“葛根花口含片”对小鼠急性酒精中毒的预防作用

目的研究“葛根花日含片”对小鼠急性酒精中毒的预防作用。方法通过腹腔注射乙醇（10ml／kg体重）构建小鼠急性酒精中毒模型,将小鼠随机分为实验组、阳性对照组和对照组。实验组用“葛根花口含片”灌胃进行预防,对照组给予等容积的生理盐水灌胃,阳性对照组采用纳络酮（O．04mg／kg）腹腔注射,上述方法处理后1h,给全部小鼠腹腔注射52％乙醇（10ml／kg体重）,观测翻正反射消失的小鼠数、动物死亡数、翻正反射消失潜伏期和持续时间。结果“葛根花日含片”和纳洛酮都能降低急性酒精中毒小鼠死亡率和出现翻正反射消失动物数（P〈0．05）,小鼠翻正反射消失的潜伏期和翻正反射持续时间明显缩短（P〈0．05）,二者没有显著差异。结论“葛根花口含片”对急性酒精中毒有一定预防作用。     

夏至草醇提物对急性微循环障碍大鼠器官损伤的干预作用

目的:观察夏至草醇提物对高分子右旋糖苷(Dextran500)致急性微循环障碍大鼠器官损伤的影响。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠20只,随机分为夏至草组(n=8)、模型组(n=6)和对照组(n=6)。前二组静注10%Dextran500(10ml/kg体重)复制急性微循环障碍模型(对照组以等量生理盐水代替)。6min后,夏至草组自颈静脉缓慢推注夏至草醇提物(5g/ml,6g/kg体重),其它两组以等量生理盐水代替,监测平均动脉血压(MAP)。40min后,制备血清,进行血液生化指标检测;制备病理切片,观察肺、肝、肾、心肌形态学变化。结果:与对照组相比,模型组血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cre)、乳酸脱氢酶-1(LDH-1)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)水平显著升高,MAP下降;与模型组相比,夏至草组血清AST、ALT、BUN、Cre、LDH-1、CK-MB水平显著降低,MAP升高。组织形态学显示,对照组肝、肾、肺、心肌结构正常,模型组各器官病变较重,多见红细胞瘀滞、血栓形成及坏死,夏至草组病变较轻,未见坏死。结论:夏至草醇提物能明显减轻Dextran500致急性微循环障碍大鼠各器官功能障碍与组织学损伤。     

吡菲尼酮抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路缓解四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝硬化

目的:探究吡菲尼酮治疗四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝硬化中的作用与机制。方法:60只C57BL/6雄性小鼠,随机分为空白组、模型组和低中高给药组,每组12只,小鼠腹腔注射20%CCl4大豆油溶液(5 ml/kg),每周2次,连续造模7周,自造模开始后第3周自由饮用20%乙醇水溶液。低中高剂量组分别按小鼠体重灌胃50、100和200 mg/kg的吡菲尼酮溶液,模型组和空白组分别灌胃给予相等体积的空白溶剂,造模结束后按照上述给药方式分组给药治疗,每天灌胃1次,治疗2周。比较分析治疗前后ALT、AST指标,小鼠肝脏指数、脾脏指数、TGF-β1和Smad3基因和蛋白表达水平。结果:模型组中小鼠血清ALT、AST含量显著上升(P0. 05),吡菲尼酮灌胃治疗后3组小鼠血清ALT、AST含量显著下降(P0. 05)。模型组与空白对照组相比肝脏、脾脏指数显著上升(P0. 05),给药治疗后肝脾肿胀与模型组相比显著下降(P0. 05)。模型组较空白组,其TGF-β1阳性细胞数目显著增多,给药后阳性细胞数目与模型组相比显著减少。Smad3基因表达水平比较,模型组比空白组显著升高(P0. 05),各给药组小鼠肝脏组织TGF-β1和Smad3蛋白的基因水平较模型组相比显著下降(P0. 05)。同时TGF-β1和Smad3蛋白的表达显著增高,给药后各组小鼠的TGF-β1和Smad3的表达有所下调。结论:吡菲尼酮能够通过抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路关键TGF-β1、Smad3基因和蛋白表达缓解四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝硬化。     

根皮苷对日本血吸虫感染小鼠肝纤维化的抑制作用

探讨根皮苷对日本血吸虫感染所致小鼠肝纤维化的保护作用。随机将未感染和感染日本血吸虫尾蚴昆明小鼠分成4组A—D,每组10只：未感染空白对照组（A）、模型组（B）、复方鳖甲软肝片阳性组（C）、根皮苷治疗（40mg/（kg·d））组（D）。感染后第42d,B、C、D组均用吡喹酮驱虫治疗500113tg／（kg·d）,2日疗法,之后各组开始灌胃给药持续治疗60d,A和B组生理盐水灌胃对照。实验结束处死小鼠,留取肝脏组织和血清,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、透明质酸（HA）含量,计算肝体指数,测定肝组织中羟脯氨酸（HYP）含量。苏木素-伊红和Masson胶原纤维染色观察小鼠肝组织变性、虫卵肉芽肿与胶原沉积等病理改变。结果显示,与A组相比,B、C、D组小鼠肝脏有明显虫卵肉芽肿形成、胶原沉积与肝纤维化,伴有不同程度肝细胞炎性损伤坏死。血清中ALT、AST、HA和肝组织中HYP含量均明显升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与B组相比,根皮苷组ALT、AST、HA和HYP含量和肝体指数均明显降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,肝组织坏死与胶原沉积明显减轻,虫卵肉芽肿面积减小。结果表明根皮苷具有抗血吸虫性肝纤维化的作用。     

姜黄素通过下调HO-1/NQO1保护肝癌模型小鼠

目的：观察姜黄素对N-亚硝基二乙胺（DEN）联合四氯化碳（CCl4）诱导的C57BL/6J小鼠肝癌模型的作用并探索其机制。方法：取14日龄雄性C57BL/6J小鼠腹腔注射DEN(25 mg/kg),随机分成模型组和姜黄素（100、200和400 mg/kg）给药组,另取同龄雄性小鼠10只作为正常对照组。模型组和姜黄素给药组从第8周开始灌胃给予10%CCl4(5 mL/kg),每周2次;同时,给药组开始灌胃姜黄素,正常对照组灌胃等体积的蒸馏水,每天1次,连续14周。给药结束后处死小鼠,检测小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）活性,观察肝组织病理学变化,检测血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)和NAD(P)H-醌氧化还原酶1(NQO1)的mRNA表达水平,以及HO-1、NQO1和Ki67蛋白表达水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠体重显著降低（P<0.01）,肝脏指数显著增加（P<0.01）,血清ALT和AST活性显著升高（P<0.01）,HO-1和NQO1的mRNA表达水平无显著差异（P>0.05）,HO-1和NQO1蛋白表达水平显著升高（P<...     

山丹黄参多糖对四氯化碳诱导的慢性肝损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨山丹黄参多糖对四氯化碳（CCl4）小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。方法 将40只小鼠分为正常对照组、实验对照组、山丹黄参多糖1～3组5个组,山丹黄参多糖1～3组分别连续灌胃浓度为12.5、25.0和37.5 g/L的山丹黄参多糖（共28 d,每天2次,每次 0.2ml）,正常对照组和实验对照组灌胃等量的生理盐水,灌胃多糖第3天起,实验对照组：山丹黄参多糖1、2、3组各组小鼠于下午灌胃 2 h后分别腹腔注射0.2％CCl4橄榄油溶液 0.2ml（每3天1次,共9次）,正常对照组腹腔注射等量的生理盐水。用光学显微镜观察肝组织的结构变化,用比色法检测血浆谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化,用免疫组织化学法检测Caspase-3及Bax蛋白在肝组织表达的变化。 结果 实验对照组血浆ALT、AST和ALP含量显著升高（P<0.01）,肝组织SOD活力明显降低（P<0.01）,MDA含量显著升高（P<0.01）,肝组织结构不清,肝细胞炎性坏死,空泡化严重,Caspase-3蛋白和Bax蛋白阳性表达明显增强（P<0.01）。山丹黄参多糖各组血浆ALT、AST、ALP活性明显降低,肝组织SOD活力显著升高（P<0.01）,MDA含量明显下降（P<0.01）,肝索清晰,炎性坏死减少,肝细胞结构清晰,Caspase-3及Bax蛋白阳性表达明显减少（P<0.01）。结论 山丹黄参多糖可提高细胞抗氧化活性,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抑制细胞凋亡和保护肝细胞等作用,能有效减轻CCl4对肝组织的损伤,且在一定范围内呈剂量效应。     

赶黄草配伍葛花对乙醇诱导下L-02肝细胞的影响

目的:探究赶黄草配伍葛花制备的含药血清对乙醇诱导的L-02肝细胞的影响及其可能机制。方法:分别制备不同配比含药血清后,将L-02肝细胞分为6组进行实验:空白对照组,模型组,赶黄草配伍葛花1∶1组、2∶1组和1∶2组,凯希莱组。MTT法检测含药血清对乙醇诱导的L-02细胞存活率的影响;酶标法检测培养液中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)及受损细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的水平;realtime PCR法和Western blot检测赶黄草配伍葛花对L-02肝细胞中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)和血红素加氧酶1(HO-1)mRNA及蛋白表达的影响。结果:与空白对照组相比,模型组ALT、AST及MDA水平明显升高,SOD活性明显降低(P0.01);与模型组相比,各药物组ALT、AST及MDA水平明显降低,SOD活性明显升高(P0.01)。机理研究中,与空白对照组相比,模型组TNF-α和IL-6的mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高,Nrf2和HO-1的mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01);与模型组相比,各配伍组TNF-α和IL-6的mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低,Nrf2和HO-1的mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P0.01)。结论:赶黄草配伍葛花含药血清可能通过下调TNF-α和IL-6的表达,上调Nrf2和HO-1的表达,从而降低L-02肝细胞的炎症反应并减轻氧化应激,进而发挥治疗酒精性肝损伤的作用。     

当归(粗)多糖对麻黄素肝组织损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨当归多糖对麻黄素致肝损伤的保护作用。 方法 72只小鼠分为正常对照组、实验对照组、当归多糖1组和当归多糖2组4个组,实验对照组和当归多糖组连续腹腔注射0.2ml浓度为4.0g/L麻黄素溶液15d(每天2次),正常对照组注射等量生理盐水,当归多糖1组和2组在腹腔注射麻黄素溶液1h后,灌胃0.3ml(12.5g/L、25.0g/L)当归（粗）多糖溶液,正常对照组和实验对照组灌胃等量的生理盐水。分别于5、10、15d用光学显微镜技术观察各组小鼠肝组织结构的变化,用比色法检测小鼠血浆γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)及肝组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化,用免疫组织化学方法检测小鼠肝组织Bax蛋白、Csapase-3蛋白表达的变化。 结果 实验对照组小鼠肝组织有不同程度的损伤,肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝细胞疏松,肝血窦扩张,血浆γ-GT、AKP、ALT、AST活性明显升高,肝组织SOD活性显著降低,MDA含量显著升高,Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达显著升高;当归多糖组小鼠肝组织病理损伤明显减轻,血浆γ-GT、AKP、ALT、AST活性明显降低,肝组织SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量显著降低,Bax、Caspase-3蛋白的表达有所降低。 结论 当归（粗）多糖可提高肝组织细胞的抗氧化能力,抑制细胞凋亡,促进组织细胞损伤修复,对麻黄素致肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

葛根素的提取及对小鼠解酒护肝功能的鉴定

目的：提取葛根中的葛根素,HPLC法检测提取的葛根素,并比较不同剂量的葛根素与解酒效果的相关性,评价不同剂量葛根素解酒护肝效果。方法在前期实验所得的最优条件下提取葛根素备用,HPLC法定性定量检测葛根醇提物( PRE),将雄性健康昆明小鼠随机分为空白组、阳性对照组、葛根素干预组(每组10只)。先给小鼠灌胃葛根提取物,30 min后灌胃白酒,观察醉酒小鼠的醒酒时间及测定小鼠肝组织ADH、GOT、GPT含量变化,以探讨葛根素对醉酒小鼠的影响。结果 HPLC测定8倍体积分数的70%乙醇,在60℃恒温摇床水浴提取30 min为葛根素提取的最优条件;与阳性对照组相比,低、中、高剂量的葛根醇提物能显著缩短醉酒小鼠的醒酒时间,中剂量的PRE能有效抑制酒精的吸收,降低肝组织中ADH、GOT、GPT的浓度,而高剂量的PRE对酒精的吸收影响较小。结论 HPLC法能对葛根素提取物进行定性定量测定;葛根素对急性酒精中毒导致的小鼠肝损伤有保护性调控作用,葛根素剂量与解酒效果呈良好的正性相关。     

紫草多糖对CCl_4诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用及机制研究

为探讨LEP对CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤模型的保护作用及潜在机制,将ICR小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型组、LEP低[100mg/(kg·d)]、中[200 mg/(kg·d)]、高[400 mg/(kg·d)]剂量组及联苯双酯[100 mg/(kg·d)]组,每组10只;灌胃给药,1次/d,连续15d。末次给药结束后1h,模型组、LEP低、中、高剂量组及联苯双酯组腹腔注射2.0mL/kg的CCl4(10%)。造模6h后,眼底静脉丛采血,取肝脏、计算肝指数,并检测ALT、AST、NO、NOS、MDA、SOD、GSH、TNF-α、IL-6以及IL-1β水平。结果显示,与模型组比较,LEP可以降低肝质量及肝指数,其中高剂量组的肝质量及中、高剂量组的肝指数均显著性下降(P0.05);LEP各剂量组的血清ALT、AST及肝组织NO、NOS、MDA水平与模型组比较均显著降低,而肝组织SOD、GSH水平显著升高(P0.05);与模型组比较,中、高剂量组的血清TNF-α、IL-1β水平及各剂量组的IL-6水平显著降低(P0.05)。以上实验结果提示,LEP具有保护CCl4诱导的小鼠急性肝损伤作用,该作用与其具有的抗氧化和抗炎作用有关。     

A 4-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of the methanol extract from Diospyros canaliculata in rats

We studied the toxic effects of the methanol extract from the stem bark of Diospyros canaliculata via oral administration in rats. Extract was tested in an oral 28-day study at doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 g/kg body weight (bw). Toxicological endpoints examined included blood cell counts and selected organ weights, histopathological examination of the liver and kidneys tissue and biochemical parameters including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT). The extract significantly increased concentrations of serum ALP, AST, total protein and urea at 2 g/kg bw. A significant increase (p?<?0.05) was also noted in ASAT activity in 20% liver homogenate of rats receiving the highest dose. Results suggest that the methanol extract from the stem bark of D. canaliculata is slightly toxic, and therefore, has a low margin of drug safety. Long-term studies are required in order to rule out any long-term adverse effects.     

异烟肼灌胃建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型的研究

 目的 探索应用异烟肼灌胃建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型，并初步阐明其机制。 方法 昆明种小鼠 50 只，随机分为异烟肼正常剂量造模组（常量组）、2 倍剂量造模组（2 倍量组）、5 倍剂量造模组（5 倍量组）、8 倍剂量造模组（8 倍量组）和空白对照组，每组各 10 只。各造模组分别以 90、180、450、720 mg/kg 剂量的异烟肼灌胃，18 h 后检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）水平并取肝组织进行光镜观察，探索导致明显急性肝损伤的相对合适剂量。另取昆明种小鼠 90 只，随机分为单纯造模组（40 只）、干预造模组（40 只）和空白对照组（10 只），各造模组以相对合适剂量异烟肼灌胃，其中干预造模组于造模前以甘利欣75 mg/kg 体重连续灌胃 5 d，18、36、54、72 h 后分别检测血清 ALT、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、谷胱甘肽过氧物酶（GSH-Px）水平，并进行肝组织光镜和电镜观察，探索导致明显急性肝损伤的相对合适时间及可能机制。 结果 在探索相对合适剂量实验中，2 倍量组小鼠血清ALT、AST 分别为（101.6 ± 6.3）和（108.1 ± 14.9）U/L，明显高于空白对照组的（30.1 ± 3.6）、（35.3 ± 6.5）U/L 和常量组的（52.8 ± 5.3）、（53.9 ± 8.9）U/L，差异均有统计学意义（均P < 0.05），肝细胞出现广泛的脂肪变性和水肿，肝窦几乎消失；5 倍量组小鼠死亡 7 只，8 倍量组小鼠则全部死亡。在探索相对合适时间及发生机制实验中，应用2 倍剂量异烟肼灌胃后 18 h，单纯造模组小鼠血清 ALT、MDA 水平明显高于空白对照组，SOD、GSH-Px 水平明显低于空白对照组，肝细胞广泛损伤，细胞超微结构显著变化。 结论 应用 2 倍剂量（180 mg/kg）异烟肼灌胃可成功建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型。异烟肼所致急性肝损伤可能与自由基脂质过氧化反应密切相关。     

Methanolic effect of Clerodendrum myricoides root extract on blood,liver and kidney tissues of mice

The present study deals with the toxicological investigations of chronic treatment with methanol root extract of Clerodendrum myricoides on body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters, and liver and kidney tissue sections. Mice treated with 100mg/kg bw/day of methanol extract showed no behavioral changes. However, there was a general reduction of activity in mice treated with 400mg/kg bw/day methanol extract and LD₅₀ treated mice showed hypoactivity, grooming, prostration, piloroerection and irritation during administration towards the last days of the treatment period. The body weight gain difference in the 100mg/kg bw/day methanol extract treated group was not significant, while those of the others were significant as compared with the controls. Hematological results for the RBC count, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC in methanol extract treated mice showed no significant changes at both doses of treatments as compared with the controls. However, the value of lymphocytes was found significantly increased at 100 and 400mg/kg bw/day methanol extract. Similarly, HGB was significantly increased at 100 and 400mg/kg bw/day of methanol extract treated groups. On the other hand, WBC and platelets count were significantly decreased after treatment with 400mg/kg bw/day methanol extract. ALT, ALP, AST and urea values were significantly increased respectively at 100mg/kg bw/day and 400mg/kg bw/day methanol extract. Several histopathological changes of liver and kidney were observed in the extract treated mice as compared to the controls. Such histopathological changes observed in both liver and kidneys were inflammations and hydropic degenerations of hepatocytes at both doses of methanol. In addition, in the LD₅₀ treated mice of the extracts there were also hemorrhages and signs in congestion of glomeruli of the kidney.

Conclusion

chronic treatment with Clerodendrum myricoides extracts in mice causes reduction in body weight gain, damage to liver & kidney and changes in some hematological & biochemical parameters. It is therefore, suggested that further studies are needed for minimization of the observed side effects, while maintaining the claimed medicinal values of the extract.     

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Effects of Ziziphus Mauritiana Lam. Leaf Extracts Against Chronic Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat Liver

Chronic alcohol ingestion is known to increase the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby leading to liver damage. Antioxidant enzymes act individually or in combination to reduce or counter the effect of these ROS. Chronic administration of alcohol at (40% v/v, 1ml/100g), for 6 weeks showed a significant (p<0.05) elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (TB). There was also a significant (p<0.05) decreased levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase compared to control rats. Pre-treatment of rats with 200, 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus mauritiana or 100 mg/kg silymarin resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decreased levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and TB with levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase showing a significant (p<0.05) increase compared to group administered alcohol only. Histopathology of rat liver administered with alcohol only resulted in severe necrosis, mononuclear cell aggregation and fatty degeneration in the central and mid zonal areas which was a characteristic of a damaged liver. Pre-treatment with the aqueous extract of Ziziphus mauritiana or silymarin reduced the morphological changes that are associated with chronic alcohol administration. The presence of tannins, saponins and phenolic compounds observed in the plant extract could be responsible for the observed effects of decreasing the levels of injured tissue marker and lipid peroxidation.     

Erythropoietic and spermatogenic effects of subchronic administration of methanolic leaf extract of Dracaena arborea in rats

This study investigated the erythropoietic and spermatogenic effects of subchronic administration of methanolic leaf extract of Dracaena arborea in rats. Acute toxicity was performed. A total of 120 male rats weighing 140?±?14.14 g were used for the subchronic study divided into four groups. The extract was administered using the oral route daily for 91 days at the following dosages: group A, normal saline 10 ml/kg body weight, bw (control group); group B, 50 mg/kg bw of the extract; group C, 100 mg/kg bw of the extract and group D 500 mg/kg bw of the extract. The parameters assessed to determine the effect of subchronic administration of the extract were: packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (HC), red blood cell counts (RBC), testicular weight (TW) and epididymal sperm reserve (ESR). The mean HC of rats in group D was significantly higher (p?p?相似文献   

夏至草醇提物对急性微循环障碍大鼠一氧化氮及其合酶的影响

目的:观察夏至草醇提物对高分子右旋糖苷(Dextran 500)致急性微循环障碍大鼠一氧化氮(NO)及其合酶(NOS)的影响。方法:Wistar雄性大鼠20只,随机分为夏至草组(n=8)、模型组(n=6)和对照组(n=6)。静注10%Dextran500(10ml/kg.bw)复制急性微循环障碍模型(对照组以等量生理盐水代替)。6min后,夏至草组自颈静脉缓慢推注夏至草醇提物(5g/ml,6g/kg.bw),其它两组以等量生理盐水代替。40min后,制备肝、肾、心肌、肺组织匀浆,观察组织匀浆NO含量及NOS活性的变化。结果:模型组肝、肾、心肌、肺组织匀浆NO含量及NOS活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.01);夏至草组各器官组织匀浆NO含量及NOS活性显著低于模型组(P<0.01),除肝匀浆NO含量及心肌匀浆NOS活性高于对照组外,其它各指标与对照组均无统计学差异。结论:夏至草醇提物减轻Dextran 500致急性微循环障碍大鼠器官损伤的机制与降低NO的生成与释放有关。     

Effect of Crataegus extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage

The current study evaluated the effect of a standardized Crataegus extract on liver injury induced by acute carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) administration in rats. Crataegus extract (10, 20 or 40?mg/kg), silymarin (25?mg/kg) or saline (control) was given once daily orally simultaneously with CCl₄ and for 1?week thereafter. Crataegus extract given at the above doses reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels by 28.8, 31.8 and 36.4%, respectively, when compared to the CCl₄ control group. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels decreased by 14.3, 15.5 and 20.6%, respectively, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) decreased by 21.8% by the extract at 40?mg/kg. The administration of silymarin reduced ALT, AST and ALP levels by 66.8, 64.9 and 60%, respectively. In CCl₄-treated rats, the increase in serum nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) level, the histological liver damage as well as the decrease in mucopolysaccharide and protein content of hepatocytes were all improved by Crataegus extract at 40?mg/kg and almost normalized by silymarin. These results suggest that treatment with Crataegus extract improves the CCl₄-induced hepatic injury in rats.     

In Vitro Antioxidant and In Vivo Hepatoprotective Activity of Leave Extract of Raphanus Sativus in Rats Using CCL4 Model

Background

Raphanus sativus is reported to have a variety of biological activities. This work screened the hepato-protective and antioxidant activity of ethanol (ERS), and aqueous (ARS), extracts of leaves of Raphanus sativus in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), model in rats.

Material and Methods

The extracts were subjected to antioxidant tests (Total reducing power and Total phenolic content), and preliminary phytochemical screening. A pilot study was done on 100 and 300 mg/kg extracts, form which 300 mg was chosen for further experiments. The albino rats (200–250 grams), were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each (n=6). There were three control groups comprising of normal control (normal saline −1ml/kg), negative control group (CCl₄ 1ml/kg in olive oil in a ratio of 1:1 v/v), and positive control group (Silymarin 50mg/kg). The Test drugs were given in a dose of 300 mg/kg for both ERS and ARS extract for 7 days. Biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, Alkaline phosphatase, Total Bilirubin), histo-pathological examination of liver and in vivo antioxidant tests [CAT, GSH and MDA] were done.

Results

The phytochemical study showed the presence of flavanoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins and sterols. A dose dependent increase in the oxidative potential was observed in both the extracts with total phenolic content 70.1 and 44.4 GAE/g extract for ERS and ARS respectively. ERS 300mg/kg showed a significant (p<0.001) increase in levels of AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase as compared to negative control (percentage hepatoprotection =45.3%) while ARS 300 mg/kg (p<.01) group showed 30% hepatoprotection. The GSH (p<0.001) and CAT (p<0.05) in ERS and ARS were significantly increased while MDA levels were decreased (P< 0.01), as compared negative control. The findings were confirmed histo-pathological examination.

Conclusion

The ethanol and aqueous extract of Raphanus sativus have partial hepatoprotection against CCl₄ toxicity.     

Hypericum perforatum protects against hepatic injury induced by carbon tetrachloride

Extracts of Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) have gained much interest for their antidepressant effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect H. perforatum on the development of liver injury induced by treatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rats. Liver damage was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (2.8?ml/kg in olive oil). H. perforatum (25, 50, and 100?mg/kg) alone or combined with silymarin (25?mg/kg) was given once daily orally simultaneously with CCl₄ and for 14?days thereafter. Liver damage was assessed by determining serum enzyme activities and hepatic histopathology. In CCl₄-treated rats given H. perforatum at 25?mg/kg per day for 2?weeks, the elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in serum were significantly less than in the CCl₄ control group. Serum ALT level decreased by 14.4% and AST level by 16.6% of their corresponding control value, respectively. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was not significantly reduced by H. perforatum at 25?mg/kg. The addition of silymarin at the dose of 25?mg/kg to H. perforatum resulted in further decrease in liver enzymes compared with H. perforatum treatment alone. Serum ALT decreased by 40.2%, AST by 37.9%, and ALP by 38.1% of the control value, respectively, after combining H. perforatum at 25?mg/kg and silymarin. On the other hand, treatment with H. perforatum at 50 or 100?mg/kg reduced serum ALT levels by 37.9–52.6%, AST levels by 30.2–53.2%, and ALP by 48.5–51.5%, respectively. Silymarin given in combination with the above doses of H. perforatum reduced serum ALT by 58.7–63.3%, AST by 56.6–60.9%, and ALP levels by 54.7–58.8%, respectively. Meanwhile, silymarin alone decreased serum ALT by 56.8%, AST by 62.6%, and ALP levels by 55.1%, respectively. The administration of CCl₄ resulted in marked increase in nitric oxide level in serum (the concentrations of nitrite/nitrate) as compared to the normal group. Treatment with H. perforatum resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in serum nitric oxide level compared with the CCl₄ control group. Blood levels of reduced glutathione were markedly decreased in CCl₄-treated rats. Reduced glutathione levels were increased significantly by 100?mg/kg H. perforatum and restored to near normal values by silymarin treatment. Histopathological examination also indicated that CCl₄-induced liver injury was less severe in the H. perforatum-treated groups. Taken together, the present results show that H. perforatum reduces the extent of hepatic injury caused by CCl₄ in rats and this effect is increased by co-administration of silymarin. This suggests the beneficial effect of silymarin administration to depressed patients with liver disease treated with H. perforatum.