Facelift approach with a hybrid SMAS rotation advancement flap in parotidectomy for prevention of scars and contour deficiency affecting the neck and sweat secretion of the cheek

Tumors of the parotid gland are generally be removed by the standard external bayonet-shaped incision approach without reconstruction of the parotid bed. The disadvantage of this approach is frequently an obvious scar affecting the neck and a conspicuous hollow contour around the angle of the mandible in addition to a sweat secretion of the cheek (Frey syndrome). To overcome these disadvantages, especially the facial depressed deformity subsequent to parotid surgery, during the last several years, the author has concentrated on facelift incision used in combination with a hybrid SMAS rotation advancement flap. Twelve patients (7 male; 5 female) ranging in age from 32 to 73 years (mean age, 57.8 years) fulfilled the selection criterion of having a clinically benign discrete parotid lump with a benign preoperative fine-needle cytology result. Parotidectomy was performed using the modified facelift incision in conjunction with the rotation advancement hybrid SMAS flap. All patients were followed up every 3 months during the first year. During follow-up, the patients were specifically asked about their satisfaction with their postoperative appearance and whether they would consent to the operation again. The vascularized hybrid vicryl mesh/SMAS rotation advancement flap is clinically simple to perform and provides satisfactory cosmetic and functional results in patients undergoing conservative parotidectomy and prevents the gustatory sweating. There are no drawbacks to the use of the modified facelift incision to remove tumors of the parotid gland.     

Face-lift approach combined with a superficial musculoaponeurotic system advancement flap in parotidectomy

A standard bayonet-shaped incision with no reconstruction of the parotid bed is usually used for removal of parotid tumours. Its disadvantages are often an obvious cervical scar, a conspicuous shallow contour around the angle of the mandible, and gustatory sweating. We have studied 17 patients with benign parotid tumours, who were treated by superficial parotidectomy with a combination of a face-lift approach and a superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) advancement flap. The patients were followed up every 6 months for 3 years. All patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome, and the depression deformity was considerably less. This approach prevented gustatory sweating. We think that this approach is simple and a useful tool in parotidectomy.     

腮腺切除改良术式治疗腮腺良性肿瘤

目的了解腮腺切除改良术式治疗腮腺良性肿瘤的临床疗效。方法采用腮腺切除改良术式共治疗35例腮腺良性肿瘤患者，术式改良内容包括除皱术手术切口、解剖保留耳大神经后支、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣填塞术区、术后负压引流。结果本组35例患者术后出现Frey综合征者2例，发生涎瘘者1例，出现暂时性面神经功能减弱者7例，术侧耳垂和耳廓背部皮肤感觉均暂时性减弱，术后美容效果满意率100％。结论腮腺切除改良术式治疗腮腺良性肿瘤既可取得良好的美容效果，又可降低并发症发生率，值得在临床推广。     

面部除皱切口和胸锁乳突肌瓣转移整复术在腮腺全叶切除术中的应用

目的：探讨腮腺全叶切除术中,面部除皱切口减少面部瘢痕,胸锁乳突肌瓣修复面部凹陷的临床应用,为修复腮腺全叶切除术后的面部轮廓缺陷提供临床依据。方法：挑选53例术前初步诊断为腮腺良性病变的患者,选择腮腺全叶切除,术中采用面部除皱切口,解剖面神经并切除腮腺全叶后,以胸锁乳突肌上端为蒂部,以乳突尖下1.5～2cm处为肌瓣旋转轴点,根据缺损大小切取肌瓣,向前旋转,远端缝合至咬肌,以填充修复缺损,分层缝合腮腺咬肌筋膜、皮下组织及皮肤。结果：53例患者术后面部瘢痕不明显,左右面部基本对称,患者均对面部轮廓外形满意。结论：在腮腺全叶切除术中采用面部除皱切口有瘢痕隐蔽,不影响面部美观的临床作用;胸锁乳突肌瓣血供丰富,易于成活,切取及转移方便,为自体组织,无排异反应,是腮腺全叶切除术后修复面部轮廓外形的理想组织。     

Minimally invasive endoscopic resection of benign tumours of the accessory parotid gland: an updated approach

The most common conventional approaches for the resection of benign tumours in the accessory parotid gland are a standard parotidectomy incision, a modified standard parotidectomy incision, or a face-lift incision. The resulting scars may severely affect the patient's postoperative appearance. The previously reported endoscopically assisted approach offers a less aesthetically invasive technique, but it may still leave a visible preauricular scar 4–5 cm long. We have used a modified endoscopic approach with minimal, and concealed, incisions for the resection of benign tumours in the accessory parotid gland. Five patients were diagnosed by physical examination, imaging, and preoperative fine-needle aspiration biopsy. They had endoscopically assisted resections using our modified approach, and we evaluated its feasibility. All the resections were successful. The mean operating time was 108 min (range 90–130). The postoperative scars were concealed and aesthetically satisfactory. There were no facial paralyses, salivary fistulas, or recurrences in the short term. Using endoscopically assisted resection we completely removed benign tumours from the accessory parotid gland and obtained good aesthetic results. Our updated endoscopic approach for these resections is successful with shorter, concealed incisions. It is a viable alternative to conventional approaches.     

Surgical resection of clinically benign tumours in the maxillomandibular deep lobe of the parotid gland via sternocleidomastoid muscle–parotid space approach

This article reports the surgical resection of clinically benign tumours in the maxillomandibular deep lobe of the parotid gland via sternocleidomastoid muscle–parotid space (SPS) approach. The use of maxillary–mandibular planes to subdivide the deep lobe of the parotid gland in order to establish the tumour location and accessibility is introduced. This approach, which does not raise a skin flap, may preserve the superficial lobe. Ten patients with clinically benign tumours in the maxillomandibular deep lobe of the parotid gland were treated via the SPS approach. The patients were followed up for 3–5 years and the surgical outcomes were analysed. All tumours were completely enucleated via the SPS approach with an optimal aesthetic outcome. No permanent facial weakness or tumour recurrence was identified during the 3–5 years of follow-up. The SPS approach to surgical resection is an ideal option for clinically benign tumours in the maxillomandibular deep lobe of the parotid gland and demonstrates good results.     

Extracapsular lumpectomy and SMAS flap for benign parotid tumours: an early outcome in a small number of cases on Frey's syndrome and facial nerve dysfunction.

Parotidectomy is the most common approach for benign salivary neoplasms. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively analyse no. 34 extracapsular lumpectomies (ELs) performed with superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) flaps on 32 patients for benign parotid tumours. Based on the extent of the surgical defect the surgical resection was associated with sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle rotation flap in 8 patients, superficial temporal artery fascial flap (STAFF) in 2, and temporalis muscle rotation flap in 2. None of the patients affected by pleomorphic adenoma or Warthin's tumour had a complete facial palsy. Only 1 patient (2.9%) had a postoperative transient partial facial paralysis with incomplete eye closure. Neither haematoma formation, nor wound infection was observed, while seroma formation occurred in only 1 patient (2.9%). No cases of Frey's syndrome occurred. An SMAS flap should be performed in primary postparotidectomy reconstruction; a temporoparietal fascia flap (TPFF) if a major defect is anticipated, or when the SMAS has to be resected; an SCM muscle flap covered by an SMAS flap is the method of choice in more extensive rare defects.     

改良耳周切口在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的 评价改良耳周切口在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中应用的临床效果.方法 32例腮腺良性肿瘤患者,应用改良耳周切口行区域性腺体切除术、保留面神经和耳大神经的腮腺良性肿瘤切除术.术后随访,观察改良耳周切口的美观度及临床疗效.结果 所有患者均临床Ⅰ期愈合,无涎瘘发生.随访3 ～ 36个月,患者术后切口隐蔽,瘢痕小,腮腺区凹陷畸形不明显;无1例复发;有1例患者出现Frey's综合征;5例患者术后出现耳垂麻木,术后3 ～10个月内逐渐得到恢复.对32例患者行面神经功能评价:3例患者House-Brackmann分级为Ⅱ级,其余均为Ⅰ级.患者对切口的美观度比较满意.结论 改良耳周切口隐蔽,瘢痕小,并发症低于传统术式,术后美容效果理想.     

SMAS folded flap and allograft dermal matrix repairing parotid bed following parotidectomy to prevent facial deformity and Frey''''s syndrome

PURPOSE:This study evaluates the outcome of superficial musculoaponeurotic system(SMAS) and allograft dermal matrix(ADM) in preventing facial deformity and Frey's syndrome following parotidectomy.METHODS:Forty-six patients with benign parotid tumors were randomly assigned to 4 groups.The control group consisted of 12 patients who underwent a total parotidectomy;The AMD group consisted of 10 patients who underwent a total parotidectomy and underwent intraoperative placement of ADM within the parotid bed;SMAS group consisted of 11patients who underwent a total parotidectomy and SMAS folded flaps to repair parotid bed;and SMAS plus AMD group consisted of 13 patients who underwent a total parotidectomy and intraoperative placement of ADM to repair parotid bed with SMAS folded flaps.All 46 patients were evaluated via a short questionnaire regarding perception of a facial contour deformity,Frey's syndrome,modified Minor's starch-Iodine test(MSIT) ,and clinical examination.RESULTS:Twelve months of follow-up was conducted after the treatment,the rates of satisfaction with the post-operative facial contour were 33.3%(4/12) ,40.0%(4/10) ,91.9%(10/11) and 100%(13/13) respectively in the control group,AMD group,SMAS group and SMAS plus AMD group,and the difference between the SMAS plus AMD group and the former two groups was statistically significant(P< 0.05) .The incidences of objective Frey's syndrome by MSIT were 50.0 %(6/12) ,20.0%(2/10) ,27.3%(3/11) and 7.7%(1/13) respectively,and the difference between the SMAS plus AMD group and the control groups was statistically significant(P<0.05) .CONCLUSION:The SMAS folded flap is clinically simple to perform,which can prevent depressed facial deformity.Combination of SMAS folded flap and ADM can reduce the incidence of Frey's syndrome in patients undergoing parotidectomy.     

改良美容切口联合胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的:探究改良美容切口联合胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺肿瘤切除术中的应用.方法:选取2016年8月～2020年7月在我院接受腮腺良性肿瘤切除术治疗的104例腮腺良性肿瘤患者,按照随机分组法分为改良美容切口组与联合治疗组,各52例.改良美容切口组选择改良美容切口,联合治疗组选择改良美容切口并采用胸锁乳突肌瓣进行组织缺损区修复.记录...     

Wide excision of accessory parotid gland with anterior approach

Accessory parotid gland tissue has been described as salivary tissue adjacent to the Stensen duct that is distinctly separate from the main body of the parotid gland. Of all parotid gland tumors, 1% to 8% arise from the accessory parotid gland. Little is known about the accessory parotid gland, and it is seldom mentioned in the literature. Between 1999 and 2010, we have treated and followed 8 patients with tumors of the accessory parotid gland. There were 5 males and 3 females with a mean age of 35 years. They all presented with an asymptomatic cheek mass, and 4 of them underwent fine-needle aspiration. Ultrasound or computed tomographic scan was used in all patients. All the patients underwent surgical intervention with standard parotidectomy incision and anterior extension. The mean follow-up time was 44 months (range, 6-120 months). Seven patients had benign disease. Four cases were pleomorphic adenoma, and the remaining 3 benign cases were parotid cyst, basal cell adenoma, and hemangioma. Only 1 patient had a malignant tumor that was a lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. In 7 cases, wide excision (excision of mass and accessory lobe of the parotid gland) was done because of the intra-accessory parotid gland lesion. One patient had concomitant superficial parotidectomy because the tumor was located very close to and has involved the parotid gland proper. There was no serious postoperative complication and recurrence. Prudent preoperative diagnostic evaluation and meticulous surgical approach are the keys to successful management of midcheek lesions. A wide excision of the accessory lobe of the parotid gland can be a definitive surgery in case of solitary tumor with an intact parotid fascia, and wide excision with anterior approach through a standard parotidectomy incision is preferred to a direct incision over the mass.     

改良耳后发际切口联合蒂在下胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中的应用研究

目的 评价改良耳后发际切口联合蒂在下胸锁乳突肌瓣修复腮腺良性肿瘤中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析48例接受腮腺良性肿瘤切除术的患者,其中试验组采用改良耳后发际切口联合蒂在下胸锁乳突肌瓣修复19例,对照组采用改良美容切口29例,比较两组的手术时间、术后引流量、术后美观程度及术后面神经麻痹、涎瘘、Frey综合征的发生率.结果...     

SMAS及胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺肿瘤外科中的应用

目的评价面部表浅肌肉筋膜系统(Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System,SMAS)及胸锁乳突肌瓣在腮腺肿瘤外科中应用的临床价值。方法 43例腮腺肿瘤患者,随机分为2组,术中均采用保留面神经和耳大神经,实验组肿瘤切除后以SMAS及胸锁乳突肌瓣覆盖填塞缺损术区,对照组直接关闭创口。结果两组患者均达临床Ⅰ期愈合,无涎瘘发生。实验组Frey's综合征发生率及面部凹陷畸形满意度均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论将SMAS及胸锁乳突肌瓣应用于腮腺肿瘤外科中,有效抑制了Frey's综合征发生率,且远期美容效果较好,具有较高临床应用价值。     

Dermofat graft after superficial parotidectomy via a modified face-lift incision to prevent Frey syndrome and depressed deformity

Superficial parotidectomy is a well-established treatment for the early stages of tumors involving the parotid gland. However, there are 3 problems with traditional superficial parotidectomies: (1) cosmetic problems, such as scars, especially around the neck; (2) depressed deformities; and (3) Frey syndrome. A superficial parotidectomy via a modified face-lift incision with dermofat graft provides a solution for these problems and should be considered as an alternative technique in select patients.     

Diagnosis and treatment of epithelial salivary gland tumours in children and adolescents

In a series of 2,871 epithelial salivary gland neoplasms managed in the Peking University School of Stomatology between 1974 and 1999, 86 arose in children <16 years of age (52 parotid, 12 submandibular gland, 2 sublingual gland, and 20 minor salivary gland). Considerable delay was encountered in diagnosis (benign 24 months and malignant 16 months). In this group of children, 46 tumours (53%) proved to be malignant, with an incidence in the parotid, submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glands of 31/52 (60%), 2/12, 0/2, and 13/20 (65%), respectively. Sixty-six of 86 neoplasms (77%) occurred in children between 10 and 16 years of age. Only six neoplasms were encountered in children of 5 years or younger, four of which were high-grade malignant tumours. Benign tumours were successfully treated by local excision with only one recurrence. Of 46 malignant neoplasms, 8 were treated palliatively; of the remainder 8 were lost to follow-up and 2 patients died of their disease.     

解剖面神经颧支在腮腺切除术中的临床应用

目的：总结解剖面神经颧支在腮腺良性肿瘤切除术中的临床应用。方法：采用经典的面部除皱手术切口,在腮腺嚼肌筋膜下翻瓣,先在耳屏前颧弓下解剖显露面神经的颧支,然后沿该支显露面神经的颞面干及面神经总干,再根据肿瘤的位置沿总干选择性地解剖面神经颈面干及各分支,行肿瘤及腮腺部分切除术。最后采用蒂在上方的胸锁乳突肌肌瓣转移填塞腮腺切除后的凹陷区,避免了常规术式术后耳前区的凹陷畸形。结果：采用该术式对19例患者行腮腺良性肿瘤切除术,所有手术均顺利完成,术后随访3～4年,患者面部疤痕不明显,外形恢复良好,面神经损伤均完全恢复。结论：本术式更易于显露和保护面神经,改善术后面部畸形。     

腮腺良性肿瘤功能性外科治疗的临床分析

目的:比较不同手术方式治疗腮腺良性肿瘤的疗效,临床参数和术后并发症。方法:88例腮腺良性肿瘤患者被随机分为2组,传统术式组47例,即保留面神经,肿瘤及腮腺切除术;功能性外科治疗术式组41例,即美容除皱切口、胸锁乳突肌肌瓣、植入脱细胞真皮基质和保留面神经及耳大神经的肿瘤及腮腺部分切除术。通过3～30个月的随访,观察术后肿瘤复发、面瘫、涎瘘、Frey综合征、耳廓区麻木感、面部外形、口干、手术时间、出血量及术后住院时间情况。结果:2组相比,面瘫、肿瘤复发、口干和涎瘘发生率以及手术时间、出血量、术后住院时间差异均无显著性。传统的术式组耳廓区麻木感、Frey综合征和面部外形明显不对称的发生率分别为65.96%、31.91%和42.55%;功能性腮腺切除术组的发生率分别为36.59%7、.32%和9.76%(P<0.05)。结论:与传统腮腺术式相比,功能性腮腺切除术不增加手术时间和出血量,术后并发症较少。     

Salivary gland tumours treated in the stomatological clinics in Bratislava.

During the period of 1951-1996 a group of 1021 patients (484 men and 537 women, mean age 53 years, range 2-87 years) with salivary gland tumours were analysed retrospectively. The mean follow-up period was 8 years (range 10 months-25 years). The frequency of benign tumours was 74% (n = 755) and malignant tumours 26% (n = 266). Lesions were sited in the parotid gland 83% (n = 847), in the submandibular gland 10.8% (n = 110), in the sublingual gland 3.2% (n = 33) and in the minor salivary glands 3% (n = 31). The most common benign tumours were pleomorphic adenoma in 53.9% (n = 550) and Warthin's tumour 9.7% (n = 99). Of the malignancies, the adenoid cystic carcinoma was most common (6.4% of cases, n = 65) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma occurred in 5.2% (n = 53). The predominant therapy was surgery alone or in combination with postoperative radiotherapy in 93.7% (957 cases), radiotherapy alone after fine needle aspiration biopsy for 4.7%, and 19 patients remained untreated.     

Minimal incision in parotidectomy

Conservative parotidectomy has been for years an effective and well-established technique. Recently, aesthetic considerations have been reviewed. A minimal pre- and retroauricular incision is proposed that does not extend to the hair-bearing skin. This reduces the length of the scar and the extent of the dissection improving aesthetic results. This is a retrospective study of 32 parotidectomies performed through this incision because of benign parotid diseases and diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The minimal incision is mainly indicated in small and medium-sized tumours located in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. Neither operating time nor the morbidity associated with parotidectomy is increased with this safe and effective technique for the treatment of benign parotid masses.     

耳后发际联合耳屏缘切口在腮腺上极良性肿瘤切除术的应用

目的 探讨耳后发际联合耳屏缘切口在腮腺上极良性肿瘤切除术的临床效果.方法 采用耳后发际联合耳屏缘切口对20例腮腺上极良性肿瘤行手术治疗并分析其疗效与美容效果.结果 20例患者腮腺上极良性肿瘤均被顺利完整切除,术中冰冻及术后常规病理报告均为良性.术后2例出现暂时性耳垂麻木,1例出现暂时性面神经颧支麻痹,1例发生术后涎瘘;所有病例无味觉出汗综合征、无术后出血、无皮瓣坏死等并发症,随访24~48月,未见复发,手术切口疤痕不明显,美容效果满意.结论 腮腺上极良性肿物切除术应用耳后发际联合耳屏缘切口术式安全、可行,切口隐蔽.