脓毒症休克患者血管外肺水的监测及其对预后的预测价值

目的 分析脓毒症休克患者血管外肺水(EVLW)的变化特点,探讨其与脓毒症休克预后的关系.方法 采用回顾性分析的方法,将21例脓毒症休克患者根据最终临床转归分为存活组(10例)与死亡组(11例),观察两组患者的临床特征,利用脉波指示剂连续心排血量(PiCCO)监护仪进行血流动力学监测,测定EVLW,分析其与患者预后的关系.结果 存活组入院第1、2、3天EVLW分别为(12.7±1.8)、(11 3±1.3)、(10.1±1.3)ml/kg,死亡组分别为(14.4±1.0)、(14.6±1.4)、(14.6±1.3)ml/kg,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);存活组随入院时间延长EVLW均明显下降(P＜0.05),死亡组无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 脓毒症休克患者EVLW均有明显增加;EVLW的动态变化可预测患者的预后.

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Objective To analyze the alterative characteristics of the extravascular lung water (EVLW ) in the patients with septic shock and clarify its value on the prognosis of these patients.Methods By the methods of retrospective analysis,according to the ultimate survival,21 patients with septic shock were divided into survivor group (10 cases) and non-survivor group (11 cases).The clinical features of the patients were observed and hemodynamic monitoring was made with PiCCO monitor.The EVLW was measured and the relationship between the EVLW and the prognosis of patients was analyzed.Results On the first,second and third day,EVLW was (12.7 ±1.8),(11.3 ±1.3),(10.1 ±1.3) ml/kg in survivor group,and (14.4 ± 1.0),(14.6 ± 1.4),(14.6 ±1.3) ml/kg in non-survivor group respectively,and there were statistical differences between two groups (P <0.05).However,on the second day after the intensive therapy,EVLW in survivor group dropped significantly(P＜0.05),but the non-survivor group only declined slightly,and compared with the result of the first day,there was no obvious difference (P >0.05).Conclusions The EVLW in the patients with septic shock increases significantly.The dynamic changes of the EVLW may be one of the factors for predicting the prognosis of patients with septic shock.     

煤工尘肺并发下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药分析

目的 分析煤工尘肺并发下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 将对2009年1月至2010年lO月住院治疗的111例煤工尘肺并发感染患者分为行机械通气组(36例)和未行机械通气组(75例).两组患者均经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)防污染毛刷取得下呼吸道标本进行病原菌分离培养鉴定及药敏试验.结果 未行机械通气组病原菌检出率为46.7%(35/75),机械通气组为88.9%(32/36),机械通气组病原菌检出率明显高于未行机械通气组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).未行机械通气组检出结核杆菌3例,G-杆菌27株,G+球菌3株,真菌2株;机械通气组检出G-杆菌26株,G+球菌3株,真菌3株.行机械通气组G-杆菌耐药率(78.8%)高于未行机械通气组(47.1%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 煤工尘肺并发呼吸道感染的病原菌以G-杆菌为主,耐药现象严重,行机械通气组较未行机械通气组更严重.

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Objective To investigate the composition and resistance of main pathogens isolated form Lower respiratory tract in coalminer s pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Method Coalminer's pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection during 2009to 2010 were divided into mechanical ventilation group and non mechanical ventilation group. Specimens were obtained from lower respiratory tract by fibrobronchoscopy with protected specimen brush in patients of both groups to perform isolation, culture, identification and susceptibility test of pathogen. Result Total 111patients were enrolled, 36 of them in mechanical ventilation group and 75 patients in non mechanical ventilation group. The pathogenic bacteria detection rate of patients in mechanical ventilation group was significantly higher than that of patients in non mechanical ventilation group( 88.9% vs. 46.7%, P＜0.01). In non mechanical ventilation group, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in 3 patients, and 27 strains of G- bacilli, 3 strains of G+ coccus, and 2 strains of fungus; and 26 strains of G- bacilli, 3 strains of G+ coccus, and 3 strains of fungus were detected in mechanical ventilation group. There was no significant difference in term of strains between the two groups (P＞0.05). Rate of resistance to main antibiotics of patients in mechanical ventilation group was higher than that of patients in non mechanical ventilation group. Conclusion Resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract was severe in coalminer's pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection, which was higher in patients treated with mechanical ventilation than patients without mechanical ventilation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungal infection and increasing resistance prompted that clinicians must attach importance to rational drug use and keep to monitoring bacterial resistance.     

亚低温治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者对炎性反应影响及肺保护作用的研究

Objective To explore the effect of mild hypothermia on inflammation status,lung function protection and clinical prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods All of 56 patients with ARDS were randomly divided into two groups: trial group (29 patients,treatment with mild hypothermia) and control group (27 patients, treatment with common practice). The following parameters including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α,interleukin (IL)-6 and C reactive protein (CRP), oxygenation index, SOFA evaluation and injury of lungs evaluation were detemined before treatment and at the 3rd, 7th day after treatment, and survival rates and adverse reaction in 28 days also were observed.Results After treatment, the levels of TNF-α ,IL-6 and CRP were decreased significantly, and oxygenation index, the scores of SOFA evaluation and injury of lungs evaluation were improved significantly in trial group than those in control group (P<0.05 ). The survival rate in trial group was higher than that in control group after treatment of 28 days [65.5%(19/29) vs 51.9%(14/27)]. The courses of mechanical ventilation and staying in ICU in trial group were shorter than those in control group [(11.9±3.6)d vs (17.0±5.1)d,(14.1±4.2)d vs (21.5±7.7)d](P<0.05). Conclusion Mild hypothermia can effectively attenuate inflammation disorder, improve damaged lung function and prognosis in patients with ARDS.     

亚低温治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者对炎性反应影响及肺保护作用的研究

Objective To explore the effect of mild hypothermia on inflammation status,lung function protection and clinical prognosis in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods All of 56 patients with ARDS were randomly divided into two groups: trial group (29 patients,treatment with mild hypothermia) and control group (27 patients, treatment with common practice). The following parameters including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α,interleukin (IL)-6 and C reactive protein (CRP), oxygenation index, SOFA evaluation and injury of lungs evaluation were detemined before treatment and at the 3rd, 7th day after treatment, and survival rates and adverse reaction in 28 days also were observed.Results After treatment, the levels of TNF-α ,IL-6 and CRP were decreased significantly, and oxygenation index, the scores of SOFA evaluation and injury of lungs evaluation were improved significantly in trial group than those in control group (P<0.05 ). The survival rate in trial group was higher than that in control group after treatment of 28 days [65.5%(19/29) vs 51.9%(14/27)]. The courses of mechanical ventilation and staying in ICU in trial group were shorter than those in control group [(11.9±3.6)d vs (17.0±5.1)d,(14.1±4.2)d vs (21.5±7.7)d](P<0.05). Conclusion Mild hypothermia can effectively attenuate inflammation disorder, improve damaged lung function and prognosis in patients with ARDS.     

不同通气模式在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭方面的效果比较

目的 探讨比较不同通气模式在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并呼吸衰竭中的效果.方法 选取50例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者,按随机数字表法分为A组和B组,每组25例,均采用有创通气,出现肺部感染控制窗后分别采用同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)和PSV+呼气末正压(PEEP)模式进行治疗,比较两组患者的机械通气时间、住院时间、再插管、并发症及治疗前后的血清白细胞介素(IL)-8、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、IL-4、干扰素(IFN)-γ水平.结果 B组的机械通气时间、住院时间短于A组[(11.8±2.3)、(16.8±3.2)d比(20.3±2.0)、(28.8±4.1)d],再插管率、并发症发生率均低于A组[8%(2/25)、8%(2/25)比24%(6/25)、24%(6/25)],而治疗后B组出现肺部感染控制窗后24、48 h的血清IL-8、hs-CRP、IL-4、IFN-γ水平均低于A组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 COPD合并呼吸衰竭行机械通气患者在出现肺部感染控制窗后及早行鼻面罩给氧效果更好,应引起重视.

Abstract：

Objective To study and compare the effect of different ventilation modes in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) combined with respiratory failure. Methods Fifty patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure were divided into group A and group B with 25 cases each by random digits table,and they were treated with invasive positive pressure ventilation. Then the two groups were respectively treated with synchronized intermittent mandutory ventilation (SIMV) + pressure suppert ventilation (PSV) and PSV + positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) after appearing the pulmonaryinfection-control- window. And the time of mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay, reintubation rate, complication rate and serum interleukin (IL)-8,high Sensitiveity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-4 and interferon (IFN)- γ of the two groups before and after the treatment was analyzed and compared. Results The time of mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay in group B was shorter than that in group A [(11.8 ± 2.3), (16.8 ± 3.2) d vs. (20.3 ± 2.0), (28.8 ± 4.1) d], and the reintubation rate and complication rate was lower than that in group A [8%(2/25), 8%(2/25) vs. 24%(6/25), 24%(6/25)]. The levels of serum IL-8, hs-CRP, IL-4 and IFN- 7 were lower in group B than those in group A (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion The effect of nasal mask inhaled oxygen early given to COPD combined with respiratory failure is better, and it should be paid attention to.     

依托咪酯与普鲁泊福在困难气管纤维支气管镜引导插管时安全性比较

Objective To investigate the risk factors and anticoagulation parameters in patients of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) combined with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods All of 110 AECOPD patients were divided into two groups according to Doppler examination of lower extremities: DVT group and non-DVT group. The risk factors and anticoagulation parameters were compared. Results Twelve cases (10.9%) were in DVT group,of whom 2 cases (1.8%)had pulmonary embolism. The rate of lying in bed > 3 d, smoke, mechanical ventilation, hospital stays and the levels of PaCO2 were significantly higher in DVT group than those in non-DVT group (P < 0.01 or <0.05 ). In DVT group, the activity of antithrombin Ⅲ and the level of protein S decreased (P < 0.05 ), and the level of D-Dimer increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions Long-term bed, smoke and mechanical ventilation requirement are the main risk factors of DVT in patients with AECOPD. Respiratory failure (type Ⅱ ) is easier to combine with DVT. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolytic system exists in AECOPD with DVT.     

住院老年患者体位性低血压的临床研究

目的 观察老年住院患者体位性低血压(PH)的临床特征.方法 测量住院患者的卧立位血压,分析发生PH的临床特征,以及住院期间的临床事件发生情况.结果 (1)老年住院患者中PH发生率为24.11%;(2)伴发高血压病和糖尿病(P＜0.05和P＜0.01)),尤其是基础收缩压和舒张压(P＜0.001)较高的患者,发生收缩压型PH的比率较高;而服用利尿剂(P＜0.05)和钙拮抗剂(P＜0.01)的患者在舒张压型PH患者中比率较高;(3)PH组的患者收缩压下降(31±25)mmHg,舒张压下降(11±15)mmHg;(4)发生头晕或眩晕、晕厥或晕厥先兆、心绞痛或新发心肌梗死、新发脑卒中等临床事件的比率,PH组要明显多于无PH组(P＜0.01).结论 PH是老年住院患者中的一种常见临床现象,容易引起跌倒、心绞痛、脑卒中等,应该重视并预防.

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Objective To observe the clinical feature of postural hypotension (PH) in in-hospital elderly patients. Methods Measure the supine and orthostatic blood pressure in patients were measured, and the clinical characteristics of PH and clinical incident during hospital stay were analyzed. Results (1)The PH incidence in elderly patients was 24. 11% ; (2)The incidence of systolic blood pressure PH was higher in patients with concomitant hypertension and diabetes ( P ＜ 0.05 & P ＜0.01), especially in those with relatively higher basal systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure ( P ＜ 0.001); the percentage of patients taking diuretics ( P ＜ 0. 05) and calcium antagonists ( P ＜ 0. 01) were relatively higher in patients with diastolic blood pressure PH; (3)Systolic blood pressure in patients from the group with PH lowered (31 ±25) mmHg, while diastolic blood pressure lowered (11 ±15) mmHg; (4)The incidence of clinical events, including dizziness or vertigo, syncope or pre-syncope, angina pectoris or new-onset myocardial infarction, and new-onset stroke, in PH patients was distinctly higher than that in patients from the group without PH ( P ＜0. 01).Conclusion PH is a kind of common clinical manifestations in elderly patients, which tends to induce tumbling, angina pectoris, stroke, etc, and ought to be paid great attention to and taken preventive measures.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期合并深静脉血栓形成危险因素及抗凝因子检测

Objective To investigate the risk factors and anticoagulation parameters in patients of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) combined with deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods All of 110 AECOPD patients were divided into two groups according to Doppler examination of lower extremities: DVT group and non-DVT group. The risk factors and anticoagulation parameters were compared. Results Twelve cases (10.9%) were in DVT group,of whom 2 cases (1.8%)had pulmonary embolism. The rate of lying in bed > 3 d, smoke, mechanical ventilation, hospital stays and the levels of PaCO2 were significantly higher in DVT group than those in non-DVT group (P < 0.01 or <0.05 ). In DVT group, the activity of antithrombin Ⅲ and the level of protein S decreased (P < 0.05 ), and the level of D-Dimer increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions Long-term bed, smoke and mechanical ventilation requirement are the main risk factors of DVT in patients with AECOPD. Respiratory failure (type Ⅱ ) is easier to combine with DVT. Abnormality of coagulation and fibrinolytic system exists in AECOPD with DVT.     

重症急性胰腺炎预防性抗真菌治疗的临床研究

目的 探讨应用预防性抗真菌治疗是否可以降低重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)患者真菌感染的发生率及病死率.方法 选择2008年1月至2009年12月收治的40例存在真菌感染高危因素的SAP患者,按随机数字表法分为预防组和对照组,每组20例.对照组应用常规治疗,预防组除常规治疗外,应用氟康唑预防性抗真菌治疗.比较两组住院时间、真菌感染发生时间、真菌感染发生率以及病死率.结果 预防组与对照组比较,住院时间缩短[(40.3±15.4)d比(46.5±18.5)d],真菌感染发生时间较晚[(24.5±14.3)d比(14.5±12.7)d],真菌感染发生率低[15.0%(3/20)比35.O%(7/20)],病死率低[10.0%(2/20)比25.0%(5/20)],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 SAP患者预防性抗真菌治疗,缩短住院时间,延缓真菌感染发生时间,降低真菌感染发生率及患者病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate whether prophylactic antifungal treatment will reduce the incidence of fungal infection(FI)and the mortality in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP).Methods Forty consecutive patients with SAP admitted from January 2008 to December 2009 were divided into prevention group and control group with 20 cases each by random digits table.The patients in prevention group underwent routine therapy plus intravenous fluconazol as prophylactic antifungal treatment,while routine therapy only in control group.The length of hospital stay,the time when FI occurred,the incidence of FI and mortality were compared with each other.Results Compared with control group,the length of hospital stay wag shorter[(40.3±15.4)d vs.(46.5±18.5)d],the time when FI occurred was slewer[(24.5±14.3)d vs. (14.5±12.7)d],the incidence of FI[15.0%(3/20)vs.35.0%(7/20)]and the mortality [10.0%(2/20)vs. 25.0%(5/20)]were lower in prevention group,there were significant differences between the two groups(P<0.05).Conclusion Prophylactic antifungal treatment can shorten the hospital stay,delay the FI occurrence,reduce the incidence of FI and the mortality in patients with SAP.     

早期肠内营养对高血压性脑出血患者医院获得性肺炎的影响

目的 探讨早期肠内营养(EN)对重症高血压性脑出血患者医院获得性肺炎(HAP)的临床价值.方法 将140例重症高血压性脑出血患者按随机数字表法分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组(70例)术后48 h开始EN支持.对照组(70例)术后第2天开始全胃肠外营养(TPN)支持.观察两组HAP发生率、HAP持续时间、肺部二重感染发生率、呼吸机使用率、呼吸机使用时间以及HAP病死率.结果 治疗组HAP发生率、肺部二重感染发生率、呼吸机使用率分别为30.0%(21/70)、12.9%(9/70)、35.7%(25/70),显著低于对照组的47.1%(33/70)、27.1%(19/70)、47.1%(33/70)(P＜0.05);治疗组HAP持续时间、呼吸机使用时间分别为(6.4±2.3)、(6.4±0.5)d,显著短于对照组的(15.6±2.1)、(11.4±0.3)d(P＜0.01或＜0.05).治疗组HAP病死率(8.6%,6/70)显著低于对照组(18.6%,13/70)(P＜0.05).结论 早期EN不仅能有效降低重症高血压性脑出血患者HAP和肺部二重感染的发生率,还可以降低呼吸机使用率,缩短呼吸机使用时间,最终缩短了HAP的治疗时间,降低了HAP的病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical value of early enteral nutrition (EN) on hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) in postoperative patients with severe hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods One hundred and forty postoperative patients with severe hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were divided into treatment group (70 cases) and controll group (70 cases) by random digits table. The treatment group was given EN from the second day after operation, while the control group was given total parenteral nutrition (TPN). The incidence and duration of HAP,the incidence of superinfection,the percent and duration of mechanical ventilation and the mortality rate of HAP was observed. Results The incidence of HAP, superinfection and using mechanical ventilation in treatment group [30.0% (21/70), 12.9% (9/70),35.7%(25/70)] were significantly lower than those in control group [47.1%(33/70) ,27.1%(19/70) ,47.1%( 33/70 )] (P ＜ 0.05 ). The duration of HAP and using mechanical ventilation in treatment group[(6.4 ± 2.3 ),(6.4 ± 0.5 ) d] were significantly lower than those in control group [( 15.6 ± 2.1 ), ( 11.4 ± 0.3 ) d] (P ＜ 0.01or ＜ 0.05 ). The mortality rate of HAP in treatment group was significantly lower than that in control group [8.6% (6/70) vs. 18.6% (13/70),P ＜0.05]. Conclusion Early EN not only effectively decreases the incidence of HAP and superinfection,but also decreases the incidence of mechanical ventilation, shortens the duration of mechanical ventilation and decreases the mortality rate of HAP.     

每日唤醒次数对呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响

目的观察每日唤醒次数对呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率的影响。方法将120例全部实行有创机械通气治疗的重症监护病房的病人,分为5组;各组在常规综合治疗同时,对照组加用咪达唑仑镇静,镇静深度为Ramsay分级3~4级,实施每日早晚1~4次的唤醒计划,每次持续2小时。观察四组机械通气时间、ICU停留时间和依据预先自制定的研究方案确认的VAP发生率。结果对照组在机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、VAP发生率为:138.1±65.4;183.8±73.7;22.41(13/66)。治疗组1在机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、VAP发生率为:104.5±65.0;159.5±80.7;6.50(5/62)。治疗组2在机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、VAP发生率为:89.2±52.3;131.2±79.5;2.68(3/58)。治疗组3在机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、VAP发生率为:99±61.2;156.8±90.3;11.94(8/67)。治疗组4在机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、VAP发生率为:149±63.8;193.2±83.1;26.79(15/56)。结论每日唤2次,可明显缩短重症病人机械通气时间、ICU停留时间和VAP发生率。     

ICU感控小组责任制对呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防效果

目的探讨设置感染控制(感控)小组专职督导各项预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)措施的实行,对预防重症监护室(ICU)机械通气患者发生VAP的影响。方法选择2011年1—12月入住本院ICU并行机械通气,时间>48h的患者480例。分为对照组:2011年1—6月入住ICU的233例患者,采用预防VAP集束化管理,但无感控小组督导;干预组:2011年7—12月入住ICU的247例患者,采用常规预防措施,由感控小组监督各项预防VAP措施的执行。对两组结果进行比较。结果干预组患者的床头抬高率为93.79%,显著高于对照组的61.11%(χ2=703.43,P<0.001);机械通气时间,干预组患者为(5.56±4.43)d,显著低于对照组的(6.87±6.76)d(t=2.49,P=0.013);VAP发生率,干预组为11.00‰,显著低于对照组的24.62‰(χ2=6.87,P=0.009);病死率,干预组和对照组分别为6.07%、9.44%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.91,P=0.142)。结论在ICU,通过设置感控小组专职严格督导,能有效落实VAP预防措施,降低VAP的发生率。     

3种不同护理干预措施对预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的作用

目的探讨3种不同护理干预措施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的作用。方法选择某院重症监护室(ICU)行机械通气治疗患者90例,按入院先后分为3组,即常规组: 2007年7-12月患者30例,实施传统呼吸道管理;人工鼻组： 2008年1-6月患者30例,在机械通气时使用人工鼻;人工鼻+集束化护理综合干预组：2008年7-12月患者30例,使用人工鼻的同时采取VAP集束化护理干预。比较3组患者机械通气时间、住ICU时间、VAP的发生率及VAP患者病原菌检出情况。结果人工鼻+集束化护理综合干预组与常规组、人工鼻组相比,可明显缩短患者机械通气时间［(8.83±6.65)d vs (16.17±4.87)d, t=5.43,P=0.00;(8.83±6.65)d vs (12.43±5.27)d,t=2.31,P＜0.05］;与常规组相比,可缩短患者住ICU时间［(9.30±6.20)d vs (14.97±11.35)d,t=2.42, P＜0.05］,降低VAP的发生率(常规组43.33%与人工鼻+集束化护理综合干预组 16.67%比较,χ2 =5.08, P＜0.05)。VAP患者共检出病原菌27株,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占48.15%（13/27）,铜绿假单胞菌18.52％（5/27）,肺炎克雷伯菌14.81％（4/27）,大肠埃希菌7.41％（2/27）,光滑假丝酵母菌、白假丝酵母菌、鲍曼不动杆菌各占3.70%（1/27）。结论使用人工鼻+集束化护理综合干预可有效缩短患者机械通气时间及住ICU时间,有利于规范护理操作行为,降低VAP发生率。     

改良集束化策略预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 研究改良的集束化策略预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的效果,探讨预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的方法.方法 2009年1-12月(第1阶段)机械通气≥5d的患者94例,采用传统机械通气管理方法为对照组;2010年1-12月(第2阶段)115例机械通气患者为改良的集束化策略组,改良的集束化策略包括:每日唤醒计划,持续声门下吸引,早期肠内营养结合胃残留物容量测定,预防深静脉血栓形成;比较两组VAP发生率、机械通气时间及ICU住院时间及痰病原学检查结果.结果 与对照组相比,采用改良的集束化策略后呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率由35.1％降至16.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),机械通气时间由(15.4±7.2)d缩短至(12.0±6.1)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ICU住院时间由(17.6±7.4)d缩短至(13.7±6.6)d,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 改良的集束化策略能有效预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生.     

选择性口咽去污染防治呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床观察

目的观察口咽去污染对降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）发病率的意义。方法选择某院2012年1-6月入住重症监护室(ICU)内72 h以上且机械通气时间超过48 h的患者60例,随机分为实验组和对照组各30例。所有入选病例均给予静脉滴注头孢噻肟4 d,实验组机械通气全程用妥布霉素局部滴入口咽部,对照组用生理盐水局部滴入,记录两组患者发生VAP的病例数、发病时间及机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、病死率。定期留取气管内痰液进行细菌培养。结果实验组VAP的发病率为30.00%,明显低于对照组的63.33%; VAP的发病时间为(9.37±6.62)d,迟于对照组的(5.17±4.72)d;总机械通气时间为(7.63±6.91)d,低于对照组的(12.26±9.36)d;住ICU时间为(13.56±7.22)d,低于对照组的(16.79±11.16)d;上述项两组比较,均P<0.05。两组病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论口咽去污染是防治VAP的有效方法,能有效降低VAP发生率,使VAP发病时间延迟,并减少机械通气时间及入住ICU时间。     

专人监督执行集束化管理方案对预防呼吸机相关肺炎的效果

目的探讨专人监督执行集束化管理方案预防呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的效果。方法选择某院重症监护病房(ICU)2013年7月—2014年6月使用机械通气的患者,其中2013年7—12月设为对照组(150例),采取集束化管理措施,无专人监管;2014年1—6月(177例)设为专人监督管理组,采取集束化管理措施,专人负责监管,比较两组患者VAP发病率、机械通气时间和ICU停留时间。结果专人监督管理组有创机械通气患者141例,有创机械通气日为1 937 d,发生VAP9例,VAP发病率为4.65‰;对照组有创机械通气患者127例,有创机械通气日为1 965 d,发生VAP21例,VAP发病率为10.69‰,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.68,P=0.042)。专人监督管理组集束化管理方案总依从率、平均有创机械通气时间以及停留ICU时间分别为94.92%、(11.11±2.57)d、(15.11±2.88)d,对照组分别为48.67%、(14.67±4.35)d、(19.33±5.81)d,两组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论专人监督执行集束化管理方案可以有效预防VAP的发生,应建立符合临床科室实际情况的集束化管理方案。     

床旁纤维支气管镜治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床研究

目的 探讨床旁纤维支气管镜治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎的临床价值.方法 将2008年1月-2010年12月入住重症监护病房且资料完整的患者随机分组,在常规抗感染治疗基础上,治疗组行每日常规吸痰管吸痰+纤维支气管镜吸痰或灌洗,对照组每日常规吸痰管吸痰,用临床肺部感染评分进行VAP评估.结果 共有69例患者入选,机械通气＞48 h,VAP诊断明确,治疗组35例,对照组34例,2组患者的一般资料差异无统计学意义,两组患者平均APACHEⅡ评分为(20.05±3.81)分,CPIS评分平均值为(6.9±1.8)分;在发生VAP的第3、5、7天,两组CPIS评分之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05);治疗组在纤维支气管镜治疗前后比较,CPIS评分显著降低(P＜0.05);两组比较,在发生VAP后治愈所需时间、住ICU天数、机械通气时间之间的差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 临床肺部感染评分监测对预测VAP患者的预后具有指导意义;床旁纤维支气管镜治疗可缩短VAP患者机械通气时间及ICU住院天数.     

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎患者住院费用影响因素的通径分析

目的探讨影响重症监护病房(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)患者住院费用的影响因素,为减轻ICU并发VAP患者经济负担,合理控制医疗费用提供依据.方法于2017年6月~2019年6月,对黔南州人民医院入住ICU采取机械通气治疗并发VAP的216例患者进行通径分析,记录每例患者临床资料.采用逐步回归法,以住院费用、住院天数为内生变量,拟合通径分析模型,探讨影响住院费用的直接效应及间接效应.结果增加ICU并发VAP患者的住院费用主要影响因素为住院时间,其次分别为机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间、年龄、并发症、APACHEⅡ评分、手术治疗联用抗菌药物、补充白蛋白.其中手术治疗、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间还通过住院天数间接增加ICU并发VAP患者住院费用,而年龄通过住院天数间接减少ICU并发VAP患者住院费用(P<0.05),总效应为依次增加ICU并发VAP患者住院费用的因素为住院时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间、年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、并发症、手术治疗、联用抗菌药物、补充白蛋白.结论应合理缩短不必要的ICU住院时间、机械通气时间与总住院时间,早期拨管,严格白蛋白等贵重药品的规范使用,合理使用抗菌药物等为主的综合措施,最大限度充分合理利用卫生资源,降低ICU并发VAP患者的经济负担.     

综合护理措施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的 评价综合护理措施预防呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的效果.方法 将预期接受机械通气＞48 h者分为综合护理预防组(A组)、常规气管导管组(B组),A组采用半卧位+口腔护理+置予声门下分泌物引流气管导管且每隔2h行声门下分泌物引流(SSD)+胸部护理+使用超过幽门的鼻十二指肠管作鼻饲,B组采用半卧位+口腔护理+常规气管导管,比较两组患者的住院时间、住ICU时间、机械通气时间、VAP发生率及相对危险度.结果 A组患者住院时间、ICU内住院时间、机械通气时间均短于组B组,A组与B组VAP发生率为34.1％和66.7％,早发性VAP发生率为7.3％和24.2％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 实施综合护理措施可降低VAP发生率.     

热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰预防呼吸机相关性肺炎

目的：探讨热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰预防呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的临床效果。方法：选取2010—2011年在本院ICU进行机械通气的158例患者,按照随机数字表法将其分成试验组80例和对照组78例。试验组采用热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰,对照组采用加热湿化器联合开放吸痰。两组患者均给予化痰止咳、解痉平喘、纠正内环境紊乱、抗感染、每日2次口腔护理和床头抬高30。及营养支持等对症治疗。观察比较两组患者VAP发病率、28d死亡率、机械通气时间和ICU住院时间的差异。结果：试验组的VAP发病率28．75％明显低于对照组的46．15％,且28d死亡率18．75％明显低于对照组的34．62％,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。试验组的机械通气时间明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组ICU住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：热湿交换细菌过滤器联合密闭式吸痰可以降低VAP发病率、28d死亡率,缩短机械通气时间,对ICU住院时间无影响。