肝内胆管细胞癌根治性切除术中行淋巴结清扫的争议与进展

肝内胆管细胞癌（ICC）是一种高度侵袭性的原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤,其发病隐匿、早期症状不典型、预后差。外科根治性手术切除是治疗ICC的唯一有效手段。淋巴结转移（LNM）作为影响ICC患者手术预后最重要的危险因素之一,已有多数指南建议在ICC根治性切除术中常规行淋巴结清扫（LND）。然而,关于ICC根治性切除术中LND的范围及其对患者预后的价值,目前仍存在较大争议。故笔者结合国内外现有的研究,对ICC根治性切除术中LND所存在的争议及问题的研究进展进行综述,以期为ICC的临床治疗提供参考。     

肝内胆管细胞癌的手术治疗与非手术治疗预后及相关因素分析

目的:对比分析手术治疗与非手术治疗肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)患者的预后差异,分析影响ICC患者预后的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2008―2012年收治的92例ICC患者的临床及随访资料,根据患者是否进行手术治疗分为手术组(53例)和非手术组(39例),比较两组患者的1、2、3年生存率与中位生存时间差异,并分析影响ICC患者生存时间因素。结果:手术组患者的1、2、3年生存率均明显高于同期非手术组患者(60.35%vs.28.21%、39.66%vs.7.69%、17.24%vs.0,均P0.05),中位生存时间明显长于非手术组患者(24个月vs.9个月,P0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示,发生淋巴结转移、远处转移是ICC患者不良预后的独立危险因素,手术治疗是ICC对患者预后是保护因素(均P0.05)。结论:对ICC患者应该尽可能采取手术治疗措施以延长患者的生存率及存活时间;淋巴结转移、远处转移是ICC患者预后不良的主要危险因素。     

肝内胆管细胞癌的诊断及治疗方法研究进展

肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)的发病率逐年升高,其发病诱因尚不明确,增强CT或增强磁共振检查是其常用诊断方法,术后病理是诊断金标准。ICC总体治疗效果并不让人满意,手术切除是唯一根治性治疗方法,但是,切除率低、复发率高是该疾病的治疗难点。本文就ICC的病因、诊断及治疗方法进行综述。     

肝内胆管细胞癌手术相关辅助治疗的进展

肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)预后极差,手术治疗联合包括化疗、放疗、分子靶向药物治疗、肝局部毁损治疗、介入治疗、抗病毒治疗等在内的综合治疗,能够形成互补作用,防止其术后复发。本文就ICC手术联合辅助治疗的最新进展予以综述,为ICC的综合治疗及临床研究提供新的思路。     

肝内胆管癌的综合治疗

肝内胆管癌(ICC)具有恶性程度高,发现晚,容易发生淋巴结转移、脉管侵润及肝内播散等特点,导致患者预后较差。根治性手术仍然是目前唯一可以使患者获得长期生存的治疗方式,但存在根治性切除率低、术后容易复发等诸多难题以及肝切除范围和切缘宽度确定、淋巴结清扫与否等诸多争议。辅助治疗是综合治疗的重要组成部分,但放化疗尚无规范、有效的方案,靶向治疗与免疫治疗正处于临床探索阶段。随着分子生物学技术的进展,发现ICC在基因突变、信号传导以及临床病理特征上展现出高度的异质性。笔者从ICC生物学特性及临床特点的异质性出发,结合ICC治疗策略和新的综合治疗理念,为其个体化治疗提供新的思路与研究方向。     

肝内胆管癌国际临床实践指南和共识的诊疗建议比较

肝内胆管癌(ICC)是人类第二常见的肝脏恶性肿瘤, 在过去的几十年里, 其发病率在全球范围内逐渐上升。根治性手术切除是ICC患者首选的可能根治的治疗手段。但ICC起病隐匿, 侵袭性较高, 多数患者确诊时已失去手术机会。另外, 近年来以靶向治疗和免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的免疫治疗的迅速发展, 有望为中晚期ICC患者提供更有效的治疗。目前, 国内外各指南在ICC术前胆道引流、肝切除术范围、根治性切除的定义、切缘宽度、常规淋巴结清扫、术后复发、辅助治疗等方面存在不同程度的差异。本文检索了2012—2022年国内外发布的12篇针对或涵盖ICC临床诊疗实践的指南或共识, 重点整理和比较了当前各指南在临床管理上的观点, 旨在为临床工作提供数据参考以辅助临床决策。     

肝内胆管细胞癌的多学科综合治疗进展

肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)是仅次于肝细胞肝癌的肝脏第二大常见恶性肿瘤。由于缺乏针对性的筛查手段和特异性的临床表现,大多数ICC明确诊断时已经是晚期,给ICC的治疗带来巨大困难。目前,根治性手术切除仍是治疗ICC的最有效手段。但是,对于一些不可手术切除或只能行R1切除、淋巴结转移阳性的ICC,经动脉化疗栓塞、局部消融、全身化疗、分子靶向治疗、免疫治疗等多学科综合治疗可以有效的改善这一类患者的预后。     

肝内胆管细胞癌诊治策略

肝内胆管细胞癌（intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC）的生物学特性与肝细胞癌和肝外胆管癌存在显著差异,早期缺乏明显临床表现。因此,对合并高危因素的人群进行定期筛查,有助于ICC的早期诊断和及时治疗。现有ICC分期系统为预后评估提供了临床依据,但是在影响病人预后因素方面尚存在分歧,有待大规模前瞻性研究提供循证医学证据,进一步修订、完善分期系统。以手术为主的综合治疗是ICC的主流治疗模式,根治性切除和淋巴结清扫有助于提高疗效、改善病人预后,非手术治疗方法的不断进展可使无法手术或术后复发ICC病人临床获益。     

阳性淋巴结个数对肝内胆管癌患者根治术后预后的预测价值

背景与目的：肝内胆管癌(ICC)近年来发病率不断升高,该疾病起病较为隐匿、多无明显症状,早期诊断率较低,根治性切除仍是其可能获得痊愈的唯一治疗手段,但由于肿瘤已多发转移、剩余肝储备不足、患者一般情况不能耐受手术等原因,其根治性切除率较低。因此,本研究探讨阳性淋巴结个数与ICC患者术后预后的关系,以期为ICC手术预后评价提供参考,为术后治疗策略的选择提供依据。方法：回顾性收集2017年9月—2020年9月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院肝胆外科行根治性手术切除术150例ICC患者的临床资料,分析影响患者术后生存的相关因素,以及不同阳性淋巴结个数(N0：无淋巴结转移;N1：淋巴结转移个数<3枚;N2：淋巴结转移个数≥3枚)患者术后生存的差异。结果：单因素分析显示,术前糖类抗原19-9 (CA19-9)水平、术前甲胎蛋白水平、切缘状态、淋巴结阳性个数与ICC患者术后生存明显有关(均P<0.05)。多因素分析显示,切缘状态(P=0.003)、术前CA19-9水平(P=0.008)、阳性淋巴结个数(P<0.001)是影响术后预后的独立危险因素。全组150例ICC患者术后1...     

乙型肝炎肝硬化背景下肝内胆管细胞癌的诊治分析

肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcino.ma,ICC)是指来源于左右肝管以上胆管细胞的恶性肿瘤,是原发性肝癌的一种,其发病率较肝细胞性肝癌低,但恶性程度较高.ICC在临床上无特异性体征,且甲胎蛋白(alpha feloprotein,AFP)多为阴性,因此发现时多数病情已达进展期,治疗效果不甚理想.ICC较少伴有乙型肝炎肝硬化,一旦伴有乙型肝炎肝硬化则会增加诊断和治疗的难度.回顾性分析7例经手术和病理组织学确诊的乙型肝炎肝硬化背景下的ICC的临床资料,总结报道如下.     

原发性胆管细胞性肝癌42例的外科治疗

目的　评价原发性胆管细胞性肝癌外科诊治的效果。方法　回顾性分析 1996 年 1 月至2001年12月间经手术治疗的42例原发性胆管细胞性肝癌的临床与病理资料。结果　42 例患者以上腹痛、黄疸、上腹包块为主要临床表现,合并胆石症6例;CA19 9检查25例,16例升高;形成单个包块者20例,腹腔淋巴结转移19例。手术切除16例,其中根治性切除13例,同种异体原位肝移植1例。根治性切除生存超过1年者7例,超过3年者4例,超过5年者2例。姑息性切除及肿瘤未切除者无2年生存者。结论　增强对原发性胆管细胞性肝癌的认识,提高早期诊断水平,采用手术切除及肝移植治疗,可提高治疗效果。     

Surgical treatment of cholangiocellular carcinoma and proximal bile duct tumors

According to its different location, clinical features, treatment modalities and prognosis, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma should be well differentiated from proximal bile duct carcinoma. There is no therapeutic measure with curative potential apart from surgical treatment. Partial or extended hepatectomy is the treatment of choice in cholangiocarcinoma. Thereby, hilar resection in combination with hepatectomy is increasingly performed in proximal bile duct carcinomas. In most centers liver transplantation is not considered as a therapeutic option for irresectable cholangiocarcinomas.     

同时性双原发肝细胞癌和肝内胆管癌的临床特点及手术预后

背景与目的：同时性双原发性肝细胞癌和肝内胆管癌（sdpHCC-ICC）极为罕见。在此,笔者报告9例sdpHCC-ICC病例的诊治过程,探讨该病的临床特点及手术预后,以提高临床认识。方法：回顾性收集2016年1月—2022年12月中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心9例经术后病理证实为sdpHCC-ICC患者的临床资料,分析其临床表现、发病机制、影像学与病理特征及手术预后。结果：所有患者均为男性,均合并慢性肝炎,其中8例为乙型肝炎病毒感染,7例有长期饮酒史。肝细胞癌和肝内胆管癌肿瘤标志物均升高2例,术前影像均未能正确诊断。所有患者均接受手术治疗,经术后病理组织学证实均为sdpHCC-ICC, 6例患者肝内病灶同时表达CD34。术后随访时间为2～58个月,2例分别于术后6个月与20个月复发,另7例至撰稿日未见复发。结论：sdpHCC-ICC的肿瘤细胞起源不一,可表现为单克隆起源,也可表现为多克隆起源,长期饮酒可能是其危险因素之一,手术切除仍是有效治疗方法,肝内胆管癌成分及其肿瘤分期为影响手术预后的主要因素之一,淋巴结清扫应纳入手术规划,肝动脉化疗栓塞对肝细胞癌成份有效。     

Prognostic Value of Cirrhosis for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma After Surgical Treatment

Background  

The surgical outcome and prognostic factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are not fully understood. This study aimed to establish the clinical significance of cirrhosis for prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after surgery.     

Radiofrequency ablation of recurrent cholangiocarcinoma

Intrahepatic recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma after primary resection has traditionally been considered a contraindication to surgical management. Improvements in ablative technologies such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) offer the surgeon additional alternatives in the management of selected intrahepatic tumors. We present a case report of a single intrahepatic recurrence of cholangiocarcinoma 12 months after primary resection of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma including right lobectomy for intrahepatic extension. The patient received operative treatment and RFA of the intrahepatic lesion. RFA successfully ablated the recurrent tumor, and the patient remains free of detectable disease 10 months later. A review of literature is presented. This is the first known report of the use of RFA for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In selected cases of primary or recurrent cholangiocarcinoma, RFA may increase the percentage of patients considered surgically treatable.     

���ڵ���ϸ�������β���

??Diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma CHEN Ya-jin, SHANG Chang-zhen. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
Corresponding author: CHEN Ya-jin??E-mail??cyj0509@126.com
Abstract The worldwide incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) keeps increasing in recent years. The biological characteristics of ICC are significantly different from that of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and often remains asymptomatic until an advanced stage. Thus, regular screening of the population with high risk factors is essential for early diagnosis and timely treatment of ICC. The current ICC staging systems provide helpful clinical references for the evaluation of prognosis, but there are still some argues about which impact factors should be included in the staging system. Therefore, large-scale prospective studies should be carried out so as to amend the current staging system. Multidisciplinary treatments mainly with surgical resection are an optimal treatment method for ICC. Radical resection combined with lymphadenectomy may improve the prognosis of ICC patients. For those who have losen surgical treatment chance or suffered recurrent ICC, non-surgical treatment methods may also prolong the survival time of ICC patients.     

�ε��ܽ�ʯ�ϲ����ڵ��ܰ�������

??Diagnosis and treatment of hepatolithiasis complicated with intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma ZHANG Yong-jie, LIU Jian. Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438,China
Corresponding author??ZHANG Yong-jie,E-mail??yjoy005@sina.com
Abstract Hepatolithiasis is an established risk factor for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma??ICC??. In cases of hepatolithiasis combined ICC, there is no specific symptom other than the clinical manifestations of hepatolithiasis, leading to inadequate diagnosis and delayed treatment. Detection of ICC in hepatolithiasis is dependent on both serological examination and imaging modalities. Once the diagnosis of hepatolithiasis combining ICC is confirmed, comprehensive treatment based on surgical resection is advocated.     

Indications for surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastases

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The postoperative outcome of patients who have intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastases is extremely poor, and the indications for surgery for such patients have yet to be clearly established. METHODS: The demographic and clinical characteristics of 133 patients who underwent lymph node dissection during hepatic resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis identified three independent prognostic factors: intrahepatic metastasis, nodal involvement, and tumor at the margin of resection. Of the patients with tumor-free surgical margins, none of the 24 patients who had both lymph node metastases and intrahepatic metastases survived for 3 years. In contrast, the survival rates for the 23 patients who had lymph node metastases associated with a solitary tumor were 35% at 3 years and 26% at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery alone cannot prolong survival when both lymph node metastases and intrahepatic metastases are present, while surgery may provide a chance for long-term survival in some patients who have lymph node metastases associated with a solitary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tumor.     

肝胆管结石合并胆管癌的临床特点及防治

目的 探讨肝内胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌的临床特点及其防治.方法 对1990-2009年肝内胆管结石伴肝内胆管癌84例的临床资料进行回顾性研究.结果 肝内胆管结石合并肝内胆管癌的发生率占同期肝内胆管结石病例的4.6%(84/1840),术前明确诊断47例;肿瘤均发生于含结石的胆管处,以左肝多见;病程1～40年,平均18年.20例迟发性肝内胆管癌发生于取石后6-16年,平均9年.临床表现为久治不愈的肝脓肿、难以控制的肝内感染、肝内阻塞性进行性黄疸和影像学提示结石部位的肿瘤性改变.84例中晚期病例65例(65/84,77.4%).行根治性切除者仅35例,姑息性切除26例,射频消融4例,单纯活检19例.结论 (1)肝内胆管结石并发肝内胆管癌的概率较高.(2)对所有肝内占位性病变行术前、术中活检是避免误漏诊的重要方法.(3)早期诊断者行根治性切除可获得良好疗效.(4)对肝内结石伴胆管狭窄、肝段萎缩纤维化者行病灶肝段切除对继发胆管癌有预防作用.     

Surgical Outcome and Prognostic Factors in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND: The clinicopathologic features and surgical outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are not fully understood. METHODS: Fifty-six consecutive patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who underwent surgical resection at the National Cancer Center Hospital East between October 1992 and July 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas were subdivided into solitary tumors and tumors with intrahepatic metastasis. RESULTS: Complete tumor removal (R0 resection) was performed in 42 patients (75%). The 5-year survival rate for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (n = 56), patients with a solitary tumor (n = 46), and patients with intrahepatic metastasis (n = 10) were 32, 38, and 0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with a solitary tumor and those with intrahepatic metastasis (p < 0.0001). The 5-year survival rate for patients with stage I (n = 3), II (n = 9), III (n = 15), and IV disease (n = 26) was 100, 67, 37, and 0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between stage I and stage IV (p = 0.011), between stage II and stage IV (p = 0.0002), and between stage III and stage IV (p = 0.0015). The most frequent site of recurrence was the liver. Univariate analysis showed that intrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion, hepatic duct invasion, lymph node metastasis, perineural invasion, and positive surgical margin (R1) were significantly associated with poor survival. Multivariate analysis confirmed that intrahepatic metastasis was a significant and independent prognostic indicator after surgical resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (p = 0.001). No patient with intrahepatic metastasis survived more than 10 months in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Intrahepatic metastasis was the strongest predictor of poor survival in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.