右美托咪啶-异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉对颈椎手术病人体感诱发电位及运动诱发电位的影响

目的 评价右美托咪啶-异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉对颈椎手术病人体感诱发电位及运动诱发电位的影响.方法 择期全麻下行颈椎手术的病人36例,随机分为2组(n=18):异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉组(C组)和右美托咪啶-异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉组(D组).麻醉诱导:TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度为2μg/ml,静脉注射芬太尼1～2μg/kg,意识消失后经口置入喉罩进行通气.意识消失后D组经10 min静脉注射右美托咪啶0.5μg/kg,随后以0.5μg·kg-1·h-1的速率静脉输注至术毕,C组给予等容量生理盐水.分别于给予右美托咪啶前及静脉输注右美托咪啶10 min时记录体感诱发电位P15-N20波的波幅和潜伏期,并记录运动诱发电位的未引出情况.结果 与C组比较,D组P15-N20波的波幅和潜伏期差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组运动诱发电位未引出率均为0.结论 右美托咪啶-异丙酚-芬太尼复合麻醉对颈椎手术病人体感诱发电位及运动诱发电位无影响.     

皮层体感诱发电位在脊柱脊髓疾患诊治中的应用

目的：评价皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）在脊柱脊髓疾患诊治中的临床应用价值。方法：120例患者用Frankel分级判断脊髓功能，行CSEP术前检查，术中监护以及术后疗效评估，并分析应用不同标准的监测结果。结果：（1）CSEPⅠ型表现者全部为FrankelA级；Ⅱ型主要为B，C级，Ⅲ型主要为,C,D，Ⅳ型主要为D，E级。（2）Ⅰ-Ⅳ型CSEP表现者疗效分别为0,54.2%,82.8%,84.2%;(3)行椎体肿瘤切除，椎管内肿瘤切除，脊柱侧凸凹侧撑开及颈椎后路“单开门”时最易引发CSEP变化。（4）应用不同标准行术中监测灵敏度均为100％，特异度分别为85．6％，93．3％，误诊率分别为14．4％，6．7％，漏诊率均为0。结论：CSEP与Franke分级，临床疗效有良好的相关性；CSEP灵敏度高，可及时反映出脊髓功能的变化，提高脊髓手术的安全性；CSEP术中监测标准具有一定弹性，常因病情，体位及操作不同而变化。     

腰椎管狭窄症的腰椎体感诱发电位评价

目的分析腰椎体感诱发电位（1umbar somatosensory evoked potentials,LP）在腰椎管狭窄症（lubar spihal stenosis,LSS）临床评价中的应用价值。方法2004年9月至2007年9月的40例患者,男16例,女24例;年龄52-83岁,平均67．3岁,23例单纯LSS患者,17例合并腰椎退变性滑脱;18例单侧肢体出现症状,22例双下肢均出现症状;37例合并间歇性跛行。就诊时病程1～240个月,平均43．8个月。同时收集患者治疗前的JOA评分、VAS评分[包括腰痛（VAS-LBP）、下肢痛（VAS-Leg Pain）和下肢麻木感（VAS-Numb）3项评分]以及MR检查的最狭窄部位硬膜囊横断面积（minimum cross-sectional area,mCSA）。采用SPSS12．0进行统计学分析。结果LP及P_37潜伏期分别为（23．0±2．0）ms和（40．1±3．1）ms。JOA评分平均为16．5分。15例（35．9％）出现感觉障碍,19例（43．6％）肌力减弱。VAS评分中VAS-LBP、VAS-Leg Pain和VAS-Numb评分平均为6．0分、6．9分和7．8分。出现跛行前的行走距离为3-1000m,平均246．8m。mCSA为0．18-1．06cm^2,平均0．44cm^2。LP潜伏期与VAS-Numb评分有显著相关性,当VAS-Numb评分≥8分时LP潜伏期显著性延长。P_37、LP潜伏期与VAS-LBP、VAS-Leg Pain评分,JOA评分与步行能力、感觉及肌力障碍、有无腰椎退变性滑脱、单节段还是多阶段受累和单侧还是双侧肢体症状无相关性。结论凹潜伏期变化可反映患者的主观麻木症状,可作为LSS临床评价的参考。     

低体温对患者体感诱发电位的影响

目的 评价低体温对患者体感诱发电位(SSEP)的影响.方法 择期心脏手术患者13例,性别不限,年龄23～51岁,体重45～82 kg,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级.麻醉诱导后测定双侧正中神经体感诱发电位:于Erb点和第2颈椎棘突分别放置臂丛和颈部记录电极,随后放置头皮电极,分别记录臂丛电位(N9)、颈髓电位(N13)和皮层电位(N20)的峰潜伏期和波幅.记录降温阶段和复温阶段达到目标体温(36、35、34、33 ℃)时的MAP、峰潜伏期和波幅.术后记录显性神经功能缺陷的发生情况.结果 降温阶段随体温降低,峰潜伏期延长,MAP降低(P＜0.05),波幅差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);复温阶段随体温升高,峰潜伏期缩短(P＜0.05),MAP和波幅差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);降温阶段峰潜伏期与体温呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.673(N9)、-0.702(N13)、-0.702(N20)(P＜0.05),以体温为自变量X,峰潜伏期为因变量Y,得到直线回归方程分别为:Y9=-0.558X+28.994,YN13=-1.121X+53.242,YN20=-1.458X+72.036;复温阶段峰潜伏期与体温呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.634(N9)、-0.619(N13)、-0.600(N20)(P＜0.05),直线回归方程分别为:YN9=-0.505X+27.313,YN13=-0.905X+46.249,YN20=-1.142X+61.668.所有患者术后均未发生神经系统功能缺陷.结论 低体温可延长SSEP峰潜伏期,对波辐无明显影响.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the effect of hypothermia on somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). Methods Thirteen ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 23-51 yr weighing 45-82 kg scheduled for cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study. Bilateral median nerve SSEPs (N9, N13, N20) were recorded after induction.The MAP, peak latency and amplitude of N9, N13 and N20 were recorded when the target temperature (36, 35,34, 33 ℃ ) was reached during the cooling and rewarming periods. The neurological dysfunction was recorded after operation. Results The peak latency was prolonged and MAP was decreased with the decrease in the body temperature during the cooling period, the peak latency was shortened with the increase in the body temperature during the rewarming period ( P ＜ 0.05), but no significant change in the amplitudes was found ( P ＞ 0.05). The regression equation of the interaction between the peak latency and body temperature was YN9= -0.558X + 28.994(r=-0.673), YN13 =-1.121X+53.242 (r= -0.702) , YN20 = -1.458X+72.036(r= -0.702) during the cooling period (P ＜ 0.05), and YN9 = - 0.505X + 27.313 ( r = - 0.634), YN13 = - 0.905X + 46.249(r= -0.619), YN20 = - 1.142X + 61.668 (r= -0.600) during the rewarming period (P ＜0.05). No neurological dysfunction was found in all the patients. Conclusion Hypothermia can prolong the peak latency of SSEP and does not alter the SSEP amplitude.     

阴茎背神经选择性切断术对阴茎头体感诱发电位的影响

目的 研究阴茎背神经选择性切断术对阴茎头体感诱发电位(GPSEP)的影响.方法 原发性早泄(PPE)患者21例,分别检测手术前及术后1个月、3个月GPSEP的潜伏期和波幅变化.结果 阴茎背神经选择性切断术后患者的GPSEP潜伏期比术前显著延迟(P<0.05),GPSEP振幅也较术前降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 阴茎背神经选择性切断术可降低PPE患者GPSEP.     

脊髓型颈椎病术中体感诱发电位变化与手术疗效的关系

目的探讨术中体感诱发电位(somatosensory-evokedpotential,SEP)检测结果与脊髓型颈椎病手术疗效的关系。方法自2000年1月至2005年4月,采用前路减压自体髂骨植骨钛板内固定治疗脊髓型颈椎病患者68例,男45例,女23例;年龄36～68岁,平均47.5岁。病程1￣6年,平均3.6年。单节段椎间盘突出24例:C3-42例,C4-54例,C5-614例,C6-74例;多节段椎间盘突出44例:C4-5、C5-621例,C5-6、C6-723例。根据术中SEP值改善情况分为两组,A组20例(术中SEP值改善超过50%),B组48例(术中SEP值改善低于50%)。分别记录两组患者术前、术后1、2、4、12、24周JOA分值,将相关数据进行统计学分析,推断JOA分值与SEP之间关系。结果两组脊髓型颈椎病患者术前JOA分值分别为9.25±1.18、9.48±0.93(P>0.05),术后1、2、4周时A组患者JOA评分高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脊髓型颈椎病患者SEP检测结果与临床症状改善之间有明显的相关性,SEP检测有助于了解脊髓功能,预测手术效果。     

S1神经根体感诱发电位的方法研究

目的探讨正常成年人S1神经根体感诱发电位(S1somatosensory evoked potential,S1SEP)的皮层电位P20峰潜伏期的参考值范围;明确S1SEP的P20峰潜伏期与年龄、身高是否存在线性相关。方法对28例正常成年人分别行双侧的S1SEP测定,记录受试者的年龄、身高及双侧S1SEP的P20峰潜伏期值。计算受试者的P20峰潜伏期的双侧95%可信区间,用配对t检验分析受试者双侧P20峰潜伏期是否存在差异,得出双侧P20峰潜伏期差值的单侧95%测定值范围。分别将年龄和身高与P20峰潜伏期进行相关分析。结果28例受试者的S1SEP检测均能引出稳定而具有重复性的皮层电位。受试者P20峰潜伏期的95%可信区间为14.39~23.75ms,受试者双侧的P20峰潜伏期差异无统计学意义。双侧P20峰潜伏期差值的95%可信区间为0~1.24ms。年龄和身高与P20峰潜伏期均无明显的相关性。结论在骶后孔利用针电极刺激S1神经根可以引出稳定而具有重复性的皮层电位,双侧皮层潜伏期差异无统计学意义,皮层潜伏期与身高和年龄均无显著正相关。S1SEP有望用于诊断S1神经根病及其他影响SEP近端传导通路的脊髓病变,由于S1SEP的传导通路较短,对局灶性脱髓鞘的神经病的检测,S1SEP的"稀释效应"更小。同时S1SEP还有望用于伴有周围神经病或截肢患者的脊柱后路手术的术中监护。     

皮层体感诱发电位与脊髓型颈椎病患者脊髓功能相关性

目的研究皮层体感诱发电位(cortical somatosensory evoked potentials,CSEP)与脊髓型颈椎病(cervical spondylitic myelopathy,CSM)患者脊髓功能的相关性。方法 2008年7月—2012年5月在本院诊断为CSM的患者67例。记录CSM患者CSEP与颈段脊髓传导功能的相关指标,包括N13、N20潜伏期,N9~N20、N9~N13峰间潜伏期(interpeak latency,IPL),P13~N13、P20~N20峰-峰值(peak-peak amplitude,PPA)。记录患者日本骨科学会(Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA)评分。将CSEP记录值与JOA评分关系绘制成散点图,当观察到点分布有直线趋势,进行直线相关分析。结果 N9~N13 IPL与JOA评分呈显著负相关。N13潜伏期和N9~N20 IPL与JOA评分呈负相关。结论 N9~N13 IPL与CSM患者脊髓功能障碍程度显著相关,可作为CSM患者脊髓功能评估的电生理指标。     

不同剂量异丙酚、咪唑安定和依托咪酯对上肢短潜伏期体感诱发电位的影响

观察3组不同剂量静脉麻醉药异丙酚、咪唑安定、依托咪酯对上肢短潜伏期体感诱发电位(SLSEP)影响。方法:90例择期手术患者,随机分成3组,每组再随机分为3个不同剂量组.分别单次静脉注射异丙酚1.5、2、3mg/kg,咪唑安定0.2、0.3、0.4mg/kg,依托咪酯0.15、0.3、0.4mg/kg,观察用药后对SLSEP的影响。结果:异丙酚组均对SLSEP的N_14、N_20潜伏期和CCT无明显影响,但使N_20-P_25波幅显著性抑制,该作用在用药后10分钟恢复。咪唑安定组均使N_20潜伏期和CCT显著延长,且在病人苏醒后仍未恢复,对N_(14)潜伏期无影响,N_(20)-P_(25)波幅出现明显下降。依托咪酯组出现N_(20)-P_(25)波幅明显增大,且在病人苏醒后仍未降至基础值,对潜伏期的影响与咪唑安定类似。结论:依托咪酯较适合术中行诱发电位监护时应用。     

颈椎病前路手术中体感诱发电位监护临床研究

目的探讨体感诱发电位监护(SSEP)在颈椎病前路手术中的应用价值。方法收治颈椎病前路手术患者142例,年龄37~75岁,男96例,女46例。神经根型颈椎病35例,脊髓型颈椎病107例。对照组83例无SSEP监护,监护组59例。在麻醉诱导后和摆放体位前确立SSEP基线,波幅降低50%或潜伏期延长10%为报警标准。记录SSEP报警因素及改善措施,术后明确有无医源性神经损伤。结果对照组无医源性神经损伤。监护组:真阳性2例出现报警,采取措施后解除报警;假阳性0例;真阴性56例SSEP无报警,无医源性神经损伤;假阴性1例SSEP无报警,术后右侧三角肌麻痹;SSEP监护医源性神经损伤的敏感性和特异性分别为66.7%和100%。结论 SSEP在颈椎病前路手术中监护脊髓损伤方面较敏感,对神经根损伤不敏感。     

Brainstem Origins of the N18 Component of the Somatosensory Evoked Response

Proposed generator sites for the N18 component of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) range in location from the medulla to the thalamus. Additional knowledge regarding the generators of the N18 will be important in interpreting the results of intra-operative monitoring during skull base surgery and providing the surgeon more specific information. The goal of this study was to use both intracranial electrical recording and the effects of acute brainstem ischemia in humans to further define the generators of N18. Monopolar electrodes were used to record SEP (after median nerve stimulation) from the brainstem surface in eight patients undergoing posterior fossa surgical procedures. Recordings were made from various locations, from the cervico-medullary junction to the level of the aqueduct of Sylvius. As the electrode moved rostrally on the brainstem surface, the difference in latencies between the scalp N18 potential and the electrode potential approached zero, suggesting an upper pontine-lower midbrain origin of the N18 potential. These findings were supported by the lack of change in the N18 potentials of ten patients with basilar tip aneurysms who experienced marked changes of their N20/P22 potentials during temporary occlusion of the distal basilar artery.     

硫喷妥钠对上肢短潜伏期体感诱发电位的影响

目的与方法：７例上肢感觉传导道无异常的病例,静脉注射硫喷妥钠５ｍｇ／ｋｇ后,分别观察注药前、注药后即刻、２、４和６ｍｉｎ上肢短潜伏期体感诱发电位,比较Ｐ１５、Ｎ２０、Ｐ２５各波的潜伏期以及Ｐ１５Ｎ２０、Ｎ２０Ｐ２５的峰间值。结果：各波潜伏期在注药后缩短,以注药后２、４ｍｉｎ最明显,６ｍｉｎ时已基本恢复,Ｐ１５Ｎ２０、Ｎ２０Ｐ２５峰间值在注药后减小,以２ｍｉｎ时减至最小,６ｍｉｎ时已基本恢复。结论：术中行体感诱发电位监测时,不宜使用硫喷妥钠。     

体感诱发电位皮层成份在监测脊柱手术中的作用

目的：评价监测体感染诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）Ｎ２０、Ｐ４０波在脊柱手术时的方法及意义。方法：对２２例脊柱手术病人进行上肢或下肢ＳＥＰ监测并进行术后随访。结果：１０例病人的Ｎ２０、Ｐ４０波潜延长大于１ｍｓ,波幅降低大于５０％,３例波形完全消失,但只有１例术后神经症状加重。结论：脊柱手术时仅则上肢或下肢ＳＥＰ皮层成份意义较小,需做多形式监测;判断时除既往异常标准外,需注意ＳＥＰ异常持续的时间及潜伏期无明显变     

Identification of Sensory Blockade by Somatosensory and Pain-induced Evoked Potentials

Background: To date, the anesthesia-induced blockade of nociceptive inputs is insufficiently reflected by commercially available electroencephalographic depth-of-anesthesia monitors. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the potential of somatosensory (SSEP) and intracutaneous pain evoked (iSEP) potentials during remifentanil and propofol anesthesia as electroencephalographic indicators of the nociceptive blockade.

Methods: Ten healthy men were investigated in a double-blind crossover design during three sessions with remifentanil, propofol, and placebo administration. All dosages were increased in a step-by-step mode. SSEP and iSEP recordings were performed followed by subjective pain ratings and measurement of level of sedation (modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale). Changes from baseline in evoked potential components, pain ratings, and sedation scale were assessed by Bonferroni-Holms-corrected Wilcoxon tests.

Results: Pain ratings were significantly reduced by remifentanil. Sedation scale was significantly reduced by propofol. Early SSEP components were not affected by medication. The amplitudes of the long latency SSEP components increased significantly with remifentanil, decreased with propofol, and did not change with placebo. The amplitudes of long latency components of the iSEP decreased significantly with both remifentanil and propofol and did not change with placebo.     

Effects of Different Doses of Epidural Midazolam on Spinal Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

Summary  The aim of this study is to find out the effects of different doses of midazolam, when used epidurally, on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) by delaying neuronal conduction. Thirty two New Zeland albino male rabbits were divided into four groups. All rabbits were anesthetised with ketamine and xylasine combination and atracurium was used as muscle relaxant. 10 mg/kg/hr ketamine infusion was used for maintenance of anesthesia. After insertion of the epidural catheter surgically; Group 1 received 1.5 ml isotonic saline (Control), Group 2 received 150 μg/kg, Group 3 received 250 μg/kg, and Group 4 received 500 μg/kg midazolam epidurally. With the stimulation of sciatic nerve, SEP records were recorded from the epidural space. Records were received before the injection of the drug, and 20, 40, 60 minutes after injection of the drug.  “Latancy” results were increased according to control in all groups (including isotonic saline-control-group). Increase in latancy in the control group was interpreted as due to the effect of temperature mismatch of the saline and the rabbits. While in the first and second group amplitudes showed no differences, group 3 and 4 showed decreases of up to 50%. Epidurally administered midazolam up to 150 μg/kg caused no change in SEP records, but 250 and 500 μg/kg doses caused decreases in SEP records which can lead to misinterpretation as neurological damage.     

Somatosensory and Motor Evoked Potentials in Patients with Tumours in the Spinal Canal

Summary  Motor and sensory evoked potentials were recorded in 27 patients with expanding spinal tumour. The patients were divided into 2 groups: I. tumours at the level of the spinal cord [18] and II. at the level of the cauda equina [9]. On the basis of the localization of the tumour, midline and lateral subgroups were distinguished.  The latencies of motor evoked potentials were prolonged in most of the patients, even those without paresis, in both groups. The motor evoked potentials detected subclinical motor lesions in 7 patients. All patients but one manifested sensory deficits, which could not be shown with the somatosensory evoked potentials.  Significantly more prolonged cortical motor latencies were found in most of the patients with a laterally located tumour on the tumour side than contralaterally, whereas in somatosensory evoked potentials this difference was not apparent.  On the basis of these observations, we concluded that motor evoked potentials, 1. could more reliably detect the neural deficit than somatosensory evoked potentials; 2. could show the side where the tumour was located; 3. proved useful in the detection of subclinical motor lesions. The general conclusion may be drawn that this electrophysiological method can provide useful information for the surgeon.     

麻醉对术中诱发电位监测的影响

诱发电位（EPS）能监测术中运动传导束和感觉传导束的功能．在减少术后神经系统并发症方面显示出很好的前景。已有报道EPS监测用于颅内手术和脊柱手术的术中监测以减少术后感觉和运动功能缺陷．也有报道其用子胸主动脉手术．监测术中有无脊髓缺血。很多常用的麻醉药物对EPS监测有抑制作用．而且某些麻醉药物对其抑制呈剂盛依赖性。因此．较好的了解麻醉药物对EPS的影响．才能更好的发挥EPS监测的作用。本文就麻醉对术中EPS监测的影响做一综述。     

体感诱发电位和感觉神经电位在产瘫诊治中的意义

目的 探讨体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）和感觉神经电位（ＳＮＡＰ）在诊断产伤所致臂丛神经损伤的性质及程度中的作用,方法 对４０例产瘫进行ＳＥＰ和ＳＮＡＰ测定,并探索适合小儿的检测方法,８记录电极均用表面电极,根据电生理测定结果作出定位诊断,为术式选择提供依据,结果有４０例产瘫电生理测定结果中经手术证实与临床符合３５例,占８７．５％,不符合５例,占１２．５％,符合率高,对临床诊断和治疗意义大,结论 ＳＥＰ和     

皮层诱发电位(CSEP)在脊柱手术监护中的应用

目的：通过术中皮层诱发电位监护减少术中脊髓损伤。方法：用体感诱发电位仪对68例脊柱手术行CSEP监护。结果：68例中，56例术中即出现波形改善；11例术中监护及术后波形无改变；仅1例术中监护未见异常，而术后出现不全瘫，16h后恢复。结论：术中皮层诱发电位监护可有效降低脊柱手术后四肢瘫的发生并可预测患者术恢复程度。     

Ulnar Nerve Pressure: Influence of Arm Position and Relationship to Somatosensory Evoked Potentials

Background: Although the ulnar nerve is the most frequent site of perioperative neuropathy, the mechanism remains undefined. The ulnar nerve appears particularly susceptible to external pressure as it courses through the superficial condylar groove at the elbow, rendering it vulnerable to direct compression and ischemia. However, there is disagreement among major anesthesia textbooks regarding optimal positioning of the arm during anesthesia.

Methods: To determine which arm position (supination, neutral orientation, or pronation) minimizes external pressure applied to the ulnar nerve, we studied 50 awake, normal volunteers using a computerized pressure sensing mat. An additional group of 15 subjects was tested on an operating Table withtheir arm in 30 [degree sign], 60 [degree sign], and 90 [degree sign] of abduction, as well as in supination, neutral orientation, and pronation. To determine the onset of clinical paresthesia compared to the onset and severity of somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) electrophysiologic changes, we studied a separate group of 16 male volunteers while applying intentional pressure directly to the ulnar nerve. Data are presented as mean (median; range).

Results: Supination minimizes direct pressure over the ulnar nerve at the elbow (2 mmHg [0; 0-23]; n = 50), compared with both neutral forearm orientation (69 mmHg [22; 0-220]; P < 0.0001), as well as pronation (95 mmHg [61; 0-220]; P < 0.0001). Neutral forearm orientation also results in significantly less pressure over the ulnar nerve compared to pronation (P or= to 20% in N9-N9' amplitude) were detected in 15 of 16 awake males during application of intentional pressure to the ulnar nerve. However, eight of these subjects did not perceive a paresthesia, even as SSEP waveform amplitudes were decreasing 23-72%. Two of these eight subjects manifested severe decreases in SSEP amplitude (>or= to 60%).