TJ0711盐酸盐的血浆蛋白结合率及其在大鼠体内的组织分布

目的:建立生物样品中TJ0711盐酸盐的浓度的测定方法,测定TJ0711盐酸盐在人标准血浆和大鼠血浆中的蛋白结合率,考察其在大鼠组织中的分布特性。方法:用平衡透析法测定血浆蛋白结合率,用高效液相-荧光检测法测定血浆中药物总浓度及游离药物浓度。大鼠灌胃给予TJ0711盐酸盐30 mg.kg-1,测定10,25,60,180 min TJ0711盐酸盐在各组织中的含量。结果:当TJ0711盐酸盐的血药浓度为0.5,2.0,4.0,8.0μg.mL-1时,其在大鼠血浆中的蛋白结合率分别为(88.7±2.3)%,(87.8±1.0)%,(85.8±2.0)%和(86.8±0.9)%,在人血浆中的蛋白结合率分别为(92.1±0.8)%,(89.8±1.4)%,(90.4±1.0)%和(90.4±1.7)%。药物在大鼠体内以肾、肝、肺中分布较多,脑和脂肪组织也能检测到药物,绝大多数组织的药物含量在给药后10 min或25 min最高1,80 min后药物含量显著下降。结论:TJ0711盐酸盐在人和大鼠血浆中的蛋白结合率均属于高度结合(>80%),且不随药物浓度的增加发生变化,但在人和大鼠血浆中的蛋白结合率差异具有显著性(...     

槲皮素对大鼠慢性肾功能衰竭及促红细胞生成素水平的影响

目的:探讨腺嘌呤诱导大鼠慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)模型的特点及中药成分槲皮素对CRF的作用及对促红细胞生成素(EPO)水平的影响.方法:以喂饲0.75%腺嘌呤制成大鼠CRF模型后,灌胃给予槲皮素100 mg·kg-1·d-1,共喂药8周,观察治疗组与肾衰组病理变化,测定大鼠肾功能、肾组织羟脯氨酸及血浆和肾组织EPO含量.结果:治疗组肾组织病理损害明显轻于肾衰对照组;血浆BUN、Scr、肾组织羟脯氨酸含量明显下降(P＜0.01);血浆和肾组织中EPO的含量均明显升高(P＜0.01).结论:槲皮素对防治CRF有显著效果并能有效提高CRF时血浆及肾组织中EPO含量及减轻肾间质纤维化.     

乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备槲皮素纳米脂质体及其在大鼠血浆存在形式与脑靶向性

目的:制备槲皮素纳米脂质体(QUE-NL),考察槲皮素在大鼠血浆中存在的物质形式及其脑内分布特性。方法:采用乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备槲皮素纳米脂质体;采用高效液相色谱法检测大鼠血浆中槲皮素存在形式及脑组织中槲皮素浓度。结果:槲皮素在大鼠血浆中主要是以槲皮素苷元和异鼠李素存在,且槲皮素纳米脂质体在大鼠脑内吸收分布优于槲皮素原料药和普通脂质体。结论:吸收进入血浆中的槲皮素主要是以结合形式而非单体形式存在,以乳化蒸发-低温固化法制备的槲皮素纳米脂质体,能显著促进槲皮素在大鼠脑内的吸收,可为进一步应用于脑胶质瘤的治疗提供实验依据。     

新型钾通道开放剂(QO-58)在大鼠体内组织分布研究

目的建立大鼠组织中QO-58浓度的测定方法,并研究其组织分布。方法 SD大鼠灌胃给药QO-58(50 mg.kg-1)后,于给药后2、7、18、36 h断头放血处死大鼠,立即取出各脏器组织,滤纸吸干浮血,称重后用2倍量乙腈制成匀浆,取组织匀浆液用乙腈处理,以C18色谱柱Shim-pack VP-ODS C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为固定相,选择285 nm为检测波长,流动相为乙腈:0.2 mol.L-1乙酸铵(45∶55),尼群地平为内标,柱温35℃,用HPLC法测定各组织中QO-58药物浓度。比较各组织的QO-58浓度,分析药物在大鼠体内的分布情况。结果大鼠灌胃给予QO-58 50 mg.kg-1后,肝脏中药物浓度最高,其次在肺、小肠、肾和胃等组织浓度较高,在肌肉、脂肪、脑、睾丸中浓度较低。大多数组织在7 h药物浓度达高峰,然后逐渐下降,36 h时大部分组织中检测不到QO-58。结论 QO-58主要分布在肝脏、小肠、肾和胃等组织,脂肪、脑、睾丸中分布量少;在所研究的组织中,未见明显的特殊蓄积现象。     

盐酸法舒地尔在大鼠体内的吸收与分布

目的研究雄性Wistar大鼠灌胃盐酸法舒地尔的吸收和分布特征,为临床试验提供依据。方法大鼠分别灌胃和静注给予4 mg.kg-1盐酸法舒地尔后,采用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定血浆和组织中法舒地尔和羟基法舒地尔的浓度,用DAS 2.1.1软件计算主要药动学参数。结果灌胃给药后,大鼠血浆中法舒地尔和羟基法舒地尔的ρmax分别为(30.4±17.9)和(199±108)μg.L-1t,max分别为(0.3±0.1)和(0.7±0.7)h,AUC0-t分别为(53.3±13.7)和(434±223)μg.h.L-1t,1/2分别为(2.7±1.6)和(2.3±1.0)h,法舒地尔的绝对生物利用度为10.2%。组织分布试验表明,给药后0.25 h大部分组织中法舒地尔和羟基法舒地尔的浓度即达到峰值,6 h后各组织中的药物浓度均显著下降,法舒地尔主要分布在胃和小肠组织,其次在肝、脾等组织,羟基法舒地尔主要分布在肝组织,其次在胃、肠、肾等组织。结论大鼠灌胃盐酸法舒地尔后,在胃肠道迅速被吸收,并较快分布于全身各组织,血浆和组织中羟基法舒地尔的浓度明显高于法舒地尔的浓度,法舒地尔和羟基法舒地尔均没有组织蓄积现象。     

海星甾醇琥珀酸酯(A1998)脂肪乳静脉给药后在大鼠体内的组织分布

目的:研究海星甾醇琥珀酸酯(3β-羟基雄甾-5烯-17酮琥珀酸酯,A1998)脂肪乳经静脉给药后在大鼠体内的组织分布经时变化规律.方法:大鼠单次静脉注射20 mg·kg-1 A1998脂肪乳后,分别于不同时间点剖取各组织脏器,采用HPLC柱前衍生法测定大鼠各组织脏器药物含量.结果:A1998在大鼠体内主要分布于肺、肝、脾等器官,给药后15 min,测得肺脏药物含量最高(32.73±3.87)μg·g-1,脾脏(23.47±8.04)μg·g-1及肝脏(14.87±1.63)μg·g-1次之,均远高于同时间点大鼠血药浓度.A1998在上述3脏器中药物浓度维持时间亦久,至给药36 h后仍能检测出较高浓度,分别为(4.37±2.74),(4.69±2.37)及(8.30±5.96)μg·g-1.静注A1998后心脏及肾脏中药物浓度的经时变化与同时间点血药浓度相似.在胃、小肠、子宫、卵巢、体脂中未检测到药物分布.结论:大鼠单次静脉注射20 mg·kg-1 A1998脂肪乳后,药物在血浆中消除迅速,并快速分布于各组织.A1998在大鼠体内的组织分布具有较强的选择性,各组织中药物浓度经时变化结果提示对肺、肝、脾等脏器具有高度的亲和力.     

[3H]洛非西定在大鼠的体内分布与排泄研究

目的 研究[3H]洛非西定在大鼠体内的分布、排泄和蛋白结合率.方法 20只大鼠灌胃[3H]洛非西定0.1 mg·kg 1后2、8、24、120 h液闪法测定组织样品和排泄物中放射性强度,用TLC法分离原型药物,用平衡透析法测定蛋白结合率.结果 药后96 h累计排泄量为95.52%,原型药物约占给药量的22.0%.灌胃后,肾、肝和心脏的药物浓度最高,血浆、脑干和脂肪的药物浓度最低.[3H]洛非西定的血浆蛋白结合率约为38%.结论 药物在体内分布广泛,且主要经粪尿排泄.     

齐墩果酸在大鼠体内的药动学及组织分布

目的建立HPLC-MS/APCI法测定SD大鼠血中及组织中齐墩果酸浓度分析方法,并对其在大鼠体内的药动学、组织分布及血浆蛋白结合率进行研究.方法全血采用甲醇沉淀蛋白,血浆及组织匀浆采用有机溶剂提取的方法分别处理样品,HPLC-MS/APCI法测定.色谱柱Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为甲醇-水(含1‰甲酸)(85∶15);流速为1.0 mL·min-1;柱温为40℃.结果SD大鼠一次灌胃给予齐墩果酸后血药浓度-时间曲线呈一室模型,半衰期t1/2为(1.10±0.20)h.齐墩果酸在组织脏器的浓度分布特点是C肺＞C脾＞C肾＞C心＞C肝＞C脑,血浆蛋白结合率约为87%.结论SD大鼠灌胃给予齐墩果酸混悬剂后,其体内药动学过程符合单室模型一级吸收,药物进入体内后迅速分布,消除也较快;组织中以肺中浓度最高,脑中最低;齐墩果酸有较高的血浆蛋白结合率.     

氯化两面针碱在大鼠体内的组织分布及体外抗肿瘤作用

建立了HPLC法测定人鼠血浆及组织中的氯化两面针碱,研究其组织分布.采用MTT法研究氯化两面针碱对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、人肾癌细胞株ketr-3的增值抑制作用.大鼠静脉注射药物后,在体内分布迅速、广泛,5 min即分布到各组织器官中.其巾肾脏药物浓度最高,其次为小肠、肝脏.氯化两面针碱可浓度依赖性地抑制人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721和人肾癌细胞株ketr-3增殖.     

9-硝基喜树碱在大鼠组织中的分布及内酯稳定性

考察9-硝基喜树碱(9-NC)静脉注射后在人鼠组织中的分布及内酯稳定性.建立了HPLC法间时测定组织和血浆中9-NC内酯浓度和总浓度.大鼠静脉注射9-NC溶液后测定各时间点组织中内酯浓度、总浓度和内酯比例.大多数组织中的9-NC内酯比例明显高于血浆;肝中的内酯比例最低,甚至低于血浆;血浆、肾和小肠中的内酯比例随时问延长而下降.9-NC在肝以外的组织中内酯稳定性显著优于血浆.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.