疾病影像诊断的下述诸问题：一、胆胰管十二指肠连接区的解剖与生理；二、胆胰管十二指肠连接区正常影像学表现；三、胆胰管异常连接；四、胆胰管括约肌段狭窄；五、胆胰管十二指肠连接区肿瘤；六、胆胰管十二指肠连接区结石；七、十二指肠乳头区憩室；以及胆胰管十二指肠连接区疾病的比较影像学等，就手边的文献资料结合我们近年工作中的经验体会详细进行讨论，力图起到抛砖引玉的作用，期望我国影像诊断界同仁重视研究该连接区疾病的早期征象，争取作到早诊早治。     

胰胆管扩张的CT表现对胰腺癌与慢性胰腺炎的诊断意义

目的 研究胰胆管扩张对胰腺癌与慢性胰腺炎的诊断意义。材料与方法 回顾性分析４９例胰腺癌和３６例慢性胰腺炎的ＣＴ资料。结果 胰腺癌组主要特征包括：（１）胰管扩张多呈平滑状,并多在胰头肿块处截断（１６例,占８０％）;（２）扩张的胆总管多呈突然截断（２７例,占８７．１％）,部分可见肝内、外胆管扩张（１９例,占３８．８％）;（３）双管征（１９例,占３８．８％）,慢性胰腺炎组的主要特征为：（１）胰管扩张多呈     

慢性胰腺炎并发胆总管扩张的CT诊断

目的 提高对慢性胰腺炎并发胆总管扩张的知识。方法 对16例慢性胰腺炎并发胆总管扩张患者的CT图像进行分析。结果 16例中，胰头缩小8例，增大饱满6例，体积不变2例。轮廓不规则11例；胰实质不均15例；胰周脂肪间隙模糊12例；胆总管均扩张，直径在11mm～15mm之间的13例，15mm～20mm之间的3例；胰头段胆总管受压14例，胆总管狭窄2例。结论 慢性胰腺炎并发胆总管扩张的CT诊断并不困难，但在临床上应重视与其他中腹部疾病的鉴别。     

CT pancreatogram in carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis

CT has made it possible to determine the contour of the pancreatic duct, to measure its caliber, and to detect dilatation of the duct. CT scans of 75 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and of 45 patients with chronic pancreatitis were obtained. Dilatation of the pancreatic duct was seen in 56% of patients with carcinoma, and in 70% of those with tumors confined to the pancreatic head and body. Smooth dilatation (43%) or beaded dilatation (40%) were most commonly associated with carcinoma. Ductal dilatation was present in 58% of the patients with chronic pancreatitis, and irregular dilatation was seen in 73% of the patients in this group. About half of the patients who had irregular dilatation had calculi within the ducts. The duct contour was similar to that seen in carcinoma in 27% of the cases of chronic pancreatitis. There was a significant difference in the caliber of the duct (P = .01) with larger ducts seen in patients with carcinoma. The width of the pancreatic gland (P = .005) and the ratio of duct caliber to gland width differed (P = .001) between the two diseases: the gland was wider in cases of chronic pancreatitis, and the ratio of duct to gland was larger in cases of carcinoma. Eight cases of dilatation of the duct with no detectible pancreatic mass were seen in a subgroup of 13 patients who had small carcinomas of the pancreas (tumor size of 3 cm or less). Our findings indicate that a dilated pancreatic duct with a smooth contour and a ratio of duct to total gland width of 0.50 or greater suggests carcinoma as the underlying pathology.     

Significance of a dilated pancreatic duct on CT examination.

The infrequency of reports demonstrating dilatation of the pancreatic ducts in patients with chronic pancreatitis by CT, despite its frequent demonstration on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), prompted a review of 500 cases performed at the University of Miami School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital for suspected pancreatic disease. Pancreatic duct dilatation was demonstrated in 10 patients. An equal occurrence was documented in patients with chronic pancreatitis and with carcinoma. Therefore, the presence of dilated pancreatic duct only confirms the presence of pancreatic disease. No etiology should be favored by the isolated finding of a dilated duct on CT scanning.     

多层螺旋CT在胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断中的价值

目的：探讨胰头部慢性肿块型胰腺炎的MSCT表现。方法：回顾性分析30例经手术、针吸细胞学及CT随访证实的胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎患者的病例资料,总结其CT特征。结果：胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎主要CT征象：①胰头部肿块。CT平扫7例为单纯胰头增大,6例肿块内伴有假囊肿,14例肿块内伴钙化,3例肿块内同时伴有钙化和假囊肿。20例行增强扫描,其中15例表现为渐进性强化,3例为动脉期明显强化、静脉期与胰腺体尾部强化程度相似,2例各期未见明显强化;②胰管扩张。18例伴有胰管扩张,串珠样扩张15例,病灶处胰管贯通10例,13例伴有胰管钙化;③胆管扩张。12例胆总管扩张,远端自上而下逐渐变细10例;④胰周大血管。23例胰周大血管周围脂肪间隙欠清晰,未见包埋侵犯现象。⑤15例肾前筋膜增厚。结论：胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎MSCT表现具有一定特征性,MSCT检查对胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

Focal pancreatic mass: distinction of pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis using gadolinium-enhanced 3D-gradient-echo MRI

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of MRI including T1-weighted gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced three-dimensional-gradient-echo (3D-GE) sequences to distinguish pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis in patients with pancreatic mass or focal enlargement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 22 patients (15 males and seven females; mean age +/- SD, 56.2 +/- 11.5 years) with pancreatic mass or focal enlargement. Fourteen had pancreatic carcinoma and eight had chronic pancreatitis based on the histopathological and clinical findings. MRI examinations of all patients were retrospectively evaluated by two independent reviewers for the predetermined imaging findings of carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. The accuracy of MRI for differentiating pancreatic carcinoma from chronic pancreatitis was determined. MRI findings of both entities were compared using t-tests, chi-squared tests, and logistic regression analyses for the differentiation of these two entities. The extent of agreement between two reviewers was determined with Kappa statistics. RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of MRI including T1-weighted 3D-GE sequences for differentiating pancreatic carcinoma from chronic pancreatitis were 93% (13/14) and 75% (6/8), respectively. The most discriminative finding for pancreatic carcinoma was relative demarcation of the mass compared to background pancreas in contrast to chronic pancreatitis on post-Gd 3D-GRE sequences (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MRI including Gd-enhanced T1-weighted 3D-GE sequences can differentiate pancreatic carcinoma from chronic pancreatitis successfully in most cases.     

Value of MR pancreatography in the evaluation of patients with chronic pancreatitis

AIM: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) pancreatography and to define its role in the imaging work-up of patients with severe chronic pancreatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-two patients (13 men and 19 women; 15-84 years old; mean age, 48 years) with severe chronic pancreatitis diagnosed using cross-sectional imaging, examination using contrast medium (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, pseudocyst injection) and/or surgical findings underwent MR pancreatography performed using a two-dimensional multi-slice fast spin echo technique. All patients underwent transabdominal pancreatic sonography and computed tomography (CT) was performed in 12 patients. Two observers independently assessed the MR pancreatograms for pancreatic duct dilatation and pancreatic duct abnormalities. Compared to the final diagnosis, the accuracy of MR pancreatography in revealing complications of chronic pancreatitis was calculated and its role in the radiological work-up of patients with chronic pancreatitis evaluated. RESULTS: When compared to the final diagnosis, MR pancreatography showed the following sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy: for filling defects in pancreatic duct, 56-78%, 100% and 87-94%, respectively; for strictures, 75-88%, 92-96% and 88-94%, respectively; and for pseudocysts 100%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Filling defects were correctly diagnosed in all patients when MR pancreatography was interpreted in combination with cross-sectional imaging. Contrast pancreatography was required for the complete evaluation of strictures and communication with pseudocysts. CONCLUSION: MR pancreatography is poorly sensitive but specific in revealing pancreatic duct filling defects and strictures. However, when MR pancreatography is interpreted in combination with sonography and CT, it provides sufficient information to plan therapy in the majority of patients.     

假肿瘤性胰腺炎的CT诊断

探讨假肿瘤性胰腺炎的CT影像特征。材料与方法回顾性分析19例1992-04～1999-04CT扫描后细针穿 刺活检/手术病理证实的假肿瘤性胰腺炎的临床及CT资料。结果假肿瘤性胰腺炎的CT表现如下(1)胰腺内肿块,单 发多见(18/19),呈等密度或略低密度,无论平扫增强均与正常胰腺分界不清;(2)胆胰管扩张(10/19),胆管扩张程度较 轻,胰管在通过肿块区受压变窄,其远端扩张;(3)胰周脂肪层清晰,胰周大血管可受压移位,但未见包埋侵犯现象;(4)假 肿瘤性胰腺炎可伴有胰腺内钙化及假性囊肿。结论假肿瘤性胰腺炎的CT影像有一定特征,结合临床及B超、ERCP等 可做出准确的诊断。     

超声胃镜与ERCP诊断慢性胰腺炎的对比研究

为探讨超声胃镜 (EUS)及其与ERCP联合应用对慢性胰腺炎的诊断价值 ,回顾分析 1993年 1月～ 2 0 0 1年 5月长海医院收治的慢性胰腺炎 2 6 2例 ,其中同时行ERCP和EUS检查者共 6 0例。EUS检查提示胰腺形态不规则、回声不均匀 ,胰管扩张、狭窄、扭曲 ,胰管结石 ,胰腺钙化 ,胰腺囊肿并诊断为慢性胰腺炎 4 9例 (81 7% ) ;ERCP诊断慢性胰腺炎 5 2例 (86 7% ) ;ERCP发现胰管改变 ,而EUS未见异常 6例 ,两者诊断符合率为 90 % ;ERCP和EUS联合诊断慢性胰腺炎 5 9例 (98 3% ) ,同单独ERCP或EUS检查诊断准确率相比差异有显著性意义(P <0 0 5 )。提示EUS对慢性胰腺炎有较高的诊断特异性和准确性 ,与ERCP联合应用可显著提高诊断准确率 ,有助于慢性胰腺炎的早期诊断。     

胆胰管十二指肠连接区小肿瘤CT诊断及鉴别

目的 探讨胆胰管十二指肠连接区小肿瘤的ＣＴ诊断及其鉴别点,提高ＣＴ诊断的敏感性和准确性。材料与方法 连接区小癌２２例,包括胰头癌１２例（其中６例位于胰钩突）,Ｖａｔｅｒ’ｓ壶腹癌５例,胆总管下端癌５例;另胰头区炎症５例,以作对照分析,全部病例均经手术病理证实。结果 （１）连接区小癌ＣＴ表现为胰头或钩突增大变形、密度改变及十二指肠内侧壁结节,胆总管壁增厚或下端结节;胰头癌突出表现为低密度区;Ｖａｔｅ