不同浓度DEET软膏制剂对小鼠日本血吸虫感染防护效果比较

目的探讨不同浓度N,N-二乙基-间-甲苯甲酰胺(DEET)对小鼠感染日本血吸虫的防护效果。方法将昆明鼠随机分为4组,其中3组为实验组,分别涂抹10%、20%、30?ET凡士林软膏;1组为对照组,涂抹不含DEET的凡士林软膏。实验组和对照组小鼠涂药后分别浸泡10min、0.5、1、2、4h,然后感染尾蚴。各组小鼠均经腹部感染尾蚴(50±5)条,于感染后6~7周处死小鼠,经心脏灌注法收集成虫,计数后计算减虫率及进行秩和检验。结果涂药浸泡1、2、4h后感染尾蚴,10%、20%和30?ET凡士林软膏组小鼠获得的减虫率分别为:78.34%、63.15%、40.23%;98.61%、93.37%、75.74%和100.00%、98.61%、93.07%,经统计学分析,3个实验组小鼠体内虫体计数差异均有显著性(H值分别为10.60、10.84和10.80,P均<0.01)。结论DEET凡士林软膏对小鼠感染日本血吸虫的防护效果随DEET浓度的增加而加强。     

左旋咪唑防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的实验研究

目的　探讨左旋咪唑预防日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的作用。方法　盐酸左旋咪唑和左旋咪唑碱口服剂量为 2 6 .2 5 m g/kg,分别于小鼠感染前 2天口服 ,连服 7d;涂肤剂为 1.0 %、2 .0 %、3.0 %、5 .0 %和 7.0 % ,分别于感染前 2、1天和当天涂肤。停药后 4周解剖 ,检获虫体。结果　盐酸左旋咪唑水溶液和左旋咪唑碱水溶液分别口服 ,两者的减虫率都为 0 ;5 .0 %的盐酸左旋咪唑于感染当天涂肤、7.0 %盐酸左旋咪唑于感染前 1天涂肤 ,减虫率均为 10 0 .0 % ;2 .0 %、3.0 %和 5 .0 %的左旋咪唑碱于感染前 1天涂药 ,减虫率即可达到 10 0 .0 %。结论　左旋咪唑涂剂能防御日本血吸虫尾蚴的感染 ,左旋咪唑碱效果优于盐酸左旋咪唑。口服无效。     

防蚴润肤霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的：实验评价新型少肤防护剂一防蚴润夫霜防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果，并了解其对皮肤的急性刺激反应。方法：采用模拟现场试验方法，分别在小白鼠腹部和尾部涂布防蚴润肤霜，并经泥水浸泡洗刷4-8h后接种日本血吸虫尾蚴，饲养40d解剖小鼠观察感染情况。以小鼠感染率、平均虫荷数和减虫率为评价指标，同时进行皮肤急性刺激试验。结果：防蚴润肤霜涂布小鼠腹部、尾部后减虫率达100％；家兔皮肤急性刺激试验结果为阴性。结论：防蚴润肤霜涂布皮肤后4-8h具有完全防御日本血吸虫尾蚴感染的作用，对皮肤无刺激作用。     

氯硝柳胺等涂肤剂防御血吸虫尾蚴感染实验观察

目的研究不同涂肤剂型预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果。方法用不同基质即霜剂、膏剂及泌水型基质与氯硝柳胺、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DEET)配制成不同的防蚴霜膏，进行体外接触杀尾蚴试验及小鼠预防血吸虫尾蚴感染试验，并与对照组比较，统计分析效果。结果不同的防蚴霜膏体外对血吸虫尾蚴均有杀灭作用，其中霜剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺杀灭作用最强，接触5min后有100．0％的杀灭作用。小鼠防尾蚴感染试验以泌水型基质加1％氯硝柳胺组及加15％DEET的保护率为100．0％。膏剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺及15％DEET对小鼠防尾蚴感染的保护率为100．0％。霜剂基质加15?ET的保护率为89．6％，霜剂基质加1％氯硝柳胺保护率为97．5％。结论3种基质加1％氯硝柳胺对小鼠预防尾蚴感染都有较满意的保护作用。     

血吸虫对吡喹酮抗药性的研究Ⅰ.微粒化吡喹酮对小鼠感染曼氏血吸虫不同分离株的疗效

目的　测定 5个曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮抗性株和 5个曼氏血吸虫吡喹酮敏感株对吡喹酮的敏感性 ,了解用不同方法配制吡喹酮对化疗效果的影响。方法　用不同虫株尾蚴分别感染 CD1 小鼠 ,在感染后第 5 8— 6 0天以 3× 2 0 0 m g/ kg微粒化吡喹酮作灌胃治疗 ,化疗后第 2 1天剖杀小鼠收集成虫 ,比较减虫率。用同一虫株的尾蚴感染 CD1 小鼠 ,感染后第 5 8— 6 2天以 5× 10 0 mg/ kg微粒化、未微粒化及加甘油未微粒化吡喹酮治疗感染小鼠 ,化疗后第 2 1天剖杀小鼠收集成虫 ,比较减虫率。结果　 5个吡喹酮敏感株的减虫率为 91.8%一 10 0 % ;5个吡喹酮抗性株的减虫率为 5 9.6 %一 74 .4 %。 5× 10 0 m g/ kg微粒化吡喹酮组减虫率为 73.0 % ,而未微粒化组和加甘油组为 4 7.9%和 5 0 .0 %。结论 5个曼氏血吸虫抗性株对吡喹酮的敏感性显著低于 5个敏感株 ;吡喹酮配制方法影响化疗结果 ,微粒化吡喹酮化疗效果优于另 2种未微粒化吡喹酮。     

日本血吸虫重组抗原rSj14-3-3免疫保护作用的初步研究

目的　初步探讨重组信号蛋白 14 3 3及 14 3 3与GST融合蛋白抗日本血吸虫尾蚴感染和抗血吸虫病的免疫保护作用。　方法　用rSj14 3 3和rSj14 3 3 /SjGST免疫BALB/c小鼠 ,日本血吸虫尾蚴经腹部皮肤攻击感染 ,收集实验组与对照组成虫和虫卵 ,计算减虫率和减卵率 ;间接ELISA法测定实验组与对照组小鼠免疫前、后血清中特异性IgG抗体水平的变化 ;显微镜下测量并比较实验组与对照组肝脏切片上单个虫卵肉芽肿大小 ,观察两种重组抗原对小鼠肝脏肉芽肿形成的影响。　结果　上述两种重组抗原在尾蚴攻击感染后的减虫率分别为 3 1.93 %和 3 4.3 9% ;每克肝组织减卵率分别为 5 3 .2 4%和 60 .0 6% ,每对成虫减卵率分别为 3 3 .3 9%和 40 .48% ;免疫前各组血清IgG抗体A值差异无显著性 ,免疫后实验组血清IgG抗体A值明显高于对照组 ;实验组小鼠肝脏虫卵肉芽肿平均直径比对照组分别下降3 5 .2 3 %和 46.13 %。　结论　信号蛋白 14 3 3在抗感染和抗病免疫中具有保护作用 ,复合多价疫苗的免疫保护作用可能优于单价疫苗。     

UV致弱尾蚴免疫对小鼠血吸虫再感染的保护力观察

目的观察致弱日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率、减卵率及肝脏病理损伤,为血吸虫疫苗的研制奠定基础。方法分别以400μw／cm^2×60s和422μw／cm^2×40s两种不同UV强度及时间照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫C57BL／6和DBA小鼠,观察免疫小鼠对再次血吸虫感染的减虫率、肝脏减卵率及肝脏病理改变。结果400μw／cm^2×60s（A）和422μw／cm^2UV×40s（B）照射的日本血吸虫尾蚴免疫组C57BL／6小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为一0．60％和0．02％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为2．70％和11．37％;DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫后的减虫率分别为29．10％和25．70％,肝脏肝脏减卵率分别为59．50％和69．50％。422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫C57BL／6小鼠,再次感染血吸虫形成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）;400μw／cm^2UV×60s和422μw／cm^2UV×40S辐照尾蚴免疫DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫造成的肝脏单个虫卵肉芽肿面积与对照组比较显著减小（P〈0．01）。结论UV致弱尾蚴免疫对C57BL／6、DBA小鼠再次感染血吸虫的保护作用较小,但能降低肝脏卵荷并减轻肝脏的病理损伤。     

日本血吸虫混合DNA疫苗免疫效果观察

目的 为提高日本血吸虫DNA疫苗免疫效力,观察日本血吸虫抗原分子的混合DNA疫苗诱导小鼠的抗攻击感染的保护性免疫。方法 大量制备真核质粒pBK-CMV-Sj26和pBK-CMV-Sj23,然后将单价DNA疫苗pBK-CMV-Sj26和pBK-CMV-Sj23混合后免疫小鼠。实验分为4组：混合疫苗组、单价疫苗pBK-CMV-Sj23组、空质粒对照组及生理盐水对照组。各组于0周、3周、5周在小鼠股四头肌注射相应质粒DNA或生理盐水,第9周小鼠用血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染,第15周剖杀小鼠计算减虫率及减卵率。结果 与对照组比较,实验组小鼠减虫率及减卵率有极显著性意义（P＜0．01）;与单价pBK-CMV-Sj23组比较,混合DNA疫苗组的减虫率及减卵率有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论 血吸虫混合DNA疫苗诱导小鼠对血吸虫的保护力优于单价DNA疫苗。     

东方田鼠血清被动转移抗日本血吸虫的保护力研究

目的　探讨被动转移东方田鼠血清抗日本血吸虫感染力及其作用机理。　方法　将东方田鼠血清通过尾静脉注射途径被动转移至小鼠 ,观察攻击感染日本血吸虫尾蚴后的减虫率、减卵率 ,并采用ELISA分别检测抗日本血吸虫童虫、成虫和虫卵的 8种抗体。　结果　与生理盐水对照组比较 ,东方田鼠血清受体小鼠获得的减虫率为 3 6.2 % ,减卵率为 5 4.0 % ;血清IgE、IgM、IgG及其亚类抗体均有升高 ,其中抗童虫抗原的IgG1抗体水平增幅最大。各试验组小鼠血清抗体水平差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　东方田鼠抗日本血吸虫感染的天然抵抗力可通过血清被动转移至小鼠 ,使之获得部分抗血吸虫感染的保护力 ,该保护力可能是通过同时诱导受体小鼠Th1和Th2型免疫应答发挥作用的     

长效涂肤剂"防蚴灵"预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的研究

目的 观察“防蚴灵”涂肤剂预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的效果。方法 用氯硝柳胺加透皮促进剂制成1％～2％浓度的“防蚴灵”，对感染前1、2、3、4、5、6、7d涂肤的小白鼠和家兔分别进行预防血吸虫尾蚴感染的试验，并与对照组比较。结果 小鼠在感染前1～4d，涂1％防蚴灵1次，其减虫率为100％，在感染前5～7d涂药1次，减虫率为99，7％～88，1％。家兔感染前37d涂2％的防蚴灵1次，减虫率为86．4％～80，1％。结论 涂肤剂“防蚴灵”具有较长时间的防御血吸虫尾蚴侵肤感染的功效。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.