A procedure for fitting a fixed partial denture to an existing removable partial denture

An indirect technique for fitting a new cast gold crown or fixed partial denture (FPD) to an existing removable partial denture (RPD) is presented. This method uses an acrylic resin coping made on a definitive cast fit directly to the patient's RPD intraorally, with the new FPD subsequently completed on the cast. The patient does not have to relinquish the RPD for laboratory procedures, although an appointment is required to fit the coping intraorally where contact is made with the RPD.     

下颌牙列缺损患者可摘局部义齿铸造支架的计算机辅助设计

目的对20例临床下颌牙列缺损患者可摘局部义齿支架进行三维计算机辅助设计。方法光栅投影测量法获取20例下颌牙列缺损患者石膏模型的三维数据,按照临床设计原则,利用3DMax、Geomagic和RapidForm等软件分别构建卡环、支托、舌杆、舌板和加强网等可摘局部义齿支架各部件的三维数字化模型,组合完成可摘局部义齿支架的计算机辅助设计,并构建了支架及其部件数据库。结果成功构建了20例临床患者下颌可摘局部义齿的个性化计算机三维支架模型。结论通用三维设计软件可以实现个性化支架的计算机辅助设计。     

T-bar clasp-retained removable partial denture as an alternative to implant-based prosthetic treatment

This article reports the case of a 55-year-old female patient who presented with unsatisfactory temporary crowns in the right mandibular premolars and molars, and a premolar-to-molar fixed partial denture in the left side. The clinical and radiographic examinations revealed a fracture of the left first premolar that was a retainer of the fixed partial denture and required extraction. Initially, the acrylic resin crowns were replaced by new ones, and a provisional RPD was made using acrylic resin and orthodontic wire clasps to resolve the problem arising from the loss of the fixed partial denture. Considering the patient's high esthetic demands, the treatment options for the definitive prosthetic treatment were discussed with her and rehabilitation with implant-supported dentures was proposed because the clinical conditions of the residual alveolar ridge were suitable for implant installation, and the patient's general health was excellent. However, the patient did not agree because she knew of a failed case of implant-retained denture in a diabetic individual and was concerned. The patient was fully informed that implant installation was the best indication for her case, but the arguments were not sufficient to change her decision. The treatment possibilities were presented and the patient opted for a clasp-retained removable partial denture (RPD) associated with the placement of crowns in the pillar teeth. The temporary RPD was replaced by the definitive RPD constructed subsequently. Although RPD was not the first choice, satisfactory esthetic and functional outcomes were achieved, overcoming the patient's expectations. This case report illustrates that the dentist must be prepared to deal with situations where, for reasons that cannot be managed, the patient does not accept the treatment considered as the most indicated for his/her case. Alternatives must be proposed and the functional and esthetic requirements must be fulfilled in the best possible manner.     

Fabrication of a removable partial denture combining conventional and digital techniques

This article describes a combined conventional and digital workflow for fabricating removable partial dentures (RPDs). After scanning the dental cast and RPD framework assembly, artificial teeth and denture base regions were designed using computer-aided design software. The artificial teeth and denture base assembly was milled as a single structure by using a wax disk and then placed on the RPD framework. The artificial teeth were additionally milled from a polymethyl methacrylate disk. Conventional procedures were followed for denture investment until the wax elimination procedure, after which the assembly was replaced with the artificial teeth in the cope of the flasks, and the denture resin material was injected to process the RPD. This technique enabled the RPD to be fabricated in the same form as the design state.     

可摘局部义齿支架几何模型的设计

目的:利用国产CAD/CAM软件系统,通过对可摘局部义齿支架的计算机辅助设计,探索开发适用于口腔修复专业义齿设计与数控加工制作的国产软件系统。方法:投影光栅测量法获取下颌KennedyⅡ类2亚类牙列缺损石膏模型的点云数据,在国产CAD/CAM系统中,进行数据精简,并在此点云数据基础上,确立观测线和就位道。按照临床设计原则,分别构建卡环、支托、舌杆、加强网等支架各部件的组织面与磨光面,包括舌杆的半梨形截面、加强网的内外终止线和组织终止点等特征性结构的构建,完成支架的三维几何模型计算机辅助设计。结果:成功建立了可摘局部义齿支架的几何模型。该模型可视性强,便于修改,支架与牙颌模型密合良好。模型的输出数据文件格式为STL,这种通用的传输格式有利于后续的计算机辅助制作。结论:基于国产CAD/CAM软件系统进行可摘局部义齿支架几何模型的设计是可行的。     

可摘局部义齿支架的计算机辅助设计与快速制造

目的 自主开发可摘局部义齿支架三维设计软件及选择性激光熔融制造(selective laser melting,SLM)设备,探讨应用其进行可摘局部义齿支架设计并直接成形金属支架的方法 .方法 使用层析扫描仪获得两个牙列缺损模型的三维点云数据.使用自主开发的可摘局部义齿支架三维设计软件进行模型观测及可摘局部义齿支架(牙合)支托、卡环、舌杆、金属加强网、上颌大连接体等组件的设计.组件设计路线:首先确定组织面轮廓,利用轮廓线内的点云数据生成组织面.根据各个组件的特点,设定抛光面截面形态,结合轮廓线生成抛光面.各组件完成后,用小连接体连成完整支架.将完成的支架数据导入SLM设备中,直接成形金属支架.结果 应用自主开发的可摘局部义齿支架三维设计软件及SLM设备,成功进行了两个可摘局部义齿金属支架的计算机辅助设计及快速制造,在模型上试戴后目测金属支架适合性良好.结论 自主开发的具有完全自主知识产权的可摘局部义齿支架计算机辅助设计与辅助制作系统,可为可摘局部义齿金属支架的制作提供一种新的方法.     

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本文介绍了可摘局部义齿临床设计的基本要求,强调保护基牙为设计的首要原则,并从支持、固位、稳定、连接等几个方面阐述了义齿的设计要点,供口腔医生在进行临床义齿修复工作中参考。     

支架式可摘局部义齿在牙周炎牙列缺损修复中的应用

目的：研究支架式可摘局部义齿对牙周炎伴牙列缺损的修复效果。方法：对10例完成牙周治疗的患者采用支架式可摘局部义齿修复,分别记录义齿戴入时,半年,1年和2年后的菌斑指数（PI）,龈沟出血指数（SBI）和牙周袋深度（PD）。结果：2年后PI和SBI指数增加,但1年后和2年后PD指数均有统计学意义的下降。结论：支架式可摘局部义齿对修复牙周炎伴牙列缺损具有一定稳定基牙,利于牙周恢复的效果。     

Revisiting the principles of partial denture design

Dentists may find partial denture design difficult. This is often due to lack of educational experience. Removable partial dentures (RPDs) are one-off prosthodontic solutions that require proper assessment, planning and preparation, combined with effective design. This article revisits the principles of RPD design. Clinical Relevance: One in six people in Britain have some form of RPD. Many of these are unworn. For future well-being of patients, improvement in RPD provision is essential.     

可摘局部义齿铸造支架铸型CAD/CAM技术的临床初步应用研究

目的通过对临床KennedyⅠ类上颌牙列缺损患者进行可摘局部义齿支架的计算机辅助设计与制作,为进一步开发适用于口腔临床的可摘局部义齿CAD/CAM技术奠定基础。方法选择临床病例KennedyⅠ类患者,常规牙体制备、模型观测、模型处理,投影光栅测量法获取工作模型以及对颌模型三维数据。在CATIA等软件中,按照临床设计要求分别完成卡环、支托、腭杆、加强网等支架部件的三维建模,最终连接为支架数字化模型,再将保存为三角网格数据STL格式的支架数据导入快速成型设备中,加工获得树脂铸型,常规包埋、铸造获得钴铬合金支架,在临床上进行口内试戴。结果初步完成1例临床病例可摘局部义齿铸造支架的CAD/CAM。结论运用工程软件,计算机辅助设计以及快速成型技术可以初步设计、制造出适用于口腔临床的可摘局部义齿铸造支架。     

Use of an implant in repair of a fixed partial denture. A clinical report.

A repair technique for a fractured solder joint in a multiple-unit fixed partial denture has been presented. The advantages of this technique include (1) retention of part of an existing restoration; (2) provision of additional support to minimize future fracture; (3) removal of the implant crown for periodic evaluation and/or treatment; and (4) retention of a fixed partial denture where a removable prosthesis might otherwise be needed. The primary disadvantage of this technique is the time and expense associated with implant placement.     

The conversion partial denture: a clinical report

The treatment alternative described maximizes the benefit of remaining teeth while allowing simplified alteration of the prosthesis if abutments are lost during the life span of the removable partial denture (RPD). A conversion partial is an RPD whose tooth-frame assembly components are individually fabricated and then joined with an acrylic resin major connector. The conversion RPD optimizes retention and stabilization of a terminal dentition and can be easily converted to an immediate complete denture.     

A systematic approach for removable partial denture design

Patients' attitudes, medical, surgical and financial considerations lead to the use of a removable partial denture (RPD) as the chosen prosthetic restoration even in the "dental implant era". The aim of this article is to describe a systematic approach to RPD design, so the RPD will be a long-term solution that will not harm the remaining oral tissues. There is an unlimited RPD design options. Choosing the right one involves considering biochemical factors, aesthetics and patients' comfort. A systematic approach starts with a correct diagnosis of the remaining hard and soft tissues, followed by a careful planning of support, stability and retention in that order. Additional elements should be added only at a later stage. A systematic track starting with a preliminary design, surveying of the model and analyzing the preliminary design on that surveyed model. If needed, that track should be reversed until an acceptable design is found. Support should ideally be achieved by using metal rests on healthy tooth structure. Tooth supported RPD are the most convenient ones and have a very good long-term prognosis. Old restorations or caries might impose changes from the ideal supporting rests. When posterior teeth are missing or when the edentulous area is vast, tooth-tissue supported RPD are used. In these cases one should gain initial support from the teeth and an additional support from the soft tissues. A denture base that is similar to a full denture base that would have been prepared for a fully edentulous patient should achieve this. If the prognosis of the potential supporting teeth is poor, a tissue-tooth supported RPD is considered. In these cases, the denture base is the primary supporting element, and stress relieving clasp-assemblies such as the RPI/RPA should be considered. Stability is achieved primarily by metal contacts between teeth and the metal framework of the RPD. In fact, any embracing part of the clasp assembly and a correct denture base can contribute to the stability. The distal parts of the retentive clasps produce the active retention. Since these parts generate lateral forces on the abutment teeth, a reciprocating element should be used. True reciprocation can only be achieved if the reciprocating element touches the tooth before the retentive clasp. After designing support, stability and retention, other parts should be considered. When a distal extension RPD is considered, an indirect retainer should be incorporated into the framework in order to prevent upward rotational movement of the denture. The major connector converts forces from one side to the other. In the upper jaw, that part acts also as a supporting element in Kennedy class I and class II cases. In other cases, a minimal type of a major connector should be chosen. As for minor connectors, these should only be added if other parts--such as guiding planes--couldn't be used for the purpose of connecting functional elements to the major connector. In any case, a 5 mm distance between two adjacent minor connectors should be allowed in order to prevent food from being trapped in that space. A systematic approach starts with diagnosis of the remaining tissues and with finding the correct prosthetic solution with the patient. If a RPD is the chosen solution, start designing with analysis of support, followed by stability and only then, decide upon the necessary retentive elements. All other parts should be considered later. Such a systematic approach will ensure a long-term solution and a happy patient.     

The path of placement of a removable partial denture: a microscope based approach to survey and design

This article reviews the topic of how to identify and develop a removable partial denture (RPD) path of placement, and provides a literature review of the concept of the RPD path of placement, also known as the path of insertion. An optimal RPD path of placement, guided by mutually parallel guide planes, ensures that the RPD flanges fit intimately over edentulous ridge structures and that the framework fits intimately with guide plane surfaces, which prevents food collecting empty spaces between the intaglio surface of the framework and intraoral surfaces, and ensures that RPD clasps engage adequate numbers of tooth undercuts to ensure RPD retention. The article covers topics such as the causes of obstructions to RPD intra-oral seating, the causes of food collecting empty spaces that may exist around an RPD, and how to identify if a guide plane is parallel with the projected RPD path of placement. The article presents a method of using a surgical operating microscope, or high magnification (6-8x or greater) binocular surgical loupes telescopes, combined with co-axial illumination, to identify a preliminary path of placement for an arch. This preliminary path of placement concept may help to guide a dentist or a dental laboratory technician when surveying a master cast of the arch to develop an RPD path of placement, or in verifying that intra-oral contouring has aligned teeth surfaces optimally with the RPD path of placement. In dentistry, a well-fitting RPD reduces long-term periodontal or structural damage to abutment teeth.     

A combined analog and digital workflow for retrofitting a monolithic ceramic crown to an existing removable partial denture

A clinical and laboratory workflow for fabricating and retrofitting a monolithic ceramic crown to an existing removable partial denture (RPD) is described. A conventional polyvinyl siloxane impression was made of the prepared tooth with the RPD in place. A stone cast was poured and, after die sectioning, scanned with a tabletop scanner. The ceramic crown was designed and fabricated by using a digital workflow to fit the RPD clasp assembly, providing an adequate undercut for the clasp. The crown was then delivered and the RPD evaluated for adequate fit.     

数字化可摘局部义齿支架模型的建立与结构强度的有限元分析

目的:建立数字化可摘局部义齿支架模型,对其进行结构强度分析和形态优化。方法:通过3Shape Dental System软件设计上颌肯氏II类牙列缺损可摘局部义齿支架,使用Abaqus/CAE有限元软件分析支架受力及其对基牙、黏膜以及牙槽嵴的影响。结果:数字化模型精度高,支架结构完整、适合性较好。基于数字化支架建立的有限元模型相似性高。支架小连接体应力集中,远端下沉,缺隙侧基牙应力大于对侧基牙,缺牙区远端出现高应力区。有限元分析结果能够反应支架在口内的受力和运动情况。结论:运用有限元法对数字化支架进行分析和优化,能够完善数字化支架设计和制作过程。     

选择性激光熔覆钴铬钼合金可摘局部义齿支架的加工精度分析

目的： 采用选择性激光熔覆（selective laser melting,SLM）技术制作钴铬钼合金可摘局部义齿（removable partial denture,RPD）支架,评估其加工精度。方法： 采用3Shape三维光学扫描仪口外扫描上颌肯氏I类牙列缺损石膏模型,将获取的三维形貌数据重建为数字化模型。利用3shape设计软件在其上进行RPD支架的计算机辅助（computer aided design,CAD）设计。SLM制作5个钴铬钼RPD支架,扫描各支架,获取三维数据,与原CAD数据进行逆向比对,评估其加工精度。结果： SLM钴铬钼支架在石膏模型上就位顺利,组织面与模型贴合,无翘动。与原模型之间的总体3D偏差值为(0.088±0.021) mm。结论： 采用SLM技术打印的钴铬钼合金RPD支架偏差较小,精度较高。     

Removable partial denture design: a study of a selected population in Saudi Arabia

Determination of the incidence of various classes of removable partial dentures (RPDs) including their designs and their comparison with previous studies provide clinically useful information for dental training and continuing education. The purpose of this study is to determine the pattern of partial edentulism, the major connector, clasping, and design of 740 cobalt chromium RPD frameworks constructed for a selected population in Saudi Arabia. RPD framework design information and patient personal data were obtained from the work authorization form and the dental records respectively. The relationship among age, sex, nationality, and various Kennedy classes of the RPDs was determined by chi-square statistical analysis. Results indicate that Kennedy Class III removable partial dentures were the most frequently constructed. Although gender had no significant relationship, age and nationality had statistically significant relationship with the distribution of various Kennedy classes of removable partial dentures. Lingual bars and anterior posterior palatal straps were the most commonly used mandibular and maxillary major connectors. Lingual and palatal plates, however, were more frequently used than any major connectors for distal extension RPDs. Comparison with previous findings confirms the established variation in designing RPDs. The distribution of partially edentulousness revealed the influence of the general pattern of tooth loss, which could be modified by patient's demands and socio-economic status. Practitioners need to avail themselves fully of basic RPD design principles concerning the most commonly encountered classes of RPDs.     

Vitallium2000铸造支架及分裂基托设计的临床应用

铸造可摘支架义齿是目前牙列缺损修复中最常用的修复方法之一。Vitallium是一种用于铸造可摘支架的高钴铬钼合金,它有Vitallium、Vitallium 2000和Vitallium 2000 plus共3个级别。传统的铸造可摘支架义齿因材料性能的限制,在整体支架设计上,特别是基托设计上变化较小,且铸造卡环的回弹力较差,体积也较大,在应用上有一定缺陷。Vitallium 2000在材料性能上有所改进,相对传统的常用铸造合金具有支架变形较小、折断的可能性低、卡环较易调改等优点。应用Vitallium 2000与Vitallium 2000 plus铸造合金材料,并配合临床情况的一些特殊设计,制作分裂基托义齿,可以解决一些临床的难题,取得较好的效果。