大学生人际交往效能感的结构及其量表编制

目的探讨大学生人际交往效能感的结构并在此基础上编制量表。方法通过访谈和开放式量表等方法,编制了大学生人际交往效能感量表,并对其进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果探索性因素分析显示,大学生人际交往效能感包含＂言语表达＂,＂社交调适＂,＂观察与倾听＂,＂主动交往＂,＂情绪控制＂以及＂问题解决＂6个维度;验证性因素分析表明χ2/df=1.87,GFI=0.85,AGFI=0.82,NFI=0.88,NNFI=0.93,RMSEA=0.056,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94;量表的内部一致性系数为0.91,各维度的内部一致性系数为0.58~0.80。结论该量表结构明晰,信效度都达到了测量学的要求。     

体表缺陷青少年心理弹性量表的编制

目的:编制适用于本土的体表缺陷青少年的心理弹性问卷.方法:根据访谈和文献回顾编制初测量表140题,对181名青少年小耳畸形患者进行初测,通过项目鉴别度分析和探索性因素分析,保留31个题目.234人参加复测,进行验证性因素分析和信效度分析.结果:通过探索性因素分析得到缺陷接受、情绪调控、适应能力、自我效能、外部支持、挫折应对6个因子,各个条目的因子负荷在0.38到0.78之间.验证性因素分析支持该量表的6因素结构.量表内部一致性信度系数为0.89,各分量表的信度系数均大于0.6.外部效度指标良好,与青少年韧性量表和意义应对量表的相关系数分别为0.64和0.39.结论:体表缺陷青少年心理弹性量表信效度良好.     

高校辅导员自我效能感问卷的编制

目的:编制高校辅导员自我效能感问卷。方法:通过开放式问卷调查等初步获得问卷的结构和条目,对412名高校辅导员的调查数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果:高校辅导员自我效能感问卷由学生管理、行为引导、人际协调、情绪调节等4个因素构成,共计24项目。4个因素累积解释总方差的60.21%。问卷各维度的内部一致性信系数0.77～0.85。验证性因素分析结果显示χ2/df小于2,RMSEA小于0.05,GFI、NNFI、CFI、IFI等均在0.90以上。结论:高校辅导员自我效能感问卷具有较好的信度和效度。     

大学生健康人格问卷的编制

目的:编制适合我国大学生的健康人格问卷.方法:根据访谈、开放式问卷施测结果及理论假设,编制大学生健康人格问卷;检验了问卷的同质性信度、重测信度、结构效度等.结果:探索性因素分析确定量表含自我和谐、自我-社会和谐、实践活动能力三个因素,解释总变异的54.8％.三个维度和总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.82-0.94,分半信度为0.70-0.85,重测信度为0.73-0.84.验证性因素分析表明问卷的三因素模型各项参数(RMSEA=0.07,NFI=0.95,NNFI=0.96,CFI=0.94,GFI=0.95)均达到可以接受的水平.三个维度及总问卷与自尊、主观幸福感有显著正相关;与SCL-90有显著负相关.结论:该问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可用于大学生健康人格的测试.     

人际情绪调节问卷在中国大学生中的信效度检验

目的:引进Hofmann等编制的人际情绪调节问卷,在中国大学生样本中进行中文版信效度检验.方法:采取整群取样的方法对987名大学生进行集体施测,选取情绪调节量表、情绪智力量表、人际反应指针量表、正负情绪量表作为各效度指标.结果:①问卷四因素结构拟合良好(X2/df=5.51,RMSEA = 0.096,SRMr = 0.067,CFI=0.94,NFI=0.93,IFI=0.94);②人际情绪调节问卷总分以及各分维度与选取的校标相关均显著,表明人际情绪调节问卷聚合效度、区分效度以及效标关联效度良好;③问卷内部的一致性系数为0.92,分半信度为0.87,4周后的重测信度为0.81(n = 52).结论:人际情绪调节问卷中文版在大学生群体中具有良好的信效度,可以作为对人际情绪调节进行测量的工具.     

大学生学业幸福感问卷的编制

目的为测量大学生学业幸福感而编制信效度良好的问卷。方法以文献研究和个别访谈为基础。对427名大学生进行施测,对调查数据进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果探索性因素分析结果表明,大学生幸福感量表存在4个因素(KMO=0.83,P0.001):学校满意度、专业满意度、教学满意度、学业自我效能感;验证性因素分析结果表明,所提取的4个因素与理论构想模型拟合较好(χ2/df=1.12,GFI=0.91,NFI=0.83,IFI=0.98,TLI=0.97,CFI=0.98,RMSEA=0.024,RMR=0.04);量表的内部一致性系数为0.81,各因素的内部一致性系数介于0.46~0.82;量表各因素之间具有显著相关(r=0.18~0.31,P0.05),各因素与总分具有较高的相关(r=0.58~0.78,P0.01),表明量表信效度良好。结论该量表能够作为测量大学生学业幸福感的工具。     

中学生自我表达问卷的编制

目的:编制适用于学校教育的中学生自我表达问卷。方法:在综合国内外相关研究的基础上建构中学生自我表达理论模型,进行深度访谈,并据此编制中学生自我表达问卷;然后采用项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析形成正式问卷。结果:中学生自我表达问卷共19个项目,由情绪自我表达、学业自我表达、身体自我表达、社会自我表达4个因子构成。各因子及总量表的Cronbachα系数和分半信度分别为0.60~0.84、0.62~0.79。验证性因素分析显示,模型拟合指标χ2/df=2.68,RMSEA=0.047,GFI=0.95,AGFI=0.93,IFI=0.91,CFI=0.91,均符合心理测量学指标。中学生自我表达问卷总分与自我描述问卷总分相关为0.48(P0.01)。结论:该问卷具有良好的信、效度,可用于进一步研究。     

主动控制感量表中文版的信效度检验

目的：检验主动控制感量表（Sense of Agency Scale, SoAS）中文版的信度和效度。方法：通过网络平台施测得到有效问卷1800份,随机分成两个独立样本后分别执行项目分析、探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析、结构效度及信度的分析。结果：根据项目分析的结果删除2道题目,得到一个9题量表。探索性因素分析得到一个两因子结构模型。验证性因素分析的结果表明模型区分度良好,拟合度指标为：χ2/df=2.54,CFI=0.971,TLI=0.960,RMSEA=0.041,SRMR=0.036。内部一致性信度系数为0.819,分半信度系数为0.661,重测信度系数为0.713。主动控制感量表与一般自我效能感量表、控制感量表的相关系数分别为0.587、0.696(P<0.01)。结论：中文版主动控制感量表具有良好的信效度,可以作为有效的主动控制感测量工具。     

计算机专业大学生择业效能感量表的编制

目的编制计算机专业大学生择业效能感量表。方法通过深度访谈和开放式量表的方法,编制了计算机专业大学生择业效能感量表,并对其进行了探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。结果 1探索性因素分析显示:计算机专业大学生择业效能感存在5个维度:自我评价、目标设定、收集信息、制定计划和问题解决;2验证性因素分析表明5个因素与构想模型拟合较好(χ2/df=1.75,GFI=0.87,AGFI=0.84,NFI=0.94,NNFI=0.99,IFI=0.99,RFI=0.94);3量表的内部一致性系数为0.926,各维度的内部一致性系数介于0.724~0.813。结论本量表具有良好的信度和效度,能够作为测评计算机专业大学生择业效能感的工具,并为计算机专业课程教学和学生就业行为干预的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

中学生创造性内隐观问卷的编制

目的:编制中学生创造性内隐观问卷.方法:基于开放式问卷的预调查,形成52个项目的问卷初稿,然后采用探索性和验证性因素分析对问卷结构进行检验.结果:问卷保留40个项目,探索性因素分析确定问卷含5个因素,解释了总变异的45.651%;问卷的内在一致性α系数和分半信度分别为0.889和0.768;验证性因素分析显示各拟合指数为:χ2/df=2.43,RMSEA=0.074,NNFI=0.90,CFI=0.94.结论:中学生创造性内隐观问卷具有较好的信效度.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.