陈旧结核性脊柱后凸的后路手术治疗

目的 观察后路截骨矫形手术治疗陈旧结核性脊柱后凸的临床效果.方法 自2004年6月至2008年12月采用后路截骨矫形固定手术治疗31例陈旧结核性脊柱后凸患者,其中男性12例,女性19例,年龄13 ～56岁,平均33.4岁.手术方式包括后路经后凸顶点(椎弓根或椎间隙)截骨+闭合矫形或前方撑开-后方闭合矫形和后凸融合节段切除截骨,双轴旋转矫形和前柱重建.观察手术前后的后凸角度、腰椎前凸角和脊柱矢状位的平衡状况.同时于术前和随访时应用Frankel分级评定下肢神经功能,应用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评价患者生活质量.用患者满意指数(PSI)评价手术满意度.结果 术前平均后凸角度为94°±27°,平均腰椎前凸角为71°±20°,脊柱矢状位力线平均为(-15 ±44)mm.术后1周平均后凸角度改善为26°±11°,平均改善率为71.4％.术后平均随访22.5个月,末次随访时平均后凸角度为28°±12°,平均改善率为70.0％;平均腰椎前凸角为46°±11°,平均改善率为35.1％.术后后凸角度和腰椎前凸角与术前相比,其差异均有统计学意义(t=16.3和8.1,P＜0.05).脊柱矢状位力线平均为(-4 ±22)mm,平均改善率为73.4％.术前患者Frankel分级为E级13例,D级13例,C级5例;末次随访时E级增加至20例,D级8例,C级3例.术前ODI评分平均为(13±12)分,末次随访时改善为(7±8)分,平均改善率为45.2％.PSI显示总满意率为90.3％.结论 根据陈旧结核性脊柱后凸畸形的严重程度选择合适的截骨矫形方式,可以获得较好的手术效果.     

后路半椎体切除内固定矫治先天性脊柱侧后凸

目的评价后路一期半椎体切除椎弓根钉矫形治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧后凸的临床效果。方法11例患者,平均年龄9.3岁,4例位于胸椎,5例位于腰椎,均为完全分节型,手术采用后路一期半椎体切除,椎弓根器械矫形并植骨融合。结果手术固定节段2-7个椎体,平均3.3个椎体。术后随访6-30个月,平均14.5个月。全脊柱正侧位X线片示冠状面Cobb角由术前平均41.15°矫正至15.35°,平均矫正率61.53％,矢状面Cobb角由术前平均34.15°矫正至13.26°,平均矫正率60.27％,顶椎偏移由术前25.34mm矫正至11.46mm,最后随访时侧凸和后凸Cobb角平均分别为16.86°和14.08°,与术后相比无纠正丢失。无任何手术并发症,无内固定断裂脱落,均融合。结论一期后路半椎体切除椎弓根器械矫形是治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸安全、有效的术式,能够获得满意的矫正。     

脊柱节段切除截骨、双轴旋转矫形固定植骨融合术治疗严重脊柱角状后凸畸形

目的 针对严重脊柱角状后凸畸形设计一种新的矫形固定手术方式,观察手术的可行性、安全性和有效性.方法 2004年5月至2007年2月,采用后凸局部节段切除截骨,于断端撑开状态下双轴旋转矫形固定植骨融合技术治疗严重脊柱后凸畸形(平均Cobb角90.8°,范围50°～130°)16例.对所有患者进行手术前后的后凸局部和全脊柱正侧位X线摄片,测量后凸Cobb角,对7例合并侧凸的患者测量侧凸Cobb角.对手术前后和随访时的患者进行Frankel神经功能分级、Oswestry评分和术后PSI满意指数的评定,并观察术前存在腰背痛的患者术后的恢复情况.结果 16例患者手术时间平均为6.9 h,手术出血量平均为4000 ml.术中和术后并发症包括1例人工椎体松动,3例神经根损伤,3例硬膜撕裂,1例术后短期下肢功能障碍等,经妥善处理后均恢复良好.术后平均随访25个月.手术前脊柱后凸畸形平均为90.8°,术后即刻的平均后凸畸形为26.9°,平均矫正率为72.5%;随访时平均后凸畸形为28.9°,平均矫正率为70.1%,后凸畸形矫正无明显丢失.7例合并脊柱侧凸畸形的患者术前侧凸平均为35.9°,术后即刻的平均侧凸为4.4°,平均矫正率为87.2%;随访时平均侧凸畸形为6.1°,平均矫正率为78.6%,侧凸畸形矫正亦无明显丢失.部分患者神经功能较术前有所恢复,Frankel分级改善,术前共有E级5例,D级5例,C级5例,B级1例.随访时有E级10例、D级3例、C级3例.除外术前无症状的3例患者,术前患者平均Oswestry评分为18.9,术后平均Oswestry评分为10.8,平均改善率为52.7%.术后患者PSI满意指数显示完全满意10例,基本满意5例,总满意率为93.8%.术前共有3例患者存在明显的腰背痛,术后腰背痛完全缓解.结论 节段切除和截骨面撑开矫形固定植骨融合技术是治疗严重脊柱角状后凸畸形的有效方法 ,其畸形矫正率高,较为安全,中远期疗效良好.     

顶椎楔形截骨术治疗重度僵硬型脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的探讨顶椎楔形截骨术治疗重度僵硬型脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法 2012年5月—2014年10月,采用经后路顶椎楔形截骨术治疗的23例重度僵硬型脊柱侧后凸畸形患者,其中9例为特发性,14例为先天性,侧凸及后凸顶椎均位于同一节段。术前、术后及随访期间分别拍摄站立位脊柱全长正侧位X线片,测量侧凸及后凸Cobb角,评价矫形效果;采用SRS-22问卷评分评定日常生活能力。结果手术时间270～570 min,平均387 min;术中出血量900～2 700 mL,平均1 701 mL。所有患者随访 24个月。侧凸Cobb角术前110.6°±23.4°,术后24个月41.4°±12.0°,矫正率为62.6%。后凸Cobb角术前91.5°±27.8°,术后24个月33.1°±14.7°,矫正率为63.8%。冠状面偏移术前(30.3±17.0)mm,术后24个月(19.6±15.1)mm;矢状面偏移术前(34.0±42.2)mm,术后24个月(10.3±15.9)mm。术后24个月SRS-22问卷各项得分及总分与术前相比均显著改善。所有患者术后12个月截骨部位均获得骨性融合。1例患者术后由于痰液阻塞出现肺不张,8例胸腔积液。1例发生神经系统并发症,术后3个月神经功能恢复至术前水平。结论顶椎楔形截骨术治疗重度僵硬型脊柱侧后凸畸形,矫形效果良好,能够实现冠状面和矢状面平衡的重建。     

后路单侧经椎弓根半椎体截骨治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧凸

目的评估后路经椎弓根截骨矫形部分半椎体保留治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形的临床疗效。方法共18例先天性半椎体合并脊柱侧凸患者纳入随访研究,平均年龄16.17岁（14～21岁）,术前测量半椎体所致脊柱畸形的节段性主弯Cobb角45.39°±6.81°,头侧代偿弯Cobb角27.5°±2.71°,尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为26.44°±6.85°,顶椎偏距为4.28±0.58cm,节段性后/前凸角度为14.11°±18.07°。所有病例均采用后路一期经半椎体椎弓根截骨,双侧固定矫正侧凸畸形。随访时间为14.17±6.56个月。综合评估影像学、临床疗效以及并发症的情况。结果手术时间为2.82±0.74h,术中失血量317.22±65.15ml。术后节段性主弯Cobb角为11.33°±4.68°,矫正34.06°±7.88°,末次随访14.61°±4.96°;头侧代偿弯Cobb角为8.72°±1.44°,矫正18.78°±3.17°,末次随访18.78°±3.17°;尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为7.98°±1.82°,矫正18.47°±5.83°,末次随访18.47°±5.83°;节段性后/前凸角为-1.94°±12.35°,矫正14.94°±10.18°,末次随访-1.5°±12.67°。顶椎偏距的矫正为2.31±0.52cm,末次随访2.1±0.24cm。术中没有血管、神经损伤、骨折等重大并发症发生,术后没有发生冠状面和矢状面的失代偿。结论后路半椎体经椎弓根截骨矫形能有效矫正轻、中度先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形,缩短手术时间,创伤小,减少术中失血量,矫形效果满意,所选病例骨骼发育相对成熟者,避免矫形丢失。     

经后路顶椎椎弓根全椎体截骨矫正胸腰椎后凸畸形

目的探讨经后路顶椎椎弓根三柱截骨治疗脊柱后凸的临床疗效。方法2003年6月－2006年6月,采用经后路顶椎椎弓根三柱截骨治疗42例脊柱后凸患者,其中陈旧胸腰椎骨折20例、椎体发育不良8例、结核性10例、强直性脊柱炎4例。评定脊柱后凸矫正情况、植骨融合情况、内固定位置、手术并发症、腰痛及Oswestry功能评分的变化。结果术后随访6—21个月,平均15个月。植骨融合满意,无延迟愈合或不愈合。术前后凸Cobb角度平均为霹8．5°术后为20．6°,平均矫正角度为35．3°。术前患者腰痛VAS评分平均为7．5分,术后3．6分。术前ODI平均为57．6％,术后31.7％。结论经后路顶椎椎弓根截骨、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗胸腰椎后凸畸形,矫正角度大,手术视野开阔,手术相对安全,可获得满意的放射学矫形效果和临床疗效。     

胸腔镜辅助下治疗特发性脊柱侧凸

[目的]评价胸腔镜下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的治疗效果。[方法]回顾本院自2003年7月~2005年12月施行的11例胸腔镜辅助下前路松解,前路或后路矫形治疗特发性脊柱侧凸病例。年龄12~16岁,平均14.6岁。LenkeⅠ型9例,术前冠状面Cobb s角54°~68°,平均59.7°;LenkeⅢ型2例,术前冠状面Cobb s角分别为58°和71°,平均64.5°。Bending X线片侧凸矫正率为21.8%~32.4%,平均26.4%。对11例患者在胸腔镜辅助下,采用等离子冷消融切除椎间盘松解,前或后路矫正。对手术后及随访时,冠状面和矢状面的Cobb s角进行测量,并对手术时间,术中出血量,围手术期并发症及矫正丢失等进行分析。[结果]平均手术时间290 min,平均术中出血171 ml。松解节段5~7个,平均4.4个。9例LenkeⅠ型术后Cobb s角平均20.4°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.8%;2例LenkeⅢ型术后Cobb s角分别为20°和25°,Cobb s角矫正率平均65.1%;1例术后包裹性胸腔积液,术后平均随访18.6个月;1例出现矫正度丢失14°,无神经系统及血管损伤并发症。[结论]与传统开胸前路胸椎侧凸矫形手术相比,胸腔镜辅助下胸椎松解前后路矫形治疗脊柱侧凸是安全有效的微创手术,可达到与开胸手术同样效果。     

后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形

目的评价后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法 2007年8月至2009年12月,采用后路全脊椎截骨术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形病例21例,男7例,女14例;年龄7～32岁,平均16.3岁;胸段19例,腰段2例;伴发脊髓纵裂7例,脊髓空洞1例,不全瘫3例。所有病例均行后路一期全脊椎截骨、矫形植骨融合固定术。测量术前、术后及随访时站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,记录冠状面和矢状面Cobb角、顶椎偏移;记录术中出血量、手术时间及围手术期并发症。结果所有患者切口均一期愈合,随访时间16～38个月,平均22.4个月。本组病例手术时间平均为694.5min,术中出血量平均2429ml,冠状面Cobb角由82.9°矫正到36.0°,平均矫形率56.6%,矢状Cobb角由82.5°矫正到39.8°,平均矫形率51.8%,顶椎偏移由27.1mm矫正到11.1mm,矫正率59.0%。1例术后神经诱发电位示右胫后神经SEP降低,2周后恢复,无其他神经系统并发症,椎体间植骨病例随访时均获得融合,无内固定松动、断裂等并发症。结论后路全脊椎截骨椎体切除可直接去除致畸原因,在冠状面和矢状面上均可获得良好的矫形,并可获360°减压,是目前治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形较为有效的方法。     

Halo重力牵引在伴神经损害的严重上胸段角状后凸畸形矫形术前的应用

目的探讨严重上胸段角状后凸畸形伴神经损害患者术前Halo重力牵引+脊柱后路矫形内固定术的矫形效果。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月行术前Halo重力牵引+脊柱后路矫形内固定术治疗的严重上胸段角状后凸畸形伴神经损害患者16例,男11例,女5例;年龄(12.9±5.6)岁(范围6~27岁)。牵引后、手术后及末次随访时拍摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,测量矢状面局部后凸Cobb角及冠状面侧凸Cobb角评估畸形改善情况。以美国脊柱损伤协会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)神经功能分级评估牵引前、牵引后、手术后以及末次随访时的神经功能,记录Halo重力牵引的并发症、围手术期及术后并发症。结果16例患者术前局部后凸Cobb角96.1°±16.0°(范围71°~128°),侧凸Cobb角75.5°±20.5°(范围40°~107°)。术前脊髓功能ASIA分级B级1例、C级6例、D级9例;牵引后局部后凸Cobb角矫正率为32.8%±15.0%(范围18.0%~65.9%),侧凸Cobb角矫正率为22.9%±8.0%(范围14.1%~38.6%),ASIA评分改善至D级4例、E级12例;手术后局部后凸Cobb角矫正率为45.4%±14.9%(范围29.0%~69.0%)、侧凸Cobb角矫正率为33.6%±8.6%(范围23.3%~49.3%)。术后随访时间为(35.6±14.2)个月(范围24~72个月),末次随访时无明显矫正丢失,ASIA评分E级15例、C级1例。术中均未发生神经电生理监测不良事件。1例术后出现一过性臂丛神经麻木、2例术后出现近端椎板钩脱钩。1例术前ASIA分级为C级者术后即刻改善为E级,术后4年随访时再次出现神经功能损害加重(C级)。结论术前Halo重力牵引可改善严重上胸段角状后凸畸形伴神经损害患者的神经功能状态并矫正脊柱侧后凸畸形,辅助脊柱后路矫形内固定术,是一种安全可靠的治疗策略。     

后路楔形截骨矫形治疗重度结核性胸腰椎后凸或侧后凸畸形

目的评价后路楔形截骨矫形治疗重度胸腰椎结核性后凸或侧后凸畸形的疗效和安全性。方法结核性重度胸腰椎后凸或侧后凸畸形14例，男10例，女4例；年龄17-62岁，平均29．8岁。畸形位于胸椎8例，胸腰段5例，腰椎1例；累及2椎1例，3-5椎11例，5椎以上2例。12例合并神经损害，5例为Frankel C级，7例为D级。均行后路楔形截骨、多棒顺序矫形固定融合术。术前、术后及随访时摄站立位全脊柱X线片，测量矢状面、冠状面胸椎后凸、腰椎前凸Cobb角及躯干矢状偏移距离，记录脊柱融合固定节段和融合情况。结果均获随访15-74个月，平均31．9个月。融合固定节段为8-16个椎体，平均11-3个。矢状面Cobb角由术前平均108．2^o矫正至32．1^o，矫正率70-3％。冠状面Cobb角由术前平均14．4^o矫正至2．0^o。胸椎后凸由术前平均14．9^o矫正至17．9^o，平均矫正38．6^o。腰椎前凸由术前平均66．0^o矫正至36．6^o，平均矫正30-3^o。躯干矢状偏移距离由术前平均-15．4mm矫正至-0．6mm，平均矫正21．2mm。术后神经功能均获改善，平均提高1级。围手术期主要并发症包括胃肠功能障碍2例，术中椎板骨折2例，胸膜破损4例，二次手术4例。结论对重度胸腰椎结核性后凸或侧后凸畸形采用后路楔形截骨矫形及内固定是较为安全、有效的方法。融合范围选择和截骨矫形技术是成功的关键。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.