大鼠心瓣膜含神经肽Y血管活性肠肽P物质和降钙素基因相关…

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法结合葡萄糖氧化酶－ＤＡＢ－硫酸镍铵增强技术，研究了１月、８月和１８月龄大鼠心瓣膜中ＮＰＹ、ＶＩＰ、ＣＧＲＰ和ＳＰ免疫反应阳性神经纤维的分布。结果显示，以上４种含肽神经纤维在８月龄大鼠房室瓣上均有分布，密度顺序为ＮＰＹ〉ＣＧＲＰ〉ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ，含ＶＩＰ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度相近。三尖瓣中含ＮＰＹ和ＳＰ神经纤维的密度大于二尖瓣，含ＶＩＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经纤维的密度与二尖瓣的相近。瓣膜中     

自发性高血压大鼠心瓣膜上含神经肽Y和含降钙素基因相关肽神经的变化

用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＤ）神经在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）心瓣膜分布的变化。结果表明，在ＳＨＲ二尖瓣、三尖瓣上含ＮＰＹ、含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度，和对照Ｗｉｓｔａｒ－Ｋｙｏｔｏ（ＷＫＹ）大鼠相比较，无明显差异。但ＳＨＲ二尖瓣及三尖瓣含ＮＰＹ神经的Ｒ值，即心壁和乳头肌两个来源的含肽神经相延续所在的腱索数目与本片瓣膜上的总腱索数的比值，大于ＷＫＹ大鼠；而ＳＨＲ心瓣膜含ＣＧＲＰ神经的Ｒ值和ＷＫＹ大鼠无差异。本文对ＳＨＲ心瓣膜上含ＮＰＹ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的变化作了讨论。     

大鼠脑血管含神经肽Y、含降钙素基因相关肽、含P物质神经的年龄变化

本文应用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、含降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）神经在大鼠完整脑底动脉环分布的年龄变化，结果表明在２周、２月、８月龄大鼠脑底动脉上含ＮＰＹ神经的密度依次降低；含ＣＧＲＰ和含ＳＰ神经的密度依次升高．至１８月龄，含ＮＰＹ神经的密度和８月龄时的接近，而含ＳＰ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度比８月龄时明显降低．大鼠脑血管含肽神经支配的这种增龄变化表现出有利于脑血管扩张的趋势，它可能是脑血管硬化导致脑血流量下降的一种代偿机制。     

豚鼠回肠Peyer＇s集结含神经肽Y、P物质和降钙素基因相关肽神经的分布

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法结合ＧＤＮ显色技术，在光镜水平观察了含ＮＰＹ、ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经纤维在豚鼠回肠Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结的定位与分布。结果显示，邻近Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结的粘膜下层内有以上３种肽能神经纤维和神经元胞体分布，Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结不同区域含ＮＰＹ、ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经纤维的定位有明显差异。在上皮下圆顶区，３种肽能神经分支均形成纤细的神经网，并向滤泡相关上皮方向延伸；滤泡间区含ＮＰＹ神经多循微血管壁走行、仅少数分支定位于免疫细胞之间，而含ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经以非血管性纤维为主、常分布于此区的免疫活性细胞间；滤泡区内仅见少量含ＮＰＹ和ＳＰ神经终末分布、未发现含ＣＧＲＰ神经分支。总体上，Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结内含ＮＰＹ和ＳＰ神经纤维数较ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应纤维为多。Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结含ＮＰＹ、ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ神经支配的发现，为研究神经肽调节消化道粘膜免疫功能提供了形态学依据。本文对Ｐｅｙｅｒ＇ｓ集结内这些肽能神经的起源、性质及其在胃肠粘膜局部免疫反应中可能的调节机制进行了讨论。     

自发性高血压大鼠脑底动脉含神经肽Y、含降钙素基因相关肽、含P物质神经的变化

用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含ＮＰＹ、含ＣＧＲＰ和含ＳＰ神经在自发性高血压大鼠脑底动脉的变化．结果表明，和对照用的京都Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠相比，含ＮＰＹ神经在脑底动脉环吻侧的密度略低，而尾侧略高；自发性高血压大鼠大脑前动脉和大脑后动脉含ＮＰＹ神经纵行纤维密度比对照大鼠低，而环行纤维密度比对照大鼠高．自发性高血压大鼠脑底动脉含ＳＰ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度均比对照大鼠低．本文对上述变化的意义进行了讨论．关键词     

豚鼠回肠Peyer‘s集结含神经肽Y,P物质和降钙素基因相关肽神经的分布

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法结合ＧＤＮ显色技术，在光镜水平观察了含ＮＰＹ、ＳＰ和ＣＧＰＰ神经纤维在豚鼠回肠Ｐｅｙｅｒ’ｓ集结的定位与分布。本文对Ｐｅｙｅｒ’ｓ集结内这些肽能神经的起源、性质及其在胃肠粘膜局部免疫反应中可能的调节机制进行了讨论。     

大鼠脑血管含神经肽Y,含降钙素基因相关肽,含P物质神经的年龄…

本文应用免疫组织化学（ＡＢＣ）方法，观察了含神经肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）、含降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）、含Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）神经在大鼠完整脑底动脉环分的年龄变化，结果表明在２周、２月、８月龄大鼠脑底动脉上含ＮＰＹ神经的密度依次降低；含ＣＧＲＰ和含ＳＰ神经的密度依次升高。至１８月龄，含ＮＰＹ神经的密度和８月龄时的接近，而含ＳＰ和含ＣＧＲＰ神经的密度比８月龄时明显降低。大鼠脑血管含肽神经支配的这种增龄变化表现出有     

降钙素基因相关肽免疫反应神经纤维在大鼠脾的分布

用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法，研究了降钙素基因相关肽免疫反应神经纤维在大鼠脾内的分布，在大鼠脾内有丰富的ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应神经纤维，它们多呈串珠状，主要分布于红髓。尤其是脾血窦和一些小血管，也见于边缘区的淋巴组织中，偶见于动脉周围淋巴鞘，脾内ＣＧＲＰ免疫反应神经纤维与淋巴细胞关系密切，可能参与调节脾淋巴细胞的发育和功能。     

大鼠脑底动脉降钙素基因相关肽能神经纤维分布的形态学观察

目的　探讨 14只成年鼠和 14只老年鼠脑底主要动脉降钙素基因相关肽能神经纤维的分布特征。方法　应用免疫组织化学ABC法、神经交点计数法。结果　成年鼠脑底各主要动脉壁上均含有呈线状黑色的CGRP能免疫反应阳性神经纤维 ,分布密度以大脑前动脉最高 ,其次是大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、基底动脉。各动脉间CGRP能神经纤维密度比较具有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1) ,成年鼠脑底动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维以环行分布为主 ;老年鼠脑底动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维密度以大脑前动脉最高 ,走行方式以网状分布为主 ;老年鼠脑底各主要动脉壁CGRP能神经纤维分布密度低于成年鼠相应脑底动脉。结论　不同脑底动脉CGRP能神经纤维分布特征各异 ,老年鼠较成年鼠脑底动脉CGRP能神经纤维的分布密度为低     

大鼠福尔马林实验中脊髓后角浅层内P物质和降钙素基因相关肽的变化

为研究福尔马林实验动物行为反应与脊髓内Ｐ物质（ＳＰ）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）之间可能的相互关系，应用免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析技术，对福尔马林实验大鼠不同时程的脊髓后角浅层内ＳＰ、ＣＧＲＰ的含量进行了半定量分析，并与大鼠的行为反应分期进行了比较。结果显示：脊髓后角浅层内ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ的含量在福尔马林实验后的第１期反应（０～５ｍｉｎ）时迅速降低；在间歇期（５～２０ｍｉｎ）仍持续降低，在１５ｍｉｎ达最低值；间歇期后进入第２期反应（３０～６０ｍｉｎ）时，逐渐开始缓慢恢复，６０ｍｉｎ后恢复至正常水平，并开始逐渐增高，于９０ｍｉｎ达最高值。之后逐渐回落，在１２～２４ｈ又恢复至正常水平。结果提示：福尔马林实验引起的大鼠两期伤害性反应可能与伤害性信息传递引起的ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ在脊髓后角浅层内的释放有密切关系     

心脏瓣膜病患者瓣膜置换术前后BNP浓度的变化

目的:观察心瓣膜置换术患者围手术期血浆B型钠尿肽(BNP)浓度的变化规律。方法:56例心瓣膜置换术患者按NYHA心功能标准分级,术前进行超声心动图检查,测量左室射血分数(LVEF),同时于术前、术后1天、3天、5天、7天、14天,分别测量血浆BNP浓度,分析术前BNP浓度与心功能的关系,以及围手术期BNP浓度变化趋势。结果:心瓣膜疾病患者术前心功能NYHA分级与BNP水平呈正相关(r=0.59,P<0.05)。术后BNP浓度急剧上升,24h达峰值(P<0.01)。术后3～7天明显下降,但仍略高于术前水平,术后14天明显下降且低于术前水平。结论:术前血浆BNP浓度与心功能状况明显相关,BNP浓度越高,心功能越差。术后早期BNP浓度快速升高,后期呈下降趋势。     

Innervation of the chicken parathyroid glands: immunohistochemical study with the TuJ1, galanin, VIP, substance P, CGRP and tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies

The innervation of the chicken parathyroid glands was studied by immunohistochemistry using various antibodies. The parathyroid glands, as well as the carotid body and ultimobranchial gland, received branches originating from the vagus nerve. Numerous nerve fibers immunolabeled with the monoclonal antibody (TuJ1) against neuron-specific class III -tubulin isotype were found in the connective tissue capsule and septa penetrating into the parathyroid parenchyma. They were also prominent in the wall of blood vessels. Peptidergic nerve fibers immunoreactive for galanin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were densely distributed in the capsule, septa and blood vessel walls of the parathyroid glands. In addition, some TuJ1-, substance P- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were detected in close association with the parenchymal cells of parathyroid glands. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were concentrated around blood vessels and also in connective tissue stroma.     

心脏Telocytes在年老大鼠心脏的分布

目的探讨心脏Telocytes(CTs)在年老大鼠心脏的形态、分布及与年青心脏比较的异同。方法使用透射电子显微镜、生物测量、免疫荧光染色等技术,对24月龄年老大鼠心脏的心房部分、心室中间部分及心尖部分的代表性横切面中,CTs的形态、分布与细胞密度进行半定量分析。结果年老心脏3个代表性横切面的心肌细胞间隙和微血管周边均存在许多CTs,上述3个不同部位的CTs的形态指标的半定量分析值十分接近,差异没有统计学意义。经分离的年老心脏CTs与年青心脏一样表达c-Kit和CD34。对3个代表性横切面CTs细胞密度的半定量分析结果显示,年老大鼠心房部分的CTs密度[(47.65±4.01)个/mm~2]显著高于心尖部分[(33.68±2.53)个/mm2]和中间部分[(26.49±2.11)个/mm~2](P0.05)。年老心脏CTs在上述区域分布的差异,与我们前期所观察到的年青大鼠心脏相应区域CTs的分布规律相一致[7],但年老心脏上述3个区域CTs的密度均显著性高于年青心脏对应区域(P0.05)。结论年老心脏存在CTs,其心房部分的CTs密度显著高于心尖部分和心室中间部分,该分布规律与年青大鼠相一致,但年老心脏上述区域CTs的密度显著高于年青心脏。     

腰方肌的应用解剖学研究

目的为腰方肌的临床应用提供形态学资料。方法大体解剖法、Sihler′s染色法。结果支配腰方肌的1~3腰神经前支的分支分别从腰方肌的内侧上段、中上段和下段内侧缘入肌,该神经入肌后向外下走行并发出次级分支,其中2、3腰神经发出的次级分支较多,呈树枝样分布于中、下段中央,分支间未见明显吻合。结论腰方肌神经密集区位于中、下段中央部。     

Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the human submandibular gland

The indirect immunofluorescence technique was used to study the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in human submandibular gland. A relatively low number of thin varicose fibers with intense immunofluorescence for CGRP was seen in samples from seven glands. These CGRP-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibers were mainly seen around or in close contact with intra- and interlobular blood vessels. Some CGRP-IR nerve fibers were also found in association with intra- and interlobular salivary ducts and a few around the submandibular acini. By visual estimation there was no difference in the density of CGRP-IR nerve fibers between specimens of recurrent duct obstruction and laryngeal carcinoma. The present results show that the distribution of CGRP-IR nerve fibers in the stroma and in the glandular secretory elements of the human submandibular gland is quite similar to that seen in the rat and the ferret, which have been reported earlier. Furthermore, the regional distribution of CGRP-IR fibers in the human submandibular gland suggests that CGRP has a physiological role in the regulation of salivary gland function in human salivary glands, e.g. blood flow and secretion.     

Differential Distribution of Renal Nerves in the Sympathetic Ganglia of the Rat

The renal nerve plexus comprises efferent and afferent fibers. It controls urine production and bodily fluid homeostasis. Efferent fibers to the kidney include sympathetic nerve fibers from their main ganglia, the prevertebral suprarenal ganglia (SrG), and the paravertebral sympathetic chain ganglia (ChG). In the present study, we examined topological innervation from these ganglia to the renal parenchymal segments of the left kidney of the rat. Fluoro‐Gold was injected into the rostral or caudal poles of the left kidney. Approximately 50% of the cells in the SrG of rats injected in the rostral pole were labeled, while 60% of the cells in the ChG T13 of rats injected in the caudal pole were labeled. In addition, we performed dual‐probe retrograde tracing of the nerves using two kinds of fluorescent‐conjugated cholera toxins (f‐CTbs) injected into the rostral and caudal poles of the left kidney. The cells labeled with each f‐CTb were distributed differently in the left SrG and the lower ChGs; no dual‐labeled cells were found in these ganglia. Anterograde tracing with pCAGGS‐tdTomato vector transfected into the left SrG showed that tdTomato‐labeled nerve varicosities extended to the cortical arterioles and urinary tubules. Immunohistochemistry revealed that they were positive to tyrosine hydroxylase and synaptophysin, suggesting that they possessed sympathetic nerve endings. Our results show that renal efferent nerves in the SrG may control the rostral part of the kidney and innervate the multiple effectors in the cortex. Anat Rec, 300:2263–2272, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

高粘血症大鼠心肌损伤时循环内皮细胞及功能变化

目的探讨高粘血症大鼠心肌损伤时的血粘度与内皮细胞及功能的关系。方法采用Ｗｉｓｔｅｒ大鼠通过尾静脉注射高分子右旋糖酐复制心肌损伤动物模型,观察大鼠的全血粘度、循环内皮细胞计数（ＣＥＣ）、血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）及一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的浓度变化。结果实验组大鼠血粘度、ＣＥＣ及ＥＴ明显增高,而ＮＯ低于对照组。结论心肌损伤与血管内皮细胞损伤、功能障碍关系密切,由此所致的血管收缩、血液瘀滞可引起血粘度增高。高粘血症与内皮细胞损伤相互作用、影响,形成恶性循环,加重微循环障碍。     

补肾益气化瘀方对衰老大鼠海马神经元的影响

目的观察补肾益气化瘀方对衰老大鼠海马神经元结构的影响，并探讨其作用机制。方法选用青年Wistar大鼠36只，随机分成三组：空白对照组、模型对照组、药物组。使用D-半乳糖腹腔注射建立亚急性衰老大鼠模型。模型建立后，药物组每天用补肾益气化瘀方提取液灌胃，空白对照组、模型对照组用生理盐水灌胃，连续四周。然后用光学显微镜观察海马神经元结构，用紫外分光光度计检测大鼠海马超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量。结果空白对照组：海马轮廓清晰，CA3区神经元细胞密集，胞浆丰富，核大深染，细胞间排列整齐，界限清楚；模型对照组：海马轮廓模糊，神经元细胞明显减少，细胞间排列松散，界限不清；药物组：海马轮廓清晰，神经元细胞明显多于模型对照组，神经元胞浆较丰富，核大深染，细胞间排列较整齐，界限清楚。模型对照组海马MDA含量增加，SOD活性减少；与模型对照组比较，药物组海马超氧化物歧化酶（MDA）含量减少，SOD活性增加（P〈0、01）。结论补肾益气化瘀方对衰老大鼠海马神经元具有保护和修复作用，其机理可能与抗自由基损伤有关。     

Distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the developing rat brain

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which is one of the glutamate receptors, is considered to have a close relationship to synaptic plasticity in the developing brain. In addition, it is known that the excessive stimulation of NMDARs can trigger neuronal apoptosis. In this study, we examined the distribution of NMDAR subunits [anti-NR1, NR2(A-C)] in the developing rat brain immunohistochemically. As a result, NR1, an essential subunit for the formation of a functional NMDAR complex, was mildly expressed in the restricted areas such as the temporal region of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus in the fetal brain at Embryonal Days 18 and 20. On the other hand, in neonates, NR1 was expressed widely throughout the whole brain. The distributions of NR2A and NR2C showed temporal and spatial similarities to that of NR1, while the expression of NR2B showed differences in the intensity and distribution. A progressive change in subunit expression seen prenatally and postnatally could contribute to variation of NMDARs and synaptic plasticity during the developing period.     

阔筋膜张肌肌构筑和肌内神经的研究

目的通过对阔筋膜张肌构筑学和肌内神经分支分布的研究,为阔筋膜张肌的临床应用提供解剖学资料。方法大体解剖法、肌构筑法、改良Sihler′s肌内神经染色法。结果(1)阔筋膜张肌肌重(46.25±4.8)g,肌长(16.42±0.6)cm,肌纤维长(4.54±0.5)cm,羽状角0°,肌生理横切面积(9.65±0.74)cm2;(2)支配阔筋膜张肌的神经来自臀上神经下支,从肌的后上部入肌,入肌后向肌下部走行,分成前后两大支,前支主要支配肌前半部,后支主要支配肌后半部。结论 (1)阔筋膜张肌是扁肌,倾向于速度型构筑特征;(2)阔筋膜张肌肌内神经主要分布在肌中部。