不同时点等容血液稀释对肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的本实验观察缺血前后急性等容血液稀释对肺缺血-再灌注(I-R)损伤的影响.方法采用兔单肺原位热I-R灌注损伤模型,术中不同时点进行急性等容血液稀释.实验分三组:缺血-再灌注(I-R)组,缺血-稀释-再灌注(IHR)组,稀释-缺血-再灌注(HIR)组.稀释时从颈动脉放血,同时静脉补入等量低分子右旋糖酐.术毕测定血内丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)、肺组织湿/干(W/D)及病理切片.结果MDA、肺组织W/D值及病理切片显示的肺组织水肿、白细胞浸润程度依次为I-R＞IHR＞HIR组,NO值I-R＜IHR＜HIR组.结论血液稀释对肺I-R损伤有预防保护作用,而缺血前稀释血液效果更明显.     

异氟醚对家兔肺缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的 研究异氟醚对体家兔肺缺血－再灌注（I－R）损伤的影响。方法 32只新西兰家兔根据Eppinger模型加以改进,建立在体兔肺缺血再灌注模型,随机分四组（n＝8）,A组：假手术组,开胸后维持通气120min。B组：缺血再灌注组,阻断左肺门60min,开放再通气60min。C组：异氟醚＋缺血再灌主组,缺血前吸入1MAC异氟醚30min,开放再通气时也吸入1MAC异氟醚。D组：异氟醚组,持续吸入1MAC异氟醚120min,观察各组实验结束时肺湿－干重比（W／D）,肺内二醛含量（MDA）和肺组织学改变以及术中血流动力学的改变。结果 B组及C组W／D,肺MDA含量均较A、D两组显著增高,（P＜0．05）,且病理切片显示,部分肺泡结构破坏,肺泡间隔增宽,肺泡腔水肿并有白细胞渗出,但B组改变明显严重,且B组W／D,肺MDA含量也明显高于C组（P＜0．05）,血液动力学基本维持正常。结论 异氟醚在体家兔肺I－R损伤有一定的保护作用。     

松弛素对大鼠肺缺血-再灌注损伤的作用

目的探讨松弛素(relaxin,RLX)在大鼠生理状态下和肺缺血-再灌注损伤时的作用。方法健康雄性SPF级SD大鼠32只,体重250~300g,采用随机数字表法将大鼠随机均分为四组:假手术组(S组),假手术+RLX处理组(S+R组),肺缺血-再灌注损伤组(IR组),肺缺血-再灌注损伤+RLX处理组(IR+R组)。采用缺血1h,再灌注2h的方法制备在体大鼠左肺缺血-再灌注损伤模型。S+R组和IR+R组于再灌注前静脉注射人型重组RLX 5μg/kg,S组和IR组在相同时刻给予等容量PBS缓冲液。于再灌注结束时采集左心室血样和肺组织,光镜下观察病理学结果,测定四组大鼠肺功能,湿干重比(W/D),肺组织髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,血浆丙二醛(MDA)、内皮素-1(ET-1)的含量。结果 S组与S+R组各项指标差异均无统计学意义。与S组比较,IR组和IR+R组肺组织病理学损伤严重,W/D、MPO活性、血浆MDA、ET-1含量明显升高(P0.05),IR组PaO2明显降低,PaCO2明显升高(P0.05),IR+R组PaO2明显降低(P0.05),PaCO2差异无统计学意义;与IR组比较,IR+R组肺组织病理学损伤明显减轻,W/D、MPO活性、PaCO2、血浆MDA、ET-1含量均明显降低(P0.05),PaO2明显升高(P0.05)。结论松弛素减轻了肺缺血-再灌注损伤,其机制可能与降低内皮素表达保护内皮、减少白细胞聚集、防止氧自由基所致的组织损伤等有关,且未发现松弛素对生理状态下的肺组织有明显影响。     

异丙酚对肺缺血再灌注损伤大鼠肺上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的拟通过观察肺上皮细胞凋亡的变化,探讨异丙酚减轻大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的作用机制。方法雄性SD大鼠136只,随机分为3组:假手术组(S组,n=24)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组,n=56)、异丙酚组(P组,n=56)。I/R组、P组制备大鼠肺原位热缺血模型,缺血1h。P组于缺血前30min静脉输注异丙酚20mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)至再灌注4h。S组除不作缺血处理外,其余处理与I/R组相同。分别于再灌注0.5、1、2、4h随机处死大鼠(S组每个时点处死6只,I/R组、P组每个时点分别处死14只大鼠),每组每个时点的一半大鼠用于测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中中性粒细胞百分比、蛋白浓度,另外一半大鼠用于测定肺组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、湿,干重比(W/D)及肺上皮细胞凋亡指数(TUNEL法),并在光镜下观察肺组织的病理学改变;I/R组、P组肺上皮细胞凋亡指数与W/D进行直线相关分析。结果与S组相比,I/R组和P组再灌注各时点BALF中中性粒细胞百分比、蛋白浓度及肺组织MDA含量、W/D、肺上皮细胞凋亡指数均增加(P<0.05或0.01);与I/R组比较,P组上述指标均降低(P<0.05或0.01),肺组织病理学损伤减轻;I/R组、P组肺上皮细胞凋亡指数与W/D之间的相关系数分别为0.784、0.830(P<0.01)。结论异丙酚抑制肺上皮细胞凋亡可能是减轻大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的机制之一。     

血液稀释联合潘通预防肢体缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨静脉血液稀释疗法和潘通对肢体缺血再灌注损伤（I／R）预防作用。方法复制家兔左下肢缺血／再灌注损伤模型,分别在阻断左下肢前、阻断4h灌注1h和再灌注24h采集假手术组、I／R组、潘通组、血液稀释组和联合治疗组静脉血,测定血浆丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（erythrocuprein,SOD）、血栓素B2（TXB2）含量,应用SAS8．1对实验数据进行均数问双因素方差分析,两两比较用SNK-q检验。结果潘通组、血液稀释组和联合治疗组血浆MDA、TXB2含量较I／R组显著降低,SOD显著升高,而联合治疗组与潘通组、血液稀释组相比也有显著性差异（P值均〈0．05）。结论静脉血液稀释和潘通可有效缓解肢体缺血再灌注损伤,而联用静脉血液稀释和潘通可取得更好的效果,两者具有良好的协同效应。     

肢体缺血预处理对兔肺组织缺血再灌注后氧自由基及细胞因子分泌的影响

目的 研究肢体缺血预处理对兔肺组织缺血再灌注后氧自由基及细胞因子分泌的影响.方法 将18只日本大耳白兔随机分为对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)及肢体缺血预处理组(L组),每组6只.实验结束时,取肺组织测定湿/干重比(W/D)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白介素(IL)-6、IL-8及IL-10的含量;检测支气管肺泡灌洗液和血清中蛋白含量,计算肺通透性指数;观察肺组织病理学变化.结果 与I/R组比较,L组W/D、肺通透性指数、MPO活性、MDA和TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的含量均降低(P<0.05),SOD活性(P<0.05)和IL-10含量升高(P<0.01).C、L两组间上述指标的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).光镜榆查结果发现L组肺组织病理学改变较I/R组明显减轻.结论 肢体缺血预处理可以抑制缺血再灌注肺组织中氧自由基产生和促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8的释放,上调抗炎细胞因子IL-10的合成,从而减轻肺缺血再灌注损伤.     

大鼠肺缺血期肢体缺血处理对肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 观察大鼠肺缺血期双后肢缺血处理对肺缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.方法 将24只SD大鼠随机分为3组(n=8):缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、肺缺血期肢体缺血处理组(LIPER组)和假手术组(S组).I/R组开胸后左侧肺门阻断45 min,再灌注120 min.LIPER组左侧肺门阻断45 min,再灌注120 min,左侧肺门阻断5 min时阻断双后肢血供5 min,再灌注5 min,反复4次处理.S组开胸后旷置观察165 min.再灌注120 min时采动脉血样作血气分析;再灌注120 min后处死大鼠,取左肺组织,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量;计算湿干比(W/D);肺组织行病理切片,苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,观察病理形态改变,并进行肺损伤评分.结果 I/R组和LIPER组血氧分压(PaO2)值分别为(58.5±3.1)和(71.0±3.5)mmHg(1 mmHg =0.133 kPa,P＜0.05)、W/D值分别为6.20±0.32和5.39 ±0.29(P ＜0.05)、SOD活性分别为(14.21±1.14)和(33.78 ±2.06) U/mg(P＜0.05)、MDA含量分别为(1.32±0.09)和(0.81±0.05) nmol/mg(P＜0.05)、MPO活性分别为(4.30 ±0.22)和(2.01 ±0.17) U/g(P＜0.05)、急性肺损伤评分值分别为(12.13±1.13)和(6.75±0.71)分(P＜0.05).结论 肺缺血期双后肢缺血处理具有减轻肺缺血/再灌注损伤的作用.     

七氟醚对大鼠急性肾缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨七氟醚对急性肾缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法SD大鼠18只,随机均分为缺血-再灌注组(I/R组)、七氟醚组(S组)和对照组(C组)。建立大鼠急性肾缺血-再灌注损伤模型,缺血-再灌注后3h分别检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)及观察肾组织的病理学变化。结果与C组比较,I/R组和S组血清BUN、Cr水平显著增加(P<0.05),但S组BUN、Cr低于I/R组(P<0.05)。与I/R组比较,S组SOD显著升高,MDA显著降低(P<0.05)。S组肾组织病理损伤分级明显低于I/R组(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚对大鼠急性肾缺血-再灌注损伤具有保护作用,抑制氧自由基反应可能是其重要机制。     

内源性一氧化氮在非创伤性缺血预处理中对兔肺的保护作用

目的探讨内源性一氧化氮（NO）在非创伤性缺血预处理（N—WIP）中对兔肺缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤的保护作用及可能机制。方法采用N-WIP及经典缺血预处理（C-IP）的动物模型，比较两种缺血预处理方法中内源性NO对兔肺在缺血／再灌注损伤中的保护效应。将40只大白兔随机平均分为4组：对照组、I／R组、C—IP组和NWIP组。对比观察各组血清及肺组织中NO2^-／NO3^-、丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性以及肺湿／干重比。结果N—WIP组和C-IP组的兔肺再灌注后NO2^-／NO3^-含量均高于I／R组（P〈0．01），甚至高于对照组（P〈0．05）。两种缺血预处理组SOD活性均高于I／R组（P〈0．01），肺湿／干重比和MDA含量均低于I／R组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论N-WIP与C-IP对移植肺在缺血／再灌注损伤中具有同等强度的保护作用。其机制可能是通过诱发内源性一氧化氮（NO）舒张血管，从而起到保护血管内皮的效应。     

七氟醚预处理对大鼠肺缺血再灌注时肺组织血管紧张素转化酶mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨七氟醚预处理对大鼠肺缺血再灌注时肺组织血管紧张素转化酶(ACE) mRNA表达的影响.方法 成年雄性SD大鼠54只,体重250 ～ 320 g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=18):假手术组(S组)仅游离左肺门,但不阻断;肺缺血再灌注组(I/R组)采用阻断左肺门45 min后再灌注120 min的方法制备大鼠肺缺血再灌注模型;七氟醚预处理组(SP组)吸入2.1％七氟醚30min,停止吸入后10 min时后制备肺缺血再灌注模型.于再灌注30、60和120 min时随机取6只大鼠,处死取肺组织,测定湿/干重比(W/D比),采用比色法测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,采用RT-PCR法测定ACE mRNA的表达,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与S组比较,I/R组和SP组再灌注各时点肺组织W/D比、MPO活性和ACE mRNA表达水平均升高(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,SP组再灌注各时点肺组织W/D比、MPO活性和ACE mRNA表达水平降低(P＜0.05).SP组肺组织病理学损伤较I/R组减轻.结论 七氟醚预处理可能通过下调ACE mRNA的表达从而减轻大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.