结肠癌术后突发急性广泛前壁心肌梗死合并室颤致心搏呼吸骤停成功救治一例

急性心肌梗死(myocardial infarction)即急性心肌缺血性坏死,大多是在冠脉血供急剧减少或中断,相应心肌出现严重而持久的急性缺血导致心肌坏死,美国35～ 84岁人群发病率男性为71‰,女性为22‰,每年约有150万人发生急性心肌梗死[1-2].随着我国老龄化的加重,外科围手术期出现急性心肌梗死的情况越来越多见[3],但出现反复心室颤动致心搏呼吸骤停而获得抢救成功病案较少[4],结肠癌根治术后出现急性广泛前壁心肌梗死并发室颤抢救成功的案例更是罕见.     

急性心肌梗死缺血后处理对患者发生心肌梗死后心力衰竭的影响

目的探讨缺血后处理对急性心肌梗死后患者心力衰竭的影响。 方法选取2014年1月至2015年12月于吉林大学附属吉林医院心血管诊治中心第二疗区住院患者200例,起病时间在12 h内,并急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的患者,根据随机数字表法随机分为两组,对照组(100例,常规PCI治疗)和缺血后处理组(IPTC组)(100例,给予缺血后处理)。比较两组患者的血清同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、脑钠肽(BNP)水平和心脏彩超中的左室射血分数(LVEF)和左室舒张末内径(LVEDD)值。 结果心肌梗死后3 d时,对照组cTnI为(40.40±3.85)ng/ml,IPTC组为(23.12±2.36)ng/ml,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(t＝7.30,P<0.05),对照组显著高于IPTC组。心肌梗死后14 d时,对照组BNP为(2 595±239)pg/mL,IPTC组为(1 391±154)pg/mL,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(t＝6.54,P<0.05),对照组显著高于IPTC组。在随访3个月时,对照组LVEF值为(48.16±4.62)mm,IPTC组LVEF值为(57.11±4.43)mm,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(t＝21.50,P<0.05),对照组显著低于IPTC组。在6个月时随访复查LVEF值,对照组为(49.78±6.22)mm,IPTC组为(60.41±3.94)mm,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(t＝4.67,P<0.05),对照组显著低于IPTC组。在6个月时随访复查LVEDD值,对照组为(52.19±6.42)mm,IPTC组为(44.24±5.47)mm,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(t＝7.70,P<0.05),对照组显著高于IPTC组。 结论缺血后处理可以改善急性心肌梗死后患者的心功能,减少急性期心肌梗死损伤。     

Thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: current status

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is still a major public health problem in the modern world. Therapeutic options have changed much over the last 20 years, with a shift in favor of mechanical reperfusion over pharmacologic reperfusion. Thrombolytic therapy still has much to offer in the management of STEMI, however, because many patients do not have timely access to a facility with the required expertise for establishing mechanical reperfusion. This review highlights the history of thrombolytic therapy, adjunctive therapies, the relationship with mechanical reperfusion, and potential roles for thrombolysis in the future.     

急性心肌梗塞患者心理健康状况和相关危险因素研究

目的 探讨急性心肌梗塞患者心理健康状况和相关危险因素,为急性心肌梗塞的综合防治提供依据.方法 将91例急性心肌梗塞患者设为研究组,90名正常志愿者设为对照组.自拟生活方式调查表统计生活方式,采用生活事件量表评定生活事件,社会支持评定量表评定社会支持利用度,艾森克个性问卷评定个性特征,症状自评量表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表评定心理健康状况及焦虑、抑郁状况.结果 研究组急性心肌梗塞发作前有明显心理刺激因素者占80.22%;生活事件量表评分精神紧张总值、负性事件、家庭事件、工作事件、社交事件紧张维度评分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);社会支持评定量表总分及客观支持、主观支持、支持利用度维度分均显著低于对照组(P＜0.05或0.01);艾森克个性问卷的内外倾、神经质维度分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);症状自评量表除精神病性因子分与对照组差异无显著性外,总分、其他因子分以及焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表总分均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).结论负性事件较多,缺乏亲人和社会支持,有缺陷的个性特征、心理健康状况差和不良的生活方式可能是急性心肌梗塞发生发展的危险因素.     

Sexuality in acute myocardial infarction patients

We as nurses in the Coronary Unit we do not see the sexuality of the patients sufficiently addressed neither by us nor by the patients themselves. In this article we are trying to analize the reasons and to emphasize the need to include this subject in our Nursing Problem List.In it we explaine the fears and the wrong ideas that we have identified in our patients. The sexual function is not affected by a myocardial infarction but psychological factors, age, drugs and other associated diseases might be a reason.A quiet enviroment, a fit training plan and looking for personalise proper alternatives may help the patient to start a satisfactory sexual life again.     

Thrombolysis after acute myocardial infarction.

Appropriate use of a thrombolytic agent may save 20 to 30 lives per 1000 treatments. Thrombolysis should be considered in all patients presenting with cardiac chest pain lasting more than 30 minutes for up to 12 hours after symptom onset. ECG criteria include ST elevation of at least 1 mm in limb leads and/or at least 2 mm in two or more adjacent chest leads or left bundle branch block. There is no upper age limit. All patients should also receive oral aspirin and subcutaneous (intravenous with rt-PA) heparin. Other adjuvant treatments have been reviewed previously in this journal. Streptokinase is the drug of choice except where there is persistent hypotension, previous streptokinase or APSAC at any time, known allergy to streptokinase, or a recent proven streptococcal infection. In these circumstances the patient should receive rt-PA. Additional indications for rt-PA, based on subset analysis by the GUSTO investigators, include patients with ALL of the following: age less than 75 years, presentation within four hours of symptom onset, and ECG evidence of anterior acute myocardial infarction. Treatment should be initiated as soon as possible. The greatest benefit is observed in patients treated early, pain to treat intervals of less than one hour make possible mortality reductions of nearly 50%. "When" matters more than "where": fast tracking to the CCU is one option but A&E initiated thrombolysis is feasible and timely. Prehospital thrombolysis is appropriate in certain geographical situations. The development of practical guidelines for thrombolysis represents the most comprehensive example of evidence based medicine. Streptokinase was first shown to influence outcome in acute myocardial infarction nearly 40 years ago. More recently alternative regimes have been evaluated in several prospective randomised controlled trials yielding pooled data on nearly 60,000 patients. However, systematic review of cumulative data reveals a statistically significant mortality gain for intravenous streptokinase over placebo which could have been identified as early as 1971-at least 15 years before it became generally used in clinical practice.     

Propranolol disposition after acute myocardial infarction

Serum propranolol concentration, elimination t 1/2, and protein binding were studied after a combined intravenous/oral regimen in 20 subjects with myocardial infarction (MI) and 15 with chest pain (CP). There was 1000% interindividual variation in propranolol concentrations in each group. In the MI group, mean total serum propranolol concentrations were greater than 100 nmol/l, except at 7 hr, when there was a trough not present in subjects with CP. Mean elimination t 1/2 s in subjects with MI (7.2) and CP (7.4 hr) did not differ. There were significantly higher alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentrations and reduced percent unbound propranolol 27 hr after infarction. Free propranolol concentrations were lower 7 and 11 hr after dosing in the MI group, but concentrations thereafter were of the same order as those in subjects with CP. The only significant difference in any of the hemodynamic measurements was at 7 hr, when blood pressure was higher in the MI group. We conclude that propranolol kinetics were altered in subjects with MI and suggest that the regimen could be improved by increased propranolol dosage at commencement of therapy.     

Antiplatelet drugs after acute myocardial infarction

Summary Some considerations on the rationale for the use of antiplatelet drugs after acute myocardial infarction are reviewed and attention is drawn to the importance of using the results of clinical trials in the choice of the available drugs. Particular attention is focused on the advisability of using the dosages and the drugs evaluated in such trials, without following the current fashion of selecting new drugs or arbitrary dosage regimens of the old drugs.     

Family-centered care after acute myocardial infarction

The experience of a cardiac event is a significant source of stress for both patients and their family members. The acute phase after myocardial infarction reflects a crisis for patients and family members as they attempt to reconcile the affect of the event and adapt to the uncertainties associated with hospitalization and the initial recovery process. This article reviews empirical research available to cardiovascular nurses that may guide family-centered care during the acute phase after myocardial infarction. Directions for practice and research focus on cardiovascular nursing interventions that address family needs after an acute myocardial infarction. The experience of an acute myocardial infarction is a source of stress for both patients and their family members and may be viewed as a crisis that significantly disrupts family functioning and dynamics. The trajectory of cardiovascular disease involves multiple adjustments by patients and family members as they attempt to reconcile the affect of the event and adapt to the uncertainties associated with the acute phase of illness. Efforts by patients and family members to manage the stressors associated with the acute phase of cardiovascular illness are often associated with alterations in physiologic and psychologic functioning.     

急性心肌梗死患者低钙血症情况分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死患者低钙血症的发生及其与预后的关系. 方法 对2003年1月至2006年12月哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院CCU病房收治的1274例急性心肌梗死患者进行回顾性分析,常规方法测定血浆钙离子浓度,依据最低值进行分组,A组Ca2+≥2.20 mmol/L,B组Ca2+(2.00～2.19)mmol/L,C组Ca2+(1.90～1.99)mmol/L,D组Ca2+<1.90 mmol/L组,比较各组间病死率,并分析可能与之相关的因素.于入院后2～3 d内行床旁超声心动图检查. 结果 A组Ca2+≥2.20mmol/L,共668例(52.4%);B组(2.00～2.19)mmol/L,共476例(37.4%);C组(1.90～1.99)nnnol/L,共73例(5.7%);D组Ca2+<1.90 mmol/L,共45例(3.5%).A、B、C、D各组的死亡情况分别为17(2.5%)、37(7.8%)、15(20.5%)、8(17.8%),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001);对急性心肌梗死后30 d住院期间死亡危险因素进行Logistic回归分析,血钙浓度是否低于2.2 mmol/L的OR值为0.501(P=0.044). 结论 低钙血症的发生是急性心肌梗死后30 d病死率的独立预测因子.     

Stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The analysis has been performed of 40 cases of acute myocardial infarction with concomitant stroke versus 26 cases of acute myocardial infarction alone. Being a complication of acute myocardial infarction in 0.94% of the cases, the stroke was ischemic in 95% and hemorrhagic in 5% of the patients. Association of the two events accounted for lethal outcomes in 80% of the cases. The principal factors of the stroke risk in myocardial infarction are suggested. They involve: an advanced age, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, diabetes mellitus, recurrent or transmural myocardial infarction, previous acute episodes of disturbed cerebral circulation, essential hypertension and hyperglycemia.     

In-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To examine in-hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: All patients in an 800-bed teaching hospital who had a discharge diagnosis of myocardial infarction, verified by creatine kinase levels at admission, between 1991 and 1993 made up the study population. All 118 such patients who died during this period made up the case group. Two control subjects (n = 236), survivors of the hospitalization, matched by sex, age, and length of hospitalization, were selected randomly for each case. Information on the presence of diabetes mellitus, medical history, and data related to myocardial infarction were obtained through retrospective chart review. RESULTS: The mean age of all subjects in the study was 76 years. Thirty-three percent of the patients in the case group and 31% of the control subjects had a history of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.64-1.70), indicating that diabetes mellitus was not associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.48-2.51) in patients with non-insulin-treated diabetes mellitus and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.34-1.86) in insulin-treated patients. Multivariate analysis, with conditional logistic regression, confirmed that known prognostic factors for myocardial infarction, rather than diabetic status, are predictive of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Once the effects of age are accounted for, the risk of in-hospital mortality is not greater in patients with diabetes mellitus than in patients without diabetes; however, diabetes mellitus may be an important factor for long-term survival.     

Left ventricular regional function after acute anterior myocardial infarction in diabetic patients

To elucidate the pathophysiological role of diabetes mellitus in determining the left ventricular regional function of the noninfarcted area, 55 patients with acute Q wave anterior myocardial infarction (MI) were studied. The regional ejection fraction of the noninfarcted area was obtained by radionuclide angiocardiography and was used to estimate the left ventricular regional function of the noninfarcted area. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the important variables contributing to the regional ejection fraction based on 10 clinical variables: age, sex, QRS score, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, postinfarction angina, body mass index, serum cholesterol, and coronary atherosclerosis. A high QRS score (P less than .001) and the association of diabetes mellitus (P less than .05) were the important factors contributing to regional left ventricular dysfunction. The regional ejection fraction and QRS score had an inverse linear relationship in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups, and the regional ejection fraction was significantly lower in diabetic patients at every QRS score (P less than .05). The association of hypertension, severity of coronary atherosclerosis, serum cholesterol level, age, and body mass index did not differ between diabetic and nondiabetic patients, which indicates that diabetes mellitus was not mediated through these atherogenic traits. Thus, diabetes mellitus is another discrete cause of regional left ventricular dysfunction of the noninfarcted area after acute MI.     

急性心肌梗死患者知信行的研究现状

从急性心肌梗死疾病患者认知的现状、知识、态度、信念现状、研究工具、影响因素、应对策略方面对国内外最新研究进展进行综述,旨在了解冠心病患者对急性心肌梗死的知识、态度、信念现状的认知情况有利于提高冠心病患者对AMI的认知程度,面对疾病做出的正确反应,及时有效地预防AMI发生,从而获得更多的抢救治疗机会,改善患者的生活质量。     

大鼠急性心肌梗死后的心肌细胞凋亡

目的:研究大鼠急性心肌梗死(acutemyocardialinfarction,AMI)后心肌细胞凋亡的发生情况。方法:实验选用105只雌性SD大鼠,随机抽取78只以结扎左冠状动脉前降支的方法制备AMI模型,术后24h存活的43只作为心肌梗死组;另设假手术组(n=27);各组再按观察时点随机分为48h和4周两亚组,即:心肌梗死48h(n=11)和心肌梗死4周(n=13)组,假手术48h(n=10)和假手术4周(n=10)组。末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶介导的dUTP切口末端标记技术(TUNEL)和DNA凝胶电泳检测心肌细胞凋亡。结果:AMI大鼠梗死区心肌细胞坏死和瘢痕形成的同时,梗死/瘢痕区、梗死边缘区和非梗死区的心肌细胞凋亡指数均显著升高犤心肌梗死48h组分别为(212.86±155.75)/1000,(198.16±120.0)/1000和(63.23±45.43)/1000,心肌梗死4周组分别为(235.14±130.43)/1000,(80.33±44.29)/1000和(31.61±16.39)/1000,P<0.05～0.01犦。结论:大鼠发生AMI后,梗死区心肌细胞坏死和瘢痕形成的同时,梗死/瘢痕区、梗死边缘区和非梗死区均有心肌细胞发生凋亡。     

急性心肌梗死患者的自我护理能力与机体功能状态的相关性分析

目的 :明确急性心肌梗死患者的自我护理能力和机体功能状态及其关系 ,探讨有效的护理干预 ,以提高自我护理能力 ,改善机体功能。方法 :采用问卷调查法收集资料 ,应用SPSS 10 .0处理所有数据资料。结果 :① 73 .44 %的患者自我护理能力在高等水平。② 5 1.5 6%患者的机体功能状态在高等水平。③急性心肌梗死患者的自我护理能力与机体功能状态之间的相关系数r=0 .45 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :急性心肌梗死患者的自我护理能力与机体功能状态之间存在中等程度的正相关 ,临床护士可通过健康教育增加患者的自我护理知识和技能 ,提高自我护理能力 ,改善机体功能 ,进而提高患者的生活质量