三种治疗模式治疗进展期舌根癌疗效及预后研究

[目的]探讨单纯手术、手术加术后放疗及手术加放化疗三种方案对舌根癌的疗效及安全性。[方法]回顾性分析1998年1月～2008年8月收治经病理证实的39例进展期舌根癌患者的临床资料．其中单纯手术组（A组）14例,手术加术后放疗组（B组）12例,手术加放化疗组（C组）13例．采用Cox多因素回归模型分析预后影响因素。[结果]A、B、C组3年及5年总生存率分别为14.3％、50％、69．2％与7．1％、16．7％、46．2％,Kaplan—Meier法显不C组生存时间明显优于B组．且B组的生存时间优于A组（P〈0．05）。3组在CR、局部控制率、局部区域控制率、毒副反应方面无统计学差异。Cox多因素分析显示T分期、TNM分期、治疗方法、局部区域控制率是影响生存的独立预后因素。[结论]手术加放化疗模式治疗进展期舌根癌有较好的局部控制率与远期预后．且未增加毒副反应,是一种有效、安全的方法。     

舌体癌121例治疗结果分析

目的回顾性分析比较手术治疗和放射治疗对舌体癌远期疗效的影响以及相关因素.方法1987年3月至1995年6月收治的121例舌体鳞癌接受了根治性治疗.25例采用根治性体外放射治疗(R),62例为联合根治手术治疗(S),34例为联合根治手术加术后放射治疗(S+R).用Kaplan-Meier方法分析疗后生存率及局控率.结果全组病例总的5年总生存率为46.40%,三组病例的5年总生存率分别为R组28.88%、S组42.05%和S+R组65.56%,具有显著性差异(P=0.0051).结论联合根治术加术后放射治疗对于舌体癌是一种较为有效的治疗手段.术后放射治疗可以提高手术治疗的局部控制率和远期生存率.     

Results of surgical treatment of tongue cancer

Fourty-four patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue have been treated by surgery. Twenty-two out of 44 patients were treated by a glossectomy alone and the remaining 22 by en bloc dissection with a glossectomy and neck dissection. The 5-year cumulative survival rate of these 44 cases was 86.1%, broken down as follows: stage I (20 cases), 100%; stage II (9 cases), 88.9%; stage III (11 cases), 72.7%; and, stage IV (4 cases), 50%. Four cases had a recurrence in the primary site, and 6 in the cervical region. Five out of 44 cases died (4 from tongue cancer, and one from other causes). Further, 3 out of 5 cases died of a recurrent cancer in the primary focus or in the neck. Thus, it has been concluded that control of the primary focus and neck metastasis is important for the treatment of tongue cancer, and that surgery also is an excellent therapy for tongue cancer.     

早期舌鳞状细胞癌的疗效分析

目的 分析不同方法治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ期舌鳞癌的疗效.方法 回顾性分析103例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期舌鳞癌患者,比较单纯手术、单纯放疗和综合治疗(术前或术后放疗)的疗效及其影响因素.结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者的5年生存率分别为82.4%和80.O%(P=0.361),其中单纯手术组、单纯放疗组和综合治疗组的5年生存率分别为90.3%、68.4%和84.0%(P=0.104),局部复发率分别为2.5%、35.7%和5.7%(P＜0.001).隐匿性淋巴结转移率为23.8%,其中Ⅱ区的转移率(19.0%)最高.局部复发、区域复发是影响患者预后的独立因素,单纯手术即能获得满意的局部控制,而低分化鳞癌易出现区域复发.结论 选用单纯手术治疗早期舌癌,如采用择区性颈淋巴清扫术,清扫范围为Ⅰ～Ⅳ区.     

A retrospective study of three treatment techniques for T1-T2 base of tongue lesions: surgery plus postoperative radiation, external radiation plus interstitial implantation and external radiation alone

One hundred and ten patients with base of tongue tumors less than or equal to 4 cm in diameter (T1 and T2 by the UICC staging system) were treated according to three different methods; surgery followed by external radiation in 27 cases, external radiation followed by interstitial implantation in 29 cases, and external radiation alone in 54 cases. The median follow-up is 8 years with a minimum of 4 years. Local failure occurred twice as often in patients treated by external radiation alone (43%) compared to the other two therapeutic modalities (20.5% for external radiation plus implantation and 18.5% for surgery plus radiation). Ninety per cent of recurrences occurred within the first 2 years. The 5-year survival rate for N0 and N1 nodal disease is 30.5% for patients treated by external radiation alone and 50% for the other two methods. This survival difference is related to poorer local control. Surgery plus external radiation gives identical results to those of external radiation and interstitial implantation, but surgery is only practical for peripheral base of tongue tumors and it has poorer functional results. External radiation followed by interstitial implantation is, in our opinion, the best of the three therapeutic techniques for T1 and T2 base of tongue tumors.     

A non-looping afterloading technique for base of tongue implants: results in the first 20 patients

The results of treatment in the first 20 patients treated by a non-looping afterloading technique for base of tongue implant are described. Ten patients had carcinoma recurrent in the base of tongue after previous treatment and they were treated by implant alone. The other 10 patients had previously untreated carcinoma of the base of tongue and they were treated with a combination of interstitial implant, external radiation therapy and surgery. The minimum follow-up is 1 year and maximum 5 years. No local or regional failures have occurred in the previously untreated patients. No local failures have occurred in the previously treated patients who had lesions up to 4 cm in diameter, but three out of four patients with recurrent lesions larger than 4 cm have failed locally. Two patients developed necrosis related to the implant; the factors responsible for this are discussed.     

Survival patterns in patients with carcinoma base of tongue treated with external beam irradiation and salvage surgery

Objective

The current study was designed to assess the treatment results and survival in the patients with carcinoma of base of tongue that were treated with primary radiotherapy, radiotherapy with chemotherapy and salvage surgery when indicated.

Design

A prospective study was carried out in 78 cases of carcinoma of the base of tongue between 1995 and 1999.

Methods

The majority of cases belonged to stage IV 60/78 (76.92%) as per AJCC staging. Radiotherapy in the dose of 60 Gy was given primarily to the patients with stage III tongue base cancer. Patients with early stage IV cancer were given split course radiotherapy followed by assessment for surgery. For the patients with advanced stage IV disease with poor general condition, palliative radiotherapy of 24 Gy with or without palliative chemotherapy was given. 15 patients were subjected to salvage surgery in the form of radical neck dissection alone (8 cases), extended total laryngectomy with neck dissection (3 cases), extended total laryngectomy (2 cases) and extended supraglottic laryngectomy with RND in 2 cases.

Results

Two and 5 years Kaplan — Meier actuarial survival rates were 45% and 10% respectively with local control rates equivalent to survival rates. All surviving patients maintained good function and quality-of-life with few tolerable side effects.

Conclusions

External beam radiotherapy with salvage surgery results in satisfactory local and regional control in stage III and IV carcinoma base of tongue.     

Radical neck dissection for cancer of the oral cavity

160 radical neck dissections (RND) were performed on 154 patients with cancer of the oral cavity in which cancer of the tongue predominated. The 3-, 5- and 10-year survival rates of these patients were 62.9%, 58.3% and 36.2%, respectively. Those with advanced lesions or positive lymph nodes had poor prognosis. The lymph nodes commonly involved were the submaxillary and the upper deep cervical nodes but "jumping" metastasis to the lower cervical nodes was observed. Elective radical neck dissection is advised for cancer of the tongue. The Survival rate of the patients treated by preoperative irradiation plus RND is higher than that by surgery alone. Proper management of the postoperative complications and regular follow-up of the patients are suggested.     

Role of neck surgery in conjunction with radiation in regional control of node-positive cancer of the oropharynx

For patients with clinically node-positive oropharynx cancer treated with radiotherapy, planned neck dissection is controversial. We investigated whether neck surgery after radiation reduces nodal recurrence. Between 1970 and 1995, 263 patients at Massachusetts General Hospital received radiotherapy for clinically node-positive base of tongue or tonsil carcinomas. Patients received three different types of treatment: neck surgery followed by radiation (SR)-50 patients; radiation alone (RT)-160 patients; and radiation followed by surgery (RS)-53 patients. Median patient follow-up was 28 months. SR patients have an 84% complete response (CR) rate, RT patients 76%, and RS patients 13%. In multivariate analysis, among patients with a CR, the three treatment groups have the same regional control rates. Among patients with an incomplete response, the RS treatment group is 67% (p < 0.01) and 86% (p < 0.01) less likely to have recurrence than the RT and SR groups, respectively. Neck dissection after radiation therapy improves regional control for patients without a complete clinical response to radiation therapy but not for those with a CR. Despite higher CR rates, neck dissection before radiation confers no regional control benefit. We therefore recommend that primary radiotherapy with neck dissection be reserved for those without a complete clinical response.     

Ablation of advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer and reconstruction with free flap: functional outcomes.

AIM: To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients who underwent total or nearly total glossectomy for advanced tongue or base of tongue cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used the radial forearm free flap (RFFF), anterior lateral thigh flap (ALTF) or fibular osteocutaneous flap (FOCF) to reconstruct the oral defect after radical resection in 39 patients undergoing total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation. RESULTS: Good functional outcomes, measured by independent feeding, speech and swallowing were achieved in 35, 36 and 35 patients, respectively. The cumulative 4-year survival rates were 63.8% for tongue cancer and 42.9% for base of tongue cancer. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction with free flaps is a feasible method to restore the functional outcomes in speech and deglutition among patients who undergo total or nearly total glossectomy with laryngeal preservation.     

37例颅底部脊索瘤的治疗与预后

目的探讨颅底部脊索瘤的临床特点、治疗方法和预后。方法有病理诊断的颅底部脊索瘤37例,手术加放射治疗28例,单纯放疗8例,单纯手术1例。放射治疗总剂量为30～75Gy,中位剂量为60Gy。结果全组患者治疗结束时症状缓解率和病灶明显消退或消失率分别为86．5％和48．6％;疗后6个月至2年,部分病例神经和内分泌损伤得到恢复。全组1,3,5,10年总生存率分别为97．3％、87．3％、71．5％和41．0％。前组颅神经损伤的1,3,5,10年生存率分别为100．0％、92．9％、85．7％和50．8％;后组分别为1130．0％、75．0％、45．0％和0,差异有统计学意义（P=0．04）。结论脊索瘤的治疗以手术为首选。由于解剖部位特殊,手术难以彻底切除,局部治疗失败是死亡的主要原因。放射治疗对于缓解症状、控制局部病灶具有重要作用。根治术后预防照射剂量应不低于60Gy,术后残留病灶、复发和未手术者照射剂量应达70Gy或更高。后组颅神经受损提示预后不良。     

Treatment of cancer of the base of the tongue and glosso-epiglottic region: a multicenter Italian survey. GLOCC Group. Gruppo di Lavoro in Oncologia Cervico Cefalica

BACKGROUND: The current treatment options for cancer of the base of the tongue and glosso-epiglottic region are surgery, radiotherapy, or a combination of both modalities. Comparisons between different modalities are not common in the literature, and a real standard of treatment has not yet been established. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the results of treatment in a large series of patients from 18 Italian institutions in relation to the main treatment adopted. METHODS: The present study is a retrospective survey. The series was divided into a combined surgery group and a radiotherapy group. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used for survival calculations and comparisons. RESULTS: Eight hundred patients were registered (25.7% stage III and 62% stage IV), 336 in the surgery and 372 in the radiotherapy group. Conventional fractionation was adopted in almost all cases. The five-year overall and disease free survival of the whole series was 32% and 38%, respectively. Survival was slightly better for patients with tumors of the glosso-epiglottic region than for those with a tumor of the base of the tongue. Five-year disease-free survival was 55% for patients treated with surgery +/- radiochemotherapy and 26% for those submitted to radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy. As far as the total dose and the treatment duration were concerned, only 26% of the patients of the radiotherapy group met the established criteria of adequacy, but in patients with adequate radiation the control rate was better only for small tumors (T1-T2). CONCLUSIONS: The results in patients treated with surgery +/- postoperative radiotherapy were similar to or better than those reported in the best series in the literature. By contrast, the survival rate of irradiated patients was lower than those reported by other centers.     

扁桃体癌不同治疗方法的疗效对比分析

目的：分析与探讨扁桃体癌不同的治疗方案与疗效的关系。方法：１９８７年１０月￣１９９５年１２月间收治了９５例扁桃体癌,均经病理证实。８例采用联合根治术加化疗,９例为联合根治术前术后放疗,６２例单纯根治性放疗,１６例用根治性放疗加化疗。结果：本组１年、３年和５年生存率分别为８６．３２％,６２．９３％和５６．２６％。８例手术加化疗的患仅１例存活５年,四种治疗情况对其５年生存率和局部控制率的影响具有显     

原发灶不明的颈部淋巴结转移癌的治疗

目的 探讨原发灶不明的颈部转移癌的治疗方式。方法 分析81例病例资料，采用治疗方法为手术(S)、手术加放疗(S R)、手术加化疗(S C)、单纯放疗(R)、放化疗(R C)。结果 (S)11例，(S R)18例，(S C)5例，(R)19例，(R C)28例。手术包括单侧颈清30例，双侧颈清2例，局部切除2例。放射治疗剂量为40Gv～75Gv。全组5年总生存率为59．26％。中上颈部转移者5年生存率65．7％，其中转移性低分化癌的治疗方式为以放疗为主的综合治疗；转移性鳞癌则以手术为主；转移性腺癌以手术为主，其中的乳头状腺癌采用甲状腺癌联合根治术式，其5年生存率分别为62．5％、71．43％、62．5％。锁骨上区转移癌以化疗及放疗为主，5年生存率为28．57％。转移灶的部位、N分期、综合治疗及放疗范围影响5年生存率。结论 对原发灶不明的颈部转移癌的治疗，应根据淋巴结转移的部位和病理类型决定。     

颌骨原发性骨内癌术后放射治疗初探

目的探讨颌骨原发性骨内癌(PIOC)术后放射治疗的适应证、照射范围和剂量。方法收集中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1969年10月-2005年5月治疗的13例PIOC的临床资料,并综合1969-2005年国内外27篇文献所报道的资料较为完整的46例PIOC(共59例)进行分析。结果(1)中国医学科学院肿瘤医院收治的13例PIOC均为局部晚期,1、2和3年生存率分别为59.2%、33.8%和12.7%。(2)59例PIOC 1、2和3年生存率分别为78.4%、53.9%和34.0%,其中单纯手术组1、2和3年生存率分别为81.8%、71.2%和35.1%,手术加放疗组分别为84.3%、57.2%和43.6%,两组生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.908),但两组病例选择存在很大偏倚。分层分析显示,对于T1和T2期患者,单纯手术组的生存率高于手术加放疗组(P=0.039)。结论术后放疗可能对改善PIOC患者,尤其是T3期、颈淋巴结阳性、行局部切除术或切缘不净的PIOC患者的生存具有一定作用,其适应证为手术切缘阳性、原发灶侵及周围软组织、颈淋巴结发生转移、行病灶局部切除。     

松果体区肿瘤的放射治疗27例临床分析

 自1978年2月～1992年2月共收治松果体肿瘤患者27例。年龄分布9～36岁，其中25岁以下23例（85．2％），男女之比为2：1。有3例经组织学证实，18例采用脑室分流术加术后放疗，9例行单纯放疗。3年、5年生存率分别为66．7％（18／27）和55．6％（15/27），主要死因是局部复发。因为手术治疗本病有较高的并发症和死亡率，虽然大多数肿瘤不能全切，但对放射线敏感。因此，在无法取得组织寻诊断时，可采用脑室分流术和术后放疗。     

早期肛门癌的放射治疗

目的 分析早期肛门癌的放射治疗结果。方法 ２７例Ｔ１－２Ｎ０Ｍ０期肛门癌患者接受了单纯放射治疗，其中７例盆腔野加局部野，２０例局部野照射。结果 总的５年生存率为７９．１％，１８例患者保留了肛门功能。７例局部复发，１例腹肌麻巴结复发，５例经补救治疗后获控制。结论 早期肛门癌放射治疗可以达到与根治术相同的治愈率，能使大约２／３的患者保存肛门功能。     

Role of radiotherapy for mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland

This report analyzes 61 patients with mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the salivary gland treated by surgery alone or by surgery plus radiotherapy. Local control for all 61 patients at 5 and 10 years was achieved for 88.8 and 79.7% of the cases. Although the rate of positive surgical margin was higher in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy (radiotherapy group) than in patients treated by surgery alone (surgery group), the local control rates of the two groups showed no statistically significant differences. There was no local recurrence in seven patients receiving post-operative radiotherapy above 55 Gy while there were three local relapses among 17 patients receiving 55 Gy or lower doses (P < 0.05). The 5- and 10-year actual survival rates were 73.4 and 63.3% respectively. Histopathologic subtype of mucoepidermoid carcinomas correlated with regional lymph node involvement and survival. There were no differences in the local control and survival rates of patients with major salivary gland tumors and patients with minor salivary gland tumors. Radiotherapy using 55 Gy or more combined with operation achieved local control and survival rates comparable with complete resection of tumors even if a positive surgical margin was more frequent in the radiotherapy groups.     

The role of brachytherapy in the management of oropharyngeal carcinomas: the Trento experience

AIMS: This study was undertaken to determine the outcome of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated at the Radiotherapy Department of the Santa Chiara Hospital (Trento, Italy) with brachytherapy alone or combined with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 87 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx treated by radiation therapy between January 1986 and September 1999. The median age was 59 years and all patients had a minimum follow-up of one year. Tumor locations were 46 tonsillar region, 31 soft palate and 10 base of the tongue. The patients were staged as follows: 41 T1, 35 T2, 11 T3 with 70 N0, 9 N1 and 8 N2. They received either brachytherapy alone (14 patients) or a combination of external beam irradiation and brachytherapy (73 patients) using an afterloading iridium technique in a plastic tube. RESULTS: Overall primary tumor control, including salvage surgery, was 81/87 (93%). Control of metastatic cervical adenopathy was as follows: clinical stage N1, 5/9 patients; N2, 2/8 patients. The estimated five-year cause-specific survival and overall survival rates were 81% and 47%, respectively. After interstitial irradiation severe complications were limited to one case of osteoradionecrosis of the mandible and seven cases of mucosal ulcer. CONCLUSION: This study confirms that iridium-192 interstitial implant alone or as a boost after external beam irradiation is a safe and effective therapy in the management of oropharyngeal carcinomas.     

Tongue cancer treatment and oncological outcomes: The role of glossectomy classification

BackgroundNowadays surgery remains the gold standard of treatment for tongue cancer. Via a more clear and precise terminology, the glossectomy classification by Ansarin et al. facilitates shared communication between surgeons, allowing comparison between published research and improving surgical practice and patient care. To establish the association of glossectomies, according to their classification by Ansarin et al. with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DSF), and cause-specific survival (CSS) in tongue cancer, we conducted a systemic retrospective study on 300 consecutive patients affected by primary oral tongue cancer and treated with surgery at the European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS (IEO).MethodsThree hundred patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma and treated at the Division of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS were cataloged according to the glossectomy classification. OS, DFS, and CSS were compared by surgical treatments.ResultsOS-5yrs was 80% for the type I glossectomy group, 75% for type II, 65% for type III, and 35% for type IV-V. DFS-5yrs was 74%, 60%, 55%, and 27%, respectively for I, II, III, and IV-V glossectomy group; CSS-5yrs was 82%, 80%, 72%, and 48%, respectively for I, II, III, and IV-V glossectomy group (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThis study confirmed that the application of the glossectomy classification was statistically correlated with patients' oncological outcomes.