针对S基因的siRNA或shRNA表达框对HepG2.2.15细胞中HBV基因表达和病毒复制的抑制作用比较

目的 化学合成针对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）S基因的siRNA，同时制备针对相同区段的shRNA表达框，并比较二者对HepG2．2．15细胞中HBV基因表达和病毒复制的抑制作用。方法 化学合成针对HBVS基因的带有FITC标记的siRNA，设计合成带有FTrc标记的引物，PCR扩增含有RNA聚合酶Ⅲ启动子H1序列和shRNA编码序列的表达框，并对扩增产物进行纯化，将等摩尔数siRNA和shRNA表达框分别用脂质体转染稳定表达HBV的HepG2．2．15细胞，转染1d后流式细胞仪检测转染效率，转染3d后RT-PCR检测靶基因mRNA的水平，用SDS-PAGE、Westem blot及间接免疫荧光染色检测HBsAg的表达。收集转染前和转染后1、3、5和7d的细胞培养上清，检测HBsAg水平，同时用荧光定量PCR方法检测HBV　DNA的含量。结果成功制备了针对HBVS基因的shRNA表达框，将其与等摩尔数siRNA分别转染HepG2．2．15细胞后，RT-PCR证实细胞中HBV　mRNA水平降低，SDS-PAGE、Westem blot及间接免疫荧光染色检测到HBsAg的表达受到抑制，细胞培养上清中HBsAg和HBV DNA含量下降。与siRNA相比，shRNA表达框对HBV的抑制作用虽然起效较慢，但持续时间更长。结论shRNA表达框和siRNA均可明显抑制HBV的转录和表达，与siRNA相比，shRNA表达框能够更持久地抑制靶基因的表达。     

APOBEC3F的克隆、真核表达及其抗HBV效应的初步研究

目的克隆、体外真核表达载脂蛋白B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽样3F(APOBEC3F)基因并研究其抗病毒效应。方法应用RT-PCR的方法从人PBMC细胞中扩增APOBEC3F基因,构建HA-APOBEC3F融合蛋白真核表达载体pXFA3F,pXFA3F和具有复制能力的1.3倍HBV载体pHBV1.3共转染HepG2细胞,Western印迹检测APOBEC3F融合蛋白在HepG2细胞中的表达,ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清液中的HBsAg和HBeAg水平,实时定量PCR检测HBV相关mRNA水平变化。结果克隆了APOBEC3F基因,其经测序与GeneBank公布序列一致;构建的APOBEC3F真核表达载体pXFA3F经转染可在HepG2细胞中瞬时表达;APOBEC3F可抑制乙型肝炎表面抗原和e抗原的分泌,可使转染细胞内HBV相关mRNA水平下降。结论成功克隆并真核表达了APOBEC3F基因,其在体外具有抗HBV生物学效应。     

靶向HBVs和e抗原基因的shRNA表达载体共转染对HBV抗原表达的抑制作用

目的:探索靶向乙型肝炎病毒HBsAg基因的shR-NA表达载体Pgs1、Pgs2、Pgs3及靶向HBeAg基因shRNA表达载体psiHBV4、psiHBV5、psiHBV6共转染,对体外培养HepG2.2.15细胞中的HBV抗原表达的抑制作用。方法:以质粒PTZ为阴性对照,将自行构建的靶向HBVs和e抗原基因的shRNA表达载体按不同组合共转染HepG-2.2.15细胞;继续培养24 h后用MEIA分别检测细胞裂解液和培养上清中HBsAg和HBeAg的表达水平。结果:psiHBV4+PgS2、psiH-BV4+PgS3在联合转染时,在细胞上清和裂解液中对HBsAg和HBeAg表达都有显著抑制作用(P0.05),psiHBV5+PgS1、psiHBV6+PgS3对裂解液HBeAg表达抑制作用不显著(P0.05)。结论:靶向HBs和HBe基因的两种载体psiH-BV4+PgS2、psiHBV4+PgS3共转染比单个载体转染更能显著减少HBV抗原的表达。     

霉酚酸对HepG2.2.15细胞中乙型肝炎病毒复制的影响

目的:探讨霉酚酸（MPA）在体外对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)复制的影响。 方法:将不同浓度的MPA（1-20 mg/L）作用于HepG2.2.15细胞，在外加或不加鸟嘌呤核苷（简称鸟苷）的情况下，分别收集第4 d细胞培养上清，采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测上清中乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）和e抗原（HBeAg），采用逆转录多聚酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测细胞内乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白mRNA（HBV core mRNA）,狭缝印迹杂交法定量分析细胞内 HBV DNA。 结果:在不外加鸟苷情况下，MPA对HBV复制具有抑制作用，随着浓度增加，对HBsAg和HBeAg的抑制率逐渐上升，细胞内HBV DNA复制水平下降。外加鸟苷后能逆转MPA对HBV复制的抑制作用。 结论:MPA对HepG2.2.15细胞HBsAg和HBeAg的分泌及HBV DNA复制具有抑制作用。MPA可能通过减少细胞内鸟苷酸的合成来实现对HBV复制的抑制。     

蝉拟青霉多糖体外对乙型肝炎病毒复制的抑制作用

目的: 探讨蝉拟青霉多糖(PcPS)体外对乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)的抑制作用及对HepG2.2.15细胞表达Toll样受体4 (TLR4) mRNA的影响。方法: 以不同浓度PcPS与HepG2.2.15细胞株共培养,以拉米夫定 (LMV)为阳性对照,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法和ELISA法,检测PcPS对HepG2.2.15细胞毒性作用及其分泌HBsAg、HBeAg的情况。实时荧光定量PCR分析PcPS对HepG2.2.15细胞表达与分泌HBV-DNA和TLR4 mRNA表达的影响。结果: 蝉拟青霉多糖在体外能有效抑制HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBsAg、HBeAg,最大抑制率分别为44.8%、31.0%;对HepG2.2.15细胞内HBV-DNA复制和TLR4 mRNA表达均有一定抑制作用。结论: 一定浓度的蝉拟青霉多糖在体外具有显著抑制HBV的复制作用。     

反基因锁核酸体外阻断肝癌细胞系乙肝病毒S基因表达简

 目的 探讨针对乙肝病毒S基因同聚嘌呤区的锁核酸体外抑制细胞内病毒复制的效果。方法 针对乙肝病毒S基因同聚嘌呤区设计合成锁核酸、硫代寡核苷酸、未修饰寡核苷酸及无关对照序列,以阳离子脂质体介导,体外转染HepG2.2.15细胞,采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应技术和时间分辨免疫荧光技术分别监测2、4、6、8和10 d细胞培养上清液中HBV DNA、HBsAg和HBeAg的含量;四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测锁核酸对细胞代谢的影响。 结果 加入锁核酸后,对细胞内HBV DNA复制、HBsAg与HBeAg表达均有较明显的时间和剂量依赖性抑制作用,6 d后抑制率分别为52.14%、57.48%和29.63%。锁核酸对细胞代谢无明显影响。结论 针对乙肝病毒S基因同聚嘌呤区的锁核酸,体外能有效抑制乙肝病毒的复制,既为乙肝病毒治疗提供有效靶位,也为反基因治疗治疗提供理论和实验依据。     

乙型肝炎病毒对载脂蛋白A1表达的影响及其机制探讨

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)对载脂蛋白A1( ApoA1)表达的影响及其调节机制.方法 RT-PCR和Western blot检测HepG2和HepG2.2.15中ApoA1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,全自动生化分析仪检测HBV患者和健康对照者ApoA1和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)血清学水平,SPSS13.0分析其统计学差异;将HBV感染性克隆pHBV1.3与ApoA1基因启动子共转染HepG2细胞,并测定荧光素酶的活性;RT-PCR和Western blot检测HepG2细胞转染pHBV1.3后ApoA1 mRNA和蛋白表达的变化.结果 HepG2.2.15细胞中ApoA1 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平较HepG2低;ApoA1和HDL-C在乙型肝炎感染者血清学水平明显低于健康对照组(P＜0.05);pHBV1.3在HepG2细胞中抑制ApoA1启动子活性、mRNA和蛋白表达.结论 HBV能够在体内外抑制ApoA1的表达.     

着色性干皮病基因D和p53对HBV复制的影响

 目的:探讨人着色性干皮病基因D(XPD) 和p53对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）复制的影响。方法:使用脂质体转染法把重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD和空载质粒pEGFP-N2转染进入人肝癌细胞株HepG2.2.15细胞,转染后的第2天用20 μmol/L pifithrin-α（p53抑制剂）孵育细胞24 h。实验共分为空白对照组、pEGFP-N2组、pEGFP-N2/XPD组、pEGFP-N2/XPD+pifithrin-α组和pifithrin-α组。使用RT-PCR法检测XPD、乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）及乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白（HBx） mRNA表达的变化;使用ELISA法检测培养上清液中HBsAg和HBeAg含量的变化;用荧光定量PCR法检测培养上清液中HBV-DNA含量的变化;用bDNA法检测细胞内核心颗粒中HBV-DNA含量的变化。结果:RT-PCR结果显示,重组质粒pEGFP-N2/XPD的转染可使得XPD mRNA表达增高,XPD表达增高能使得HBsAg、HBeAg和HBx mRNA表达明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。ELISA结果显示,XPD表达增高能使得培养上清液中HBsAg和HBeAg含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。荧光定量PCR结果显示,XPD表达增高能使得培养上清液中HBV-DNA含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。bDNA结果显示,XPD表达增高使得细胞内核心颗粒中HBV-DNA含量明显减少,而pifithrin-α能抑制XPD的这一作用（均P<0.01）。结论: XPD能通过p53通路抑制HBV复制,所以XPD和p53可能成为乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗的作用靶点。     

乙型肝炎病毒C基因截短对S基因转录与表达的影响

目的 研究HBV C基因截短对S基因转录与表达的影响。方法采用分子克隆、定点突变技术构建C基因截短型HBV载体，瞬时转染HepG2细胞。应用RT-PCR、实时荧光定量PCR检测S基因的转录；应用Western blot、ELISA检测S蛋白的表达。结果经酶切鉴定，C基因截短型HBV载体构建成功；C基因截短对HBVS基因转录没有影响，但C基因截短141nt后可显著提高HBV S蛋白表达。结论HBV C基因截短可影响HBV S基因的生物学功能，机制发生在转录后或翻译水平。     

潮霉素抗性HBV包装细胞系的构建

目的 配合HBV载体的研究，为HBV载体提供包装。方法 HBV全基因经删除包装信号e区后，插入到潮霉素抗性pMEP4载体，转染HepG2细胞系，用潮霉素筛选形成细胞克隆。检测表达HBsAg及HBcAg较多者作为HBV包装细胞系，进一步转染稳定表达复制缺损型HBV的质粒，PCR方法观察上清液中病毒的形成。结果 包装细胞系高表达HBsAg和HBcAg：携带重组HBV的G418抗性重组逆转录病毒感染潮霉素抗性包装细胞系后，经两种抗生素同时筛选，在细胞培养上清液中能检出突变型HBV，未检出野生型HBV。结论 删除了包装信号的HBV次全基因，失去了形成完整HBV颗粒的能力，但能为复制缺损型HBV提供包装所需的结构蛋白。     

Cancer gene therapy by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer

Cancer arises as a direct result of genetic mutations. It therefore stands to reason that cancer should be well suited for the correction through gene therapy. Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer and the rapid development of recombinant DNA technology have made cancer gene therapy feasible in the clinical setting. The current efforts for cancer gene therapy mainly focus on immunogene therapy, chemogene therapy, restoration of tumor suppressor gene function, and oncolytic virus therapy. Central to all these therapies is the development of efficient vectors for gene delivery--this remains a work in progress. These vectors can be classified as viral and non-viral vectors. This paper will concentrate on viral vectors because of their practical advantages over non-viral vectors. Of the viral vectors, by far the most important are the human adenoviruses as is reflected by the enormous data and literature accumulated by studies relating to animal tumor models and clinical trials. In this review, we examine the recent progress in adenovirus-mediated cancer gene therapy with regard to cytokine gene, tumor suppressor gene, chemogene, and oncolytic adenovirus. We also discuss the current limitations of the adenoviral vector system and how they may be circumvented in future developments relating to targeted gene delivery.     

Regulatable gene expression systems for gene therapy

It is feasible to restrict transgene expression to a tissue or region in need of therapy by using promoters that respond to focusable physical stimuli. The most extensively investigated promoters of this type are radiation-inducible promoters and heat shock protein gene promoters that can be activated by directed, transient heat. Temporal regulation of transgenes can be achieved by various two- or three-component gene switches that are triggered by an appropriate small molecule inducer. The most commonly considered gene switches that are reviewed herein are based on small molecule-responsive transactivators derived from bacterial tetracycline repressor, insect or mammalian steroid receptors, or mammalian FKBP12/FRAP. A new generation of gene switches combines a heat shock protein gene promoter and a small molecule-responsive gene switch and can provide for both spatial and temporal regulation of transgene activity.     

Cancer gene therapy through autonomous parvovirus--mediated gene transfer

Parvoviruses are small nuclear replicating DNA viruses. The rodent parvoviruses are usually weakly pathogenic in adult animals, bind to cell surface receptors which are fairly ubiquitously expressed on cells, and do not appear to integrate into host chromosomes during either lytic or persistent infection. The closely related rodent parvoviruses MVM, H-1 and LuIII efficiently infect human cell lines. Most interesting, malignant transformation of human and rodent cells was often found to correlate with a greater susceptibility to parvovirus-induced killing (oncolysis) and with an increase in the cellular capacity for amplifying and / or expressing the incoming parvoviral DNA. These and other interesting properties make these autonomous rodent parvoviruses and recombinant derivatives promising candidate antitumor vectors. Capsid replacement vectors have been produced from MVM or H-1 virus that carry transgenes encoding either therapeutic products (cytokines/chemokines, Apoptin, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase) or marker proteins (green fluorescent protein, chloramphenicolacetyl transferase, luciferase). This review describes the current state of the art regarding the potential application of wild-type parvoviruses and derived vectors for the treatment of cancer. In particular, recent successes with the development of replication-competent virus-free vector stocks are discussed and results from pre-clinical studies using recombinant parvoviruses transducing various cytokines/chemokines are presented.     

Adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer for human gene therapy

Human gene therapy promises to change the practice of medicine by treating the causes of disease rather than the symptoms. Since the first clinical trial made its debut ten years ago, there are over 400 approved protocols in the United States alone, most of which have failed to show convincing data of clinical efficacy. This setback is largely due to the lack of efficient and adequate gene transfer vehicles. With the recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and the imminent arrival of the post genomic era, there are increasing numbers of therapeutic genes or targets that are available for gene therapy. Therefore, the urgency and need for efficacious gene therapies are greater than ever. Clearly, the current fundamental obstacle is to develop delivery vectors that exhibit high efficacy and specificity of gene transfer. Recombinant adenoviruses have provided a versatile system for gene expression studies and therapeutic applications. Of late, there has been a remarkable increase in adenoviral vector-based clinical trials. Recent endeavors in the development of recombinant adenoviral vectors have focused on modification of virus tropism, accommodation of larger genes, increase in stability and control of transgene expression, and down-modulation of host immune responses. These modifications and continued improvements in adenoviral vectors will provide a great opportunity for human gene therapy to live up to its enormous potential in the second decade.     

胱硫醚合酶基因及其在人群中的多态性

胱硫醚合酶的活性降低或丧失是心脑血管系统等系统疾病独立的危险因子或易感因素.目前研究发现使酶活性降低或丧失的胱硫醚合酶基因的变异在人群中存在多态性.     

Genome-wide gene–gene interaction analysis for next-generation sequencing

The critical barrier in interaction analysis for next-generation sequencing (NGS) data is that the traditional pairwise interaction analysis that is suitable for common variants is difficult to apply to rare variants because of their prohibitive computational time, large number of tests and low power. The great challenges for successful detection of interactions with NGS data are (1) the demands in the paradigm of changes in interaction analysis; (2) severe multiple testing; and (3) heavy computations. To meet these challenges, we shift the paradigm of interaction analysis between two SNPs to interaction analysis between two genomic regions. In other words, we take a gene as a unit of analysis and use functional data analysis techniques as dimensional reduction tools to develop a novel statistic to collectively test interaction between all possible pairs of SNPs within two genome regions. By intensive simulations, we demonstrate that the functional logistic regression for interaction analysis has the correct type 1 error rates and higher power to detect interaction than the currently used methods. The proposed method was applied to a coronary artery disease dataset from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC) study and the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) dataset, and the early-onset myocardial infarction (EOMI) exome sequence datasets with European origin from the NHLBI''s Exome Sequencing Project. We discovered that 6 of 27 pairs of significantly interacted genes in the FHS were replicated in the independent WTCCC study and 24 pairs of significantly interacted genes after applying Bonferroni correction in the EOMI study.     

Nuclear inheritance of a gene affecting mitochondrial gene expression

Due to a deficiency in mitochondrial protein synthesis, Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell mutant Gal⁻ 32 does not grow in galactose or fructose. This report examines the nuclear or cytoplasmic inheritance of this single, recessive mutation. In a control experiment, fusion of Gal⁺TG^sTK⁻ cells with Gal⁻32TG^RTK⁺ cells resulted in tetraploid hybrids (as verified by karyotyping) that were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium. The majority (2/3) of the control hybrids grew in galactose as expected since Gal⁻ is dominant over Gal⁻. Fusion of Rhodamine 6-G treated Gal⁺TG^STK⁻ cells with Gal⁻32TG^RTK⁺ cells resulted in Rhodamine 6-G-tetraploid hybrids that were selected in hypoxanthine/aminopterin/thymidine medium. The majority (7/12) of the Rhodamine 6-G-hybrids grew in galactose as expected for a nuclearly encoded gene considering that Rhodamine 6-G interferes with transmission of mtDNA but not nuclear DNA. Therefore, these results are compelling in their demonstration of the nuclear origin of the Gal⁻ 32 mutation.     

Immunoglobulin lambda gene rearrangement can precede kappa gene rearrangement

Immunoglobulin genes are generated during differentiation of B lymphocytes by joining gene segments. A mouse pre-B cell contains a functional immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene, but no light-chain gene. Although there is only one heavy-chain locus, there are two light-chain loci: kappa and lambda. It has been reported that kappa loci in the germ-line configuration are never (in man) or very rarely (in the mouse) present in cells with functionally rearranged lambda-chain genes. Two explanations have been proposed to explain this: (a) the ordered rearrangement theory, which postulates that light-chain gene rearrangement in the pre-B cell is first attempted at the kappa locus, and that only upon failure to produce a functional kappa chain is there an attempt to rearrange the lambda locus; and (b) the stochastic theory, which postulates that rearrangement at the lambda locus proceeds at a rate that is intrinsically much slower than that at the kappa locus. We show here that lambda-chain genes are generated whether or not the kappa locus has lost its germ-line arrangement, a result that is compatible only with the stochastic theory.     

Dual gene targeted multimeric siRNA for combinatorial gene silencing

Simultaneous silencing of multiple up-regulated genes is an attractive and viable strategy to treat many incurable diseases including cancer. Herein we report that multimerized siRNA conjugate composed of two different siRNA sequences in the same backbone shows more efficient inhibition of the two corresponding target genes at one time than physically mixed multimerized siRNA conjugates. Two model siRNAs against VEGF and GFP gene were chemically crosslinked via cleavable and noncleavable linkages for the preparation of dual gene targeted multimeric siRNA conjugates (DGT multi-siRNA). Cleavable DGT multi-siRNA with reducible disulfide linkages exhibited significantly higher gene silencing efficiencies at mRNA and protein expression levels than noncleavable DGT multi-siRNA, the physical mixture of naked siRNA, and that of single gene targeted multimeric siRNA (SGT multi-siRNA) with eliciting negligible immune response. DGT multi-siRNAs against two therapeutic siRNAs, anti-survivin and anti-bcl-2 targeted siRNA, also showed greatly enhanced apoptotic effect. This approach for concurrent suppression of combinatorial therapeutic target genes using cleavable multimeric siRNA structure can be potentially used for improved therapeutic efficacy.