70岁以上老年肺癌手术并发症及相关因素分析

目的 探讨70岁以上老年肺癌病人手术治疗特点及影响术后并发症发生的危险因素.方法 回顾总结222例年龄≥70岁接受肺切除手术的老年肺癌病人临床资料.将术后出现严重并发症的病人纳入Ⅰ组,仅出现一般并发症的病人则纳入Ⅱ组,无并发症发生的病人纳入Ⅲ组.定义A1组=Ⅰ组+Ⅱ组,B1组=Ⅲ组,A2组=Ⅰ组、B2组=Ⅱ组+Ⅲ组.对可能影响术后并发症发生的危险因素分别在A1组与B1组间、A2组与B2组间进行单因素分析和二项logistic多因素回归分析.结果 术前161例病人合并其他疾病(72.5%).手术方式以单肺叶切除为主(64.9%),中位淋巴结清扫数为14个(0～57个).术后并发症总发生率63.5%,严重并发症发生率13.5%,围手术期死亡1.8%(4例).Logistic回归分析结果显示,影响术后总体并发症发生的独立危险因素为术前体重下降(P=0.020)、ASA分级(P＜0.001)、MVV(%预测值)(P=0.020)和淋巴结清扫数(P=0.004);影响术后严重并发症发生的独立危险因素为ASA分级(P=0.003)、MVV(%预测值)(P=0.018)和肿瘤位置(P=0.007).结论 重视术前体重下降及术中淋巴结清扫对70岁以上老年肺癌病人手术安全性的影响;对术前高ASA分级、低MVV(%预测值)水平以及肿瘤为中心型的70岁以上老年肺癌病人应特别加强围手术期管理以降低手术风险.

Abstract：

Objective This study is to analyse the clinical feature and risk factors of morbidity after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients older than 70 years. Methods The clinical records of 222 patients older than 70 years who had undergone pulmonary resection for their lung cancer was reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group Ⅰ including the patients who had severe postoperative complications, group Ⅱ including the patients who had mild complications and group Ⅲ including the patients who had no complications. Moreover, the definitions were made that group A1 = group Ⅰ+ Ⅱ , group B1 = group Ⅲ, group A2 = group Ⅰ and group B2 = group Ⅱ + Ⅲ. Univariate analyses and multivariate binary logistic regressions relating postoperative morbidity to risk factors were performed between the group Al and Bl, A2 and B2, resulting in the identification of the independent risk factors for overall morbidity and major morbidity. Results Preoperative comorbidity was recorded in 161 patients (72.5%). Lobectomy (64.9% ) was the predominant surgical procedure. The median number of dissected LN was 14, with the range of 0 to 57. The overall morbidity was 63.5% , including major morbidity of 13.5%. Perioperative mortality was 1.8% (4 cases). The results of binary logistic regression analyses indicated that the independent risk factors for overall morbidity were preoperative weight loss (P =0.020), ASA score (P＜0.001), MVV (% predicted) (P=0. 020 ) and the number of dissected LN ( P = 0.004 ). The independent risk factors for major morbidity were ASA score ( P =0.003), MVV (% predicted) (P= 0.018) and the location of tumor (P=0.007). Conclusion Preoperative weight loss and numbers of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes were risk factor for lung cancer patients older than 70 years, Proper perioperative management for the elderly patients with high ASA score, low MVV (% predicted) or central tumor, could reduce the major postoperative morbidity.     

A decade of experience with transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality remain significant for transthoracic (TT) and transhiatal (TH) esophagectomy. We report a case-specific approach employing either resection to minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality. METHODS: All primary esophageal resections performed for benign and malignant esophageal disease were reviewed over a 10-year period. The operative approach was tailored to the location and extent of disease and the physiologic reserve of the patient. RESULTS: In all, 115 patients underwent esophagectomy for benign (25) and malignant (90) disease. Fifty-six TT and 59 TH resections were performed. Four emergent TT cases did not have reconstruction. There was 1 hospital mortality. Perioperative transfusion was avoided in 65 patients. Respiratory complications occurred in 15. Three patients had a cervical anastomotic leak requiring open wound drainage. No association between resection type and complication was evident. CONCLUSIONS: The judicious use of both TT and TH esophagectomy resulted in an operative mortality of less than 1%, reduced operative blood loss, and a relatively low rate of perioperative complications.     

管状胃在食管癌切除术颈部吻合中的应用

目的探讨管状胃在食管癌切除术食管胃颈部吻合中的临床应用,总结其经验。方法将苏北人民医院2007年1月至2009年1月经"颈、胸、腹"三切口手术治疗食管癌患者850例,按手术先后分成A、B两组。A组行管状胃代食管手术,共425例,男287例,女138例;年龄(58.2±11.5)岁,其中食管上段癌27例,食管中段癌346例,食管下段癌52例。B组行全胃代食管手术,共425例,男298例,女127例;年龄(58.5±12.8)岁,其中食管上段癌33例,食管中段癌338例,食管下段癌54例。观察两组患者手术时间、住院时间以及术后吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、胸胃综合征、反流性食管炎等术后并发症的发生情况。结果全组患者均顺利完成手术,无死亡患者,A、B两组手术时间[(175.0±12.8)min vs.(171.0±10.5)min,t=1.702,P>0.05]和术后住院时间[(16.0±8.5)dvs.(16.3±8.8)d,t=1.773,P>0.05]差异均无统计学意义。术后随访6个月,无失访,A组吻合口瘘(χ2=5.550,P<0.05),反流性食管炎(χ2=9.150,P<0.05),胸胃综合征(χ2=10.500,P<0.05)等并发症发生率比B组低,且差异有统计学意义。两组吻合口狭窄发生率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.120,P>0.05)。结论在经"颈、胸、腹"三切口治疗食管癌手术中,管状胃代食管更符合生理解剖要求,降低吻合口瘘、胸胃综合征及反流性食管炎等并发症发生率,改善患者术后生活质量。     

Outcome after esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and GEJ in patients aged over 75 years

OBJECTIVE: Though the surgical treatment of esophageal cancer is increasingly accepted for elderly people defined as aged over 70 years, less is reported about the results in patients over 75. This study is a single institution retrospective analysis of outcome after esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus and GEJ in patients aged over 75 years. METHODS: All consecutive patients 76 years old and over undergoing curative esophagectomy for cancer in the period 1991-2006 were analyzed as to comorbidities, outcome and long-term survival. All the data had been prospectively collected in a database. Postoperative mortality risk was assessed by P-POSSUM and O-POSSUM score for in-hospital mortality and by the recently published Steyerberg's score system [Steyerberg EW, Neville BA, Koppert LB, Lemmens VEPP, Tilanus HW, Coebergh JWW, Weeks JC, Earle CC. Surgical mortality in patients with esophageal cancer: development and validation of a simple risk score. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4277-84.] for 30-day mortality. Five-year survival was compared to the standardized survival in the general population. RESULTS: One hundred and eight patients fulfilling the abovementioned criteria were found (76 males and 32 females, mean age 79.5 years, mean standardized life-expectancy: 7.36 years). Among them, 69% had esophageal tumors and 31% GEJ tumors. The predominant histology was adenocarcinoma (74%). Eighty-six (79.6%) presented with one or more major comorbidities or a history of previous major upper-GI surgery, potentially affecting the surgical outcome. All underwent resection with curative intent (R(0) 83.3%, R(1) 12%, R(2) 4.6%). The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 51.9%, pulmonary complications (37%) being the most frequent. Postoperative mortality, mainly due to cardiopulmonary complications, was 7.4%, which was consistent with that predicted by P-POSSUM score (7.2%) and lower than that predicted by O-POSSUM score (15.1%). Thirty-day mortality was 5.5%, being consistent with that predicted by the Steyerberg's score (6.8%). Overall 5-year survival was 35.7%, while R(0) overall survival 42% and cancer specific R(0) survival 51.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Patients 76 years old and over with esophageal or GEJ cancer should not be denied surgery solely on the basis of age. Outcome and long-term results in the selected elderly are not differing from those reported for younger patients. However, despite thorough preoperative assessment being applied in the selection of the candidates for surgery, a practical and reliable individual risk-analysis stratification is still lacking.     

应用COX模型对食管癌切除术预后的研究

目的　探讨食管癌切除术后影响生存率的因素、确立术后生存预测模型。方法　对1985～ 1989年间 10 14例食管癌切除术病人的临床病理和随访资料进行研究。选择 13个可能对食管癌切除术预后产生影响的因素 ,通过Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析。根据预后指数 (PI)的大小将病人分组 ,分别建立其术后生存预测模型。结果　 5年随访率为 91 9%。全组 3年生存率 5 4 9% ,5年生存率 45 9% ,10年生存率 39 3 %。分析结果表明 ,影响预后的主要因素是淋巴结转移、TNM分期、肿瘤侵及深度、部位、长度和组织类型 (P <0 0 0 0 1) ;PI值小的病人预后较好。结论　食管癌的淋巴结转移状况是影响食管癌切除术后预后的最重要因素 ,要提高术后 5年生存率必须加强区域淋巴结的处理和综合治疗 ;可利用预测模型 ,预测不同病人的术后生存概率     

伴有肝硬化门静脉高压症的肝细胞癌患者肝切除术的并发症和预后分析

目的 探讨伴有门静脉高压症(portal hypertension,PH)的肝硬化相关的原发性肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)患者R0切除的并发症及预后.方法 回顾性分析青岛大学医学院附属医院2001年1月至2010年12月获R0切除的肝硬化相关原发性HCC患者523例的临床资料、术后并发症和死亡率和随访结果.结果 523例患者中有146例(27.9％)伴有PH(PH组),377例无PH的证据(72.1％,无PT组);二组的术前资料对比分析显示,PH组患者术前TACE治疗、Child-PughB级、血清白蛋白值＜35g/L、输血和肿瘤直径≤5 cm者显著多于无PH组(P＜0.05).PH组和无PH组患者的手术死亡率为3.4％(死因均为肝病相关)和0.5％(x2=6.676,P=0.010),术后并发症的发生率分别为28.1％和14.3％ (P =0.001),PH组主要是肝病相关并发症(腹水＞800 ml/d、肝功能不全和肝衰竭)高.去除手术死亡的517例患者中,PH组和无PH组患者获R0切除术后的5年生存率分别为46.8％和54.6％ (P =0.047),无瘤生存率分别为37.0％和38.0％(P=0.725);Kaplan-Meier分析显示伴有PH、AFP≥20 ng/ml、肿瘤直径＞5 cm、非孤立型HCC、肝切除范围超过1个肝段和输血的患者其生存率显著降低(P＜0.05);Cox回归分析显示肿瘤直径＞5 cm和非孤立型HCC是影响肝硬化背景HCC患者R0切除术后的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 伴有门静脉高压症的HCC患者R0切除术后的并发症和手术死亡率显著高于无PH的患者,肝病相关并发症是主要因素.虽然PH组HCC患者R0切除术后的生存时间显著低于无PH组,但伴有PH不是影响HCC患者R0切除术后长期生存的独立危险因素.     

不同术式上段食管癌切除术对肺功能的影响

目的探讨缩短胸腔开放时间对行食管癌手术患者肺功能的保护作用。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年4月同济医院普胸外科收治54例患者行三切口上段食管癌切除术后的肺功能情况,按不同手术方式分为两组：传统组,28例,男25例,女3例;年龄58.9±8.2岁;鳞癌26例,腺癌2例;改良组,26例,男22例,女4例;年龄54.7±9.4岁;鳞癌25例,腺癌1例。比较两组胸腔开放时间、单肺通气时间、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）的变化差异,以及术后呼吸机使用时间、住重症监护室（ICU）时间、术后吸氧天数、术后住院天数、肺部感染和呼吸衰竭例数等指标的差异。结果传统组与改良组术中胸腔开放时间（4.7±1.2hvs.2.6±0.8h,t=7.51,P〈0.05）和单肺通气时间（3.7±1.5hvs.2.3±0.8h,t=4.23,P〈0.05）差异均有统计学意义;术后1d、3d,两组PaO2、SpO2较术前显著降低（传统组术后1d,PaO2：F=516.03,P〈0.05;SpO2：F=129.63,P〈0.05;术后3d,PaO2：F=213.99,P〈0.05;SpO2：F=61.84,P〈0.05。改良组术后1d,PaO2：F=423.56,P〈0.05;SpO2：F=184.24,P〈0.05;术后3d,PaO2：F=136.78,P〈0.05）;术后1d,改良组PaO2、SpO2明显高于传统组（F=36.20,P〈0.05;F=93.42,P〈0.05）,PaCO2明显低于传统组（F=155.49,P〈0.05）;术后3d,改良组PaO2明显高于传统组（F=29.23,P〈0.05）;改良组术后呼吸机使用时间、住ICU时间等指标明显短于传统组（t=3.81,P=0.00;t=4.65,P〈0.05）。结论改良三切口食管癌切除术能明显缩短术中胸腔开放时间和单肺通气时间,显著减轻对呼吸功能的损伤,减少术后肺部并发症     

Esophageal Cancer With Cirrhosis of the Liver: Results of Esophagectomy in 18 Consecutive Patients

Backgrounds: Patients with cirrhosis of the liver sometimes are candidates for esophagectomy with extensive lymphadenectomy.Materials and Methods: Of 271 patients with primary esophageal carcinoma, 19 patients (7.0%) had pathologically proven cirrhosis of the liver. Among those, 18 patients underwent esophagectomy with extensive lymph node dissection. Clinicopathologic characteristics of these 18 patients were retrospectively investigated.Results: Pathological T stages were pT1 in 3 patients, pT2 in 9 patients, pT3 in 2 patients, and pT4 in 4 patients. Hepatitis C virus antibody was positive in 1 patient, and 14 patients were alcoholics. Three patients had cryptogenic cirrhosis. Seven patients were classified as Child- Turcotte B and 11 were Child-Turcotte A. Three patients had ICG-R 15 over 30%. Fifteen patients (83.3%) developed a total of 35 postoperative complications. Three patients currently are alive without recurrence. Fifteen patients have died: 7 from cancer recurrence; 5 of causes unrelated to esophageal cancer; and 3 of operative death (operative mortality: 16.7% in 18 cirrhotic patients vs. 5.7% in 227 non-cirrhotic patients; P 5 .102). The 1- and 3-year survival rates for 18 resected cirrhotic patients were 50% and 21%, respectively, and those for 227 resected non-cirrhotic patients were 67% and 42%, respectively (P 5 .051). When operative deaths were excluded from the analysis, the 1- and 3-year survival rates for 15 cirrhotic patients were 60% and 25%, respectively, whereas those for 214 non-cirrhotic patients were 68% and 43%, respectively (P 5 .271).Conclusion: Although cirrhosis has a high morbidity and mortality rate, Child-Turcotte A and B cirrhosis may not contraindicate curative esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. However, these patients need meticulous perioperative care to avoid postoperative complications.     

Braun吻合预防胃癌术后胃瘫作用探讨

目的　探讨Braun吻合预防胃癌根治术后胃瘫的作用。方法　回顾性分析我院1990年~2002年480例胃癌根治术的临床资料。结果　未做Braun吻合的360 例,发生胃瘫19 例,发病率为5.28%;加做Braun吻合的120例,仅发生胃瘫1例,发病率为0.83%(P<0.05)。结论　行胃癌根治术胃肠重建时,在残胃空肠毕Ⅱ氏吻合的基础上,加做Braun吻合能很好的预防术后胃瘫的发生。     

Cardiac operation in patients older than 70 years

To clarify the predictors of operative risk in the elderly, preoperative clinical features and postoperative short term outcome were retrospectively evaluated in 328 consecutive patients. Patients underwent coronary artery bypass or valvular surgery from July 1988 to December 1990 in our hospital: 78 patients were 70 years or older (elderly group) and 250 were younger than 70 years old (control group). Preoperative renal and respiratory function were slightly depressed in the elderly group than in the control group. Prolonged ventilatory support and the administration of inotropic agent were required in some elderly patients with renal or respiratory dysfunction. Neurological complications occurred more frequently in the elderly group than in the control group. Prolonged ventilatory support was needed in almost all the elderly patients with neurological complications. The operative mortality rate was similar in the two patient groups. In contrast, the hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in the elderly group than in the control group. The main causes of the higher hospital mortality in the elderly group was pulmonary infection and sepsis. These results suggest that the prolonged intensive care induces lethal infection and high hospital mortality in the elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery.     

结肠代食管在食管切除术后消化道重建中的应用

目的 探讨结肠代食管用于食管切除术后消化道重建的安全性。方法回顾性分析1992年10月至2010年10月在四川省肿瘤医院胸外科接受结肠代食管手术的136例食管癌患者的临床资料。结果136例患者中118例利用左结肠动脉升支供血实施横结肠间置肠段顺蠕动：18例利用结肠中动脉供血,其中12例取右半横结肠和部分升结肠做成顺蠕动,6例取左半横结肠和部分降结肠做成逆蠕动。围手术期并发症发生率26．4％（36／136）,死亡率12．5％（17／136）．其中移植结肠穿孔5例,死亡4例;胸内吻合口瘘5例,均死亡;颈部吻合口瘘10例,无死亡病例：重症肺部感染10例,死亡4例;急性呼吸窘迫综合征7例,死亡3例;不明原因全身感染1例,死亡。术后远期并发症中,吻合口狭窄2例,反流2例,食物运行障碍3例。结论尽管结肠代食管术操作复杂、创伤较大、术后并发症发生率和死亡率均较高,但对于不能使用胃代食管的患者。结肠代食管仍是一种较好的选择。     

Multivariate Analysis of the Pathologic Features of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer: Tumor Budding Is a Significant Independent Prognostic Factor

Absract Background  Tumor budding has been suggested to be a prognostic factor in various cancers but has never been studied in esophageal cancer. Methods  In this study, the microscopic finding of tumor budding in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was correlated with outcome after esophagectomy. One hundred and thirty-six patients undergoing a curative esophagectomy were assigned to either a frequent (n = 82) or rare (n = 54) group according to the microscopically observed frequency of tumor budding in the tumor. Results  The 5-year survival rates after esophagectomy were 35.4% for the frequent group and 81.3% for the rare group. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model by a stepwise method identified this morphological variable as a significant independent prognostic factor. Conclusions  Tumor budding in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma reflects the biological activity of the tumor and may be a useful prognostic indicator.     

REG I Expression Predicts Long-term Survival among Locally Advanced Thoracic Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Followed by Esophagectomy

Background The prognosis for patients with locally advanced thoracic esophageal cancer is extremely unfavorable. We have been administering neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by esophagectomy to these patients and studying whether REG I expression in untreated endoscopic biopsy specimens is predictive of patient responsiveness to CRT and/or survival after treatment.Methods Between 1992 and 2003, 47 patients with T4 (direct invasion of adjacent organs) thoracic esophageal cancers were administered neoadjuvant CRT followed by esophagectomy. REG I expression was assessed in untreated endoscopic biopsy specimens and correlated with clinical and histological responses and survival in 37 patients who had also undergone curative surgery.Results Among the 37 cases that received CRT followed by surgery, the therapeutic response rate for neoadjuvant CRT was 68%, and a complete histological response in resected specimens from the primary lesion was achieved in 8 (22%) patients. These clinical and histological responses to neoadjuvant CRT did not significantly correlate with survival, however. By contrast, 9 patients were judged REG-positive based on analysis of their untreated endoscopic biopsy specimens, and their cumulative survival rate was significantly higher than that of the 28 REG-negative patients (P = 0.0073). Univariate analysis showed REG I expression to be a prognostic factor (P = 0.0386) that increased the risk of death 8.4-fold.Conclusions Evaluation of REG I expression in untreated endoscopic biopsy specimens may provide a basis for new treatments of locally advanced thoracic squamous cell esophageal cancers.