二甲双胍对糖耐量异常患者的治疗作用观察

目的观察二甲双胍对糖耐量减低（IGT）患者的治疗效果。方法98例IGT患者采用随机双盲法分成二甲双胍组和安慰剂组,观察两组二甲双胍和安慰剂干预治疗2a后空腹血糖（FPG）及葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）后2h血糖（2hPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、胰岛素抵抗指数、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和OGTT后2h胰岛素（2hPINS）水平的变化。结果干预治疗2a后,二甲双胍组与安慰剂组比较FPG、2hPG、TC、TG、LDL、FINS及2hPINS均明显下降（P〈0．05）;安慰剂组糖尿病的发病率为18．4％,二甲双胍组糖尿病的发病率为4．1％,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论二甲双胍能够降低IGT人群糖尿病的发病率,减轻胰岛素抵抗的同时,可使IGT明显改善。     

二甲双胍干预治疗葡萄糖耐量减低临床分析

应用二甲双胍干预治疗葡萄糖耐量减低（IGT）患者,分析探讨其临床应用价值。方法：选择100例临床确诊的IGT患者,随机分为二组,对照组47例,予以锻炼,饮食控制等生活方式干预。二甲双胍组在上述锻炼、生活方式干预基础上应用二甲双胍250mg每日3次,持续3个月后,二甲双胍组较对照组糖尿病发病率明显下降,同时体重指数（BMI）血脂（TC、LDL-C）等方面较对照组明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。     

阿卡波糖与二甲双胍治疗糖尿病前期疗效的探讨

目的分析针对糖尿病前期患者应用阿卡波糖和二甲双胍的临床疗效。方法对照组以阿卡波糖治疗,观察组加用二甲双胍治疗。结果观察组的糖尿病发病率为12.50%,对照组为57.50%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组空腹血糖等指标低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病前期患者联用阿卡波糖及二甲双胍可有效抑制糖尿病发病率。     

阿卡波糖对糖耐量减低患者血清C反应蛋白的干预作用

目的 探讨阿卡波糖对糖耐量减低(IGT)患者血清C反应蛋白的影响.方法 126例符合诊断标准的IGT患者被随机分成3组,各42例.对照组给予安慰剂;生活方式干预组定期接受健康教育指导,遵循个性化的饮食方案及运动方案;药物干预组给予50 mg阿卡波糖,进餐时嚼服,每天3次.定期随访观察,共治疗16周.治疗前后,检测患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2 h PG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血脂以及血清C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,并与健康人群指标相比较.结果 IGT患者与健康人群仅血清CRP有统计学差异(P＜0.05).药物干预组FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c水平均较对照组、生活方式干预组明显降低(P＜0.05);同时,CRP水平亦显著降低,且明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 阿卡波糖能有效降低血清CRP水平,有利于IGT状态的治疗.     

沙格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病的临床效果观察

选择2015年10月-2016年9月老年T_2DM患者50例,随机数表法平分为对照组阿卡波糖与二甲双胍治疗,观察组则给予二甲双胍与沙格列汀联合治疗。结果:治疗后观察组HbA1c、FPG及2hPG水平均低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后观察组HOMA-IR低于对照组(P0.05);两组体质指数对比,(P0.05)。结论:沙格列汀与二甲双胍联合治疗老年T_2DM效果确切,降糖效果理想,安全高效。     

西格列汀联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病疗效分析

目的探讨单服二甲双胍(metformin)治疗未达标的老年2型糖尿病患者(T2DM)加用西格列汀(sitagliptin)的有效性及安全性。方法入选2015年5月至2016年9月中关村医院内分泌科单服二甲双胍控制不佳的老年T2DM患者52例,其中男性30例,女性22例,年龄65~78(68.0±8.0)岁。随机分成西格列汀组和阿卡波糖(acarbose)组,每组26例(男性15例,女性11例)。西格列汀组患者口服西格列汀100 mg/次,1次/d,阿卡波糖组患者口服阿卡波糖50 mg/次,3次/d,两组患者同时口服二甲双胍500 mg/次,3次/d,连续治疗12周。观察两组患者服药12周后空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)等指标变化,并记录低血糖、胃肠道不良反应的发生情况。结果两组患者治疗前FPG、2hPG和HbA1c差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗12周后,两组患者FPG、2hPG和HbA1c较治疗前均明显降低,并且西格列汀组较阿卡波糖组2hPG和HbA1c下降更显著,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗期间两组患者无低血糖发生,阿卡波糖组4例发生腹胀,排气增加,两组患者不良反应发生差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论西格列汀与二甲双胍联用治疗T2DM患者疗效显著且安全。     

阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的探讨阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床效果。方法选取在该院接受2型糖尿病治疗的患者42例为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组21例患者。观察组患者给予阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍治疗,对照组患者给予二甲双胍治疗,观察两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果观察组患者治疗12周之后的FPG、2 h PG以及Hb Alc情况和血糖控制的有效率明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论在对2型糖尿病患者实施治疗的过程中,阿卡波糖联合二甲双胍的运用可以提高血糖控制的有效性,改善患者的各项临床指标,具有显著的效果,值得临床推广。     

地特胰岛素联合低剂量二甲双胍、阿卡波糖治疗老年2型糖尿病超重与肥胖患者疗效及安全性的观察

目的探讨老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者在口服降糖药基础上加用每日一次地特胰岛素(Det)治疗的临床疗效及安全性。方法 93例老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者随机分为A、B组。A组口服二甲双胍+阿卡波糖(Met+Acarbose);B组二甲双胍+阿卡波糖+Det(Met+Acarbose+Det),疗程24周。观察两组治疗前后FPG、2hPG、BMI、HbA1c及低血糖发生率等情况。结果 24周后,B组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、BMI较基线及A组降低(P0.05),且无夜间低血糖发生。结论 Det联合低剂量二甲双胍+阿卡波糖可有效控制老年T2DM超重、肥胖患者血糖,优于单纯口服给药,并能控制体重,且无夜间低血糖发生。     

那格列奈对社区糖调节受损人群的干预研究

目的观察那格列奈治疗糖调节受损的效果。方法将94例糖调节受损患者随机分为药物组47例,对照组47例。两组均进行饮食和运动干预,同时药物组进行口服那格列奈治疗,每次120mg,3次／d。受试者每2周复查空腹血糖（FPG）、口服75g葡萄糖后2h血糖（2hPG）,每半年复查糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。结果随访18个月结束时,药物组有1例失访,对照组有4例失访。两组患者治疗后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。药物组出现1例不良反应。结论给予糖调节受损药物干预对预防糖尿病发生有重要意义。     

阿卡波糖对糖耐量受损者糖尿病和心血管疾病的预防作用

为评价药物干预对糖耐量受损(IGT)者的糖尿病和心血管疾病的预防作用,对116例IGT患者进行3年的临床观察,结果发现,阿卡波糖干预组糖尿病及冠心病的发病率低于对照组。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.