面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的 为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法 采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损45例,共用组织瓣90个。其中胸三角皮瓣58个（占64％）,依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果 45例洞穿性缺损所用90个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者87个,成活率达97％,全部或大部分坏死的3个（占3％）。结论 面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

面颌部洞穿缺损的双皮瓣及肌皮瓣修复

目的为解决由各种原因引起的面颌部洞穿性缺损的修复问题。方法采用两个带蒂的组织瓣搭配使用修复面颌部洞穿缺损４５例,共用组织瓣９０个。其中胸三角皮瓣５８个（占６４％）,依次是颈阔肌肌皮瓣,胸大肌肌皮瓣,额部皮瓣,胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣,背阔肌肌皮瓣等。结果４５例洞穿性缺损所用９０个组织瓣中全部成活及绝大部分成活者８７个,成活率达９７％,全部或大部分坏死的３个（占３％）。结论面颌部洞穿性缺损即刻修复是可行的。修复洞穿缺损有多种皮瓣、肌皮瓣可供选择;提出胸三角皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣等是修复面颌部洞穿性缺损的优质组织瓣。临床应用中取得了功能与外形同时修复的效果。     

岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损尤其是面颊部洞穿性组织缺损修复中的应用.方法 以胸锁乳突肌上端为蒂部,蒂部包含枕动脉,以乳突尖下2 cm处为肌皮瓣旋转轴点,根据缺损部位及大小进行肌皮瓣设计,以该点至缺损区最远点为肌瓣的长度,肌瓣宽度以稍大于创面宽度即可,但最大宽度不宜超过7 cm,下界不超过锁骨下2 cm.沿设计线切开,切断胸锁乳突肌起点,在胸锁乳突肌下分离切取皮瓣.蒂部仅包含胸锁乳突肌而不带皮肤.肌皮瓣经蒂部与缺损之间皮下隧道转移至缺损区,逐层缝合切口.供区视缺损大小可行直接拉拢缝合或邻近皮瓣转移或植皮修复.结果 应用岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣转移修复面颊部组织缺损12例,其中面颊部软组织肿瘤10例,颊部洞穿性缺损2例,术后肌皮瓣全部成活,被修复处色泽、厚度及外形均尚满意.结论 岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣血供丰富,血管恒定,切取及转移方便,是修复面颊部较大面积复合组织缺损的理想肌皮瓣.     

岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣在面颊部复合组织缺损尤其是面颊部洞穿性组织缺损修复中的应用.方法 以胸锁乳突肌上端为蒂部,蒂部包含枕动脉,以乳突尖下2 cm处为肌皮瓣旋转轴点,根据缺损部位及大小进行肌皮瓣设计,以该点至缺损区最远点为肌瓣的长度,肌瓣宽度以稍大于创面宽度即可,但最大宽度不宜超过7 cm,下界不超过锁骨下2 cm.沿设计线切开,切断胸锁乳突肌起点,在胸锁乳突肌下分离切取皮瓣.蒂部仅包含胸锁乳突肌而不带皮肤.肌皮瓣经蒂部与缺损之间皮下隧道转移至缺损区,逐层缝合切口.供区视缺损大小可行直接拉拢缝合或邻近皮瓣转移或植皮修复.结果 应用岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣转移修复面颊部组织缺损12例,其中面颊部软组织肿瘤10例,颊部洞穿性缺损2例,术后肌皮瓣全部成活,被修复处色泽、厚度及外形均尚满意.结论 岛状胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣血供丰富,血管恒定,切取及转移方便,是修复面颊部较大面积复合组织缺损的理想肌皮瓣.     

岛状额瓣加胸锁乳突肌皮瓣一期修复颊癌术后大面积洞穿性缺损一例

目的探讨颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的修复方法和胸锁乳突肌皮瓣、额瓣联合修复的优缺点。方法2003年7月行颊癌扩大切除,功能性颈淋巴清扫术患者1例,遗留组织缺损范围皮面9 cm×7 cm,黏膜面4.5 cm×3.0 cm。以甲状腺上血管、枕动脉和颈外静脉胸锁乳突肌肌支为血管蒂的胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复颊黏膜面,以颞浅血管为血管蒂的岛状额瓣修复颊部皮面,皮瓣大小分别为5 cm×3 cm和10 cm×6 cm。结果患者术后皮瓣、皮片均全部成活,创面Ⅰ期愈合。2周痊愈出院,颊部皮色、质地好。随访1年,肿瘤无复发,生活自理,语言、饮食正常。结论胸锁乳突肌皮瓣和额部岛状瓣可作为颊癌术后颊部大面积洞穿性缺损的一期修复的方法,操作简便、易行,且经济。     

颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损

目的探讨使用颈阔肌肌皮瓣或联合胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣修复口腔颌面部因肿瘤切除后所致缺损的临床效果。方法对11例口腔颌面部缺损的病人应用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修复方法治疗，其中以颈阔肌为肌蒂的颈阔肌肌皮瓣5例，以颈阔肌－胸锁乳突肌联合式肌蒂的颈阔肌肌皮瓣6例。皮瓣从下颌角外侧途径转入受区者5例，从下颌骨内侧途径转移入受区者6例。11例颈阔肌肌皮瓣供区缺损均用胸前旋转皮瓣关闭。结果11例随访时间显6个月～1年，皮瓣全部成活。成功率100％，转移后的颈阔肌肌皮瓣色泽已同周围粘膜色泽相似，张口不受限，外形好。结论颈阔肌肌皮瓣是修复口腔颌面部缺损行之有效的手术方法。     

应用瓦合式游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复面中部肿瘤切除术后洞穿性缺损

目的：探讨应用瓦合式游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复面中部皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后洞穿性缺损的方法。方法：对下睑、内眦等面中部复发肿瘤进行扩大根治切除。对于切除肿瘤后形成的洞穿性缺损,应用瓦合式游离背阔肌肌皮瓣进行修复。结果：应用瓦合式游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复面中部皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后洞穿性缺损9例,肌皮瓣全部成活,外形良好。术后半年复查未见局部复发。3例患者于术后半年接受皮瓣去脂术。结论：应用瓦合式游离背阔肌肌皮瓣修复面中部皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后洞穿性缺损成功率高,可达到功能和外形同时修复的效果。     

颈部放射性溃疡的治疗

目的:探讨颈部放射性溃疡的手术方法。方法:彻底或姑息性切除颈部放射性溃疡组织后,根据颈部组织损伤程度的不同,分别用同侧胸三角皮瓣或胸大肌肌皮瓣进行颈部缺损的修复,供区使用全厚皮片修复。结果:11例胸三角皮瓣、3例胸大肌肌皮瓣全部成活,愈合良好,术后患者生活质量明显改善。结论:胸三角皮瓣与胸大肌肌皮瓣血运可靠,是修复颈部放射性溃疡的有效、简单和安全的方法。     

应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法修复大型腭部洞穿性缺损

目的 探讨大型腭部洞穿性缺损修复的方法.方法 2003年至2006年,我们应用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法为7例患者进行了腭部洞穿性缺损修复,共使用皮瓣8块,其中前臂游离皮瓣7块,胸大肌岛状瓣1块.结果 除1例前臂游离皮瓣因动脉栓塞失败外,其余组织瓣完全成活,再造腭部形态良好.患者可经口腔正常进食,并进行基本正常的语言交流.结论 利用前臂游离皮瓣折叠法进行大型腭部洞穿性缺损的修复,是一种有效可行的方法.     

面颊部洞穿性缺损修复方法的探讨

为了探讨面颊部洞穿性缺损的修复方法，利用缺损边缘皮瓣翻转、局部唇颊瓣转移、带蒂肌皮瓣及游离皮瓣吻合移植等作为洞穿性缺损的衬里；面颊部局部皮瓣、远位肌皮瓣带蒂转移或吻合移植等修复皮肤缺损。自１９７５年以来，临床共修复面颊部洞穿性缺损２８例，除１例皮瓣远端部分坏死外，皮瓣均成活，颊部功能及外形良好。由此认为面颊部洞穿性缺损修复时尽量选用邻近皮瓣作为衬里，皮肤覆盖应采用局部皮瓣为主，其色泽、质地与缺损区相近，术后外形较好。     

Reconstruction of perforating defects of the maxillofacial region with double flaps]

OBJECTIVE: To solve the problems in restoration of perforating (full thickness) defects in the maxillofacial region. METHODS: Double flaps have been used to reconstruct the defects. Forty-five patients with full thickness defects on the maxillofacial region were treated with 90 flaps, including 58 (64%) deltopectoral flaps, the platysma myocutaneous flap, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, sternomastoid myocutaneous flap, forehead flap and latissimus myocutaneous flap. RESULTS: The operation results were satisfactory. Of the 90 flaps, 87 flaps survived completely or subtotally with a successful rate of 97%. Three flaps sustained total or large necrosis. CONCLUSION: A number of flaps can be used for repairing the full thickness defects of the maxillofacial region, especially the deltopectoral flap, the platysma myocutaneous flap and the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. They can provide excellent external cover or internal lining. They are well vascularized, hairless and colour-matched.     

Single stage reconstructions in head and neck surgery using deltopectoral and pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps

Even though free tissue transfers are a routine in many centres, pedicle flaps still have a huge roll to play in our country. There are many centres in the country where pedicle flaps are in use because of logistic problems. Deltopectoral and pectoralis muscle flaps are usually preferred for composite cheek defects. When both these flaps are used in combination it is a two-staged procedure. We describe a single-stage procedure to reconstruct a composite cheek defect with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for lining and single-stage deltopectoral flap for cover. In the available literature search, single-stage DP and PMMC have not been described for management of composite cheek defect.KEY WORDS: Cheek defect, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, platysma myocutaneous flap, single-stage deltopectoral flap     

多种区域组织瓣在口腔颌面部缺损修复中的应用分析

目的:寻找口腔颌面部缺损的理想修复方法。方法:对97例口腔颌面部缺损,根据缺损部位、性质、范围,分别采用鼻唇沟皮瓣(6例),邻位滑行皮瓣(13例),Abbe瓣(4例),胸大肌肌皮瓣(17例),颈阔肌肌皮瓣(14例),下斜方肌肌皮瓣(4例),前臂皮瓣(13例),额瓣(6例),颞肌筋膜瓣修复(6例),舌瓣(11例),腓骨肌皮瓣(3例),观察修复效果。结果:97例区域组织瓣中,胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死1例,下斜方肌肌皮瓣尖端坏死1例,另1例胸大肌皮瓣术后放疗后坏死(术后4月),其余皮瓣存活,外形基本满意。所有患者均能进食,97%能正常饮食(食饭),其余可流质饮食。舌、腭、咽、口底肿物T3以上,术后语音轻度影响。结论:采用以上多种区域组织瓣修复口腔颌面部缺损,建议应尽可能采用邻近带蒂皮瓣;对于较大缺损修复主要是修复组织缺损,采用不同组织修复缺损,对进食、语音影响似区别不大,日后尚需作深入研究。     

颈部高压电烧伤的修复

目的 探讨颈部高压电烧伤的修复方法. 方法 1985年以来笔者单位共收治37例颈部高压电烧伤患者,清创后采用背阔肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、颈阔肌肌皮瓣、胸大肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣联合胸大肌肌皮瓣移植修复创面. 结果 除3例皮瓣边缘部分坏死(坏死带宽1～2 cm)外,其余皮瓣成活,移植局部外观、功能恢复满意. 结论颈部高压电烧伤后,早期彻底清创并采用带蒂肌皮瓣及联合皮瓣修复是一种安全、有效、可靠的方法.     

Treatment of radiation necrosis of skin, muscle and bone in oncology

Following the wide excision of radiation necrosis, the treatment of these lesions has been transformed by the use of the myocutaneous flap technique. The most widely used, flaps are latissimus dorsi flaps for chest wall, subclavicular defects, pectoralis major flaps for defects of the neck and lower part of the face, fascia lata flaps to treat lesions of the groin and lower abdominal wall, gracilis flaps for perineal defects, gluteus maximus flaps for the ischial and sacral region. Due to their good blood supply and their thickness, they can be used to repair large defects and they ensure very good protection against infection. Omentum can be useful when a myocutaneous flap cannot be performed or in association with this flap. Good cosmetic results can be obtained with free myocutaneous flaps for lesions located on the head or on the limbs. Such flaps require micro vascular anastomoses.     

Reconstruction of the chin using an expanded deltopectoral flap following multiple recurrences of oral cancer

An important alternative to free tissue transfer in patients requiring correction of soft tissue chin defects are local and regional flaps, such as the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and deltopectoral flap. With predictable vascular supply, potential for large size, and good aesthetic match for facial and cervical skin, the deltopectoral flap can offer the reconstructive surgeon additional options in patients who lack vessels suitable for free tissue transfer. The use of an expanded deltopectoral flap for a staged reconstruction of the chin in a patient with cancer recurrences, concomitant resections, radiation and multiple reconstructions is reported.     

Complications following laryngectomy

The complications following 100 consecutive laryngectomies performed at our hospital during a recent 18-month period are reviewed. The complication rates for total laryngectomy (63 patients) and extended laryngectomy (37 patients) were 19% and 49%, respectively, while the fistula rates were 8% and 27%, respectively. These rates were influenced primarily by the extent of surgery and the type of reconstruction, which during this interval included primary closure, pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, or gastric transposition. In comparison to our previous study, when the deltopectoral flap was used for patching the pharynx, the fistula rate for extended laryngectomy has decreased as a result of our use of myocutaneous flaps and greater experience with gastric transposition. Currently, we use the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for pharyngeal repair if the mucosa would otherwise be closed under tension. All circumferential defects are repaired with a gastric transposition.     

胸大肌肌皮瓣脂肪液化的相关危险因素探讨

目的探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化的相关危险因素。方法对1998年5月至2005年12月采用胸大肌肌皮瓣修复口腔癌术后组织缺损的82例中10例术后发生不同程度脂肪液化的病例,进行Logistic回归分析。结果Logistic单因素回归分析结果表明：肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋、吸烟等因素与胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化有关;Logistic多因素回归分析结果表明：胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化与肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋等因素有关,而与吸烟无关。结论肥胖、电刀切开皮下组织、皮岛设计低于第7肋等因素是胸大肌肌皮瓣术后发生脂肪液化的危险因素。     

颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损

目的介绍4种颈部带蒂组织瓣修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除术后软组织缺损的方法。方法1982年1月~2003年12月,172例口腔颌面部肿瘤,其中口腔黏膜鳞癌165例,唾液腺癌7例。I期21例,Ⅱ期116例,Ⅲ期35例。病变主要部位:舌59例、颊黏膜55例、下颌牙龈26例、口底25例、腮腺4例及口咽区3例。肿瘤切除术与颈淋巴结清扫术后,应用颈阔肌皮瓣修复45例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣修复59例,舌骨下肌皮瓣修复60例,颏下岛状瓣修复8例;切取肌皮瓣皮岛范围2.5 cm×5.0 cm~5.0 cm×8.0 cm。结果术后153例皮瓣全部成活,其中舌骨下肌皮瓣55例,颈阔肌皮瓣40例,胸锁乳突肌皮瓣52例,颏下岛状瓣6例;完全坏死11例,部分(皮岛1/4~1/2)坏死8例。4种皮瓣成功率分别为91.67%、88.89%、88.14%和75%。101例获随访3~11年,平均5.7年,原位复发18例,颈部复发4例,远处转移2例;3年生存84例,占83.17%。结论颈部带蒂组织瓣适用于修复口腔颌面部肿瘤切除后中小型软组织缺损。