上尿路移行上皮细胞癌根治术后复发膀胱肿瘤的高危因素分析

目的 探讨肿瘤部位与上尿路移行上皮细胞癌根治术后复发膀胱肿瘤风险的关系.方法 对行根治手术并获随访的168例上尿路移行上皮细胞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性总结,比较不同部位上尿路移行上皮细胞癌根治术后复发膀胱肿瘤的风险,采用Cox回归分析术后复发膀胱肿瘤风险的独立影响因素.结果 168例患者术后1、3、5年的无复发膀胱肿瘤的生存率分别为88%、76%和63%.观察期内,共有49例术后发生膀胱肿瘤复发,中位首次复发时间为20个月.肾盂癌术后复发率为30.8%(28/91);输尿管中段癌术后复发率为8.3%(2/24),输尿管下段癌术后复发率为48.7%(19/39).肾盂癌与输尿管癌患者术后无复发膀胱肿瘤生存率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).多因素分析结果显示输尿管下段癌为影响上尿路移行上皮细胞癌根治术后复发膀胱肿瘤风险的独立变量(P<0.01).结论 输尿管下段癌患者术后复发膀胱肿瘤的风险高于其他部位上尿路移行上皮细胞癌.

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Objective To investigate the relationship between tumor location and the risk of developing bladder cancer in pafients treated by nephroureterectomy(NU)for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma(UUT-TCC).Methods The clinical data of 168 UUT-TCC patients who underwent NU were reviewed.Univariate and multivariate analysis were carried out to determine the risk factors for intravesical recurrence after NU.Results The recurrence-free survival rate at 1,3 and 5 years after NU were 88%, 76%and 63%.All patients were followed up for a median period of 45(12-107)months During this period, a total of 49 patients developed bladder tamors after surgery,of which 28 cases were renal pelvic carcinoma, 2 cases were rniddle ureter carcinoma and 19 cases were distal ureter carcinoma.The recurrence-free survival of renal pelvic carcinoma and ureter carcinoma had no significant difference by Log-Rank test(P>0.05).On multivariate analysis,only locating in distal ureter carcinoma was the independent risk predictor for intravesical recurrence after NU (P<0.01).Conclusion Pafients with UUT-TCC at distal ureter carry a higher risk for intraeesieal recunerrce after NU than those with TCC at other location of upper urinary tract.     

以黄疸为表现的新生儿尿路感染25例临床分析

尿路感染(urinary tract infection,UTI)是儿童泌尿系统最常见的疾病之一,在门诊及住院患儿极为常见,常伴有膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteral reflux,VUR),发病率高达30%～50%[1].新生儿尿路感染因临床表现不典型,易被忽视致漏诊或误诊,因UTI有引起肾脏瘢痕形成致不可预见性肾损伤的严重危害,故早期诊断,及时治疗很重要.现将我院2004年9月～2006年6月25例以病理性黄疸为表现的新生儿尿路感染作如下分析.     

餐后血糖水平与冠心病发生的相关性

目的 探讨餐后血糖水平与冠心病发生的相关性.方法 选择血糖水平异常并已行冠状动脉造影的患者85例,按血糖水平将患者分为三组:空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)组28例、糖耐量减低(IGT)组29例及糖尿病(DM)组28例,观察各组冠心病发生率及冠状动脉病变程度,分析三组患者C反应蛋白(CRP)、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)、血脂、血压、体重指数(BMI)的变化及与冠心病危险因素的相关性.结果 IGT组和DM组冠心病发生率[分别为79.3%(23/29)、85.7%(24/28)]明显高于IFG组[53.6%(15/28)](P＜0.01),DM组冠心病发生率高于IGT组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).IGT组和DM组2支病变、3支病变发生率均高于IFG组(P＜0.01),DM组2支病变、3支病变发生率高于IGT组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).IGT组、DM组CRP、CIMT、BMI、三酰甘油(TG)、收缩压(SBP)较IFG组明显升高(P＜0.01或＜0.05),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)较IFG组明显降低(P＜0.01);DM组CRP、TG、SBP较IGT组升高(P＜0.05),其他指标比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);相关性分析表明,IGT组和DM组餐后2 h血糖与CRP、CIMT、BMI、TG呈显著正相关(P＜0.05或＜0.01),与HDL-C呈显著负相关(P＜0.05或＜0.01).结论 餐后高血糖与冠心病的发生、发展有密切关系,对于IGT患者应尽早予以干预治疗,可有效预防心血管事件的发生.

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Objective To investigate the correlation between the level of postprandial blood glucose (PBG)and the incidence of coronary artery disease(CAD). Methods Eighty-five patients performed coronary angiography with abnormal blood glucose levels were divided into 3 groups according the blood glucose levels: impaired fasting glucose(IFG)group(28 cases), impaired glucose tolerance(IGT)group(29cases)and diabetes mellitus(DM)group(28 cases). The detection rate and the extent of CAD were observed. The risk factors of CAD in 3 groups such as C-reactive protein(CRP),carotid artery intima-media thickness(CIMT), blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index(BMI)and the correlation with CAD were analyzed. Results Sixty-two cases were confirmed CAD by coronary angiography. The incidence rate of CAD in IGT group[79.3%(23/29)]and DM group[85.7%(24/28)]was significantly higher than that in IFG group[53.6%(15/28)](P ＜ 0.01). The incidence rate of CAD in DM group was higher than that in IGT group, but there was no significant difference(P ＞ 0.05). The incidence rate of two-lesion and three-lesion in IGT group and DM group were significantly higher than those in IFG group(P＜ 0.01). The incidence rate of two-lesion and three-lesion in DM group were higher than those in IGT group, but there was no significant difference(P＞0.05). The levels of CRP, CIMT, BMI, triacylglycerol(TG)and systolic blood pressure(SBP)were higher and HDL-C was lower in IGT group and DM group than those in IFG group(P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05).The levels of CRP,TG and SBP were higher in DM group than those in IGT group(P＜0.05). Correlation analysis showed, in IGT group and DM group,2 h PG had significantly positive correlation with CRP, CIMT,B MI, TG(P＜0.05 or＜0.01), and had significantly negative correlation with HDL-C(P＜0.05 or ＜0.01).Conclusions PBG is closely related with the development of CAD.IGT patients should be intervened as early as possible, which can be effective in preventing cardiovascular events.     

吗啡联合间苯三酚治疗急性肾绞痛的疗效观察

目的 探讨吗啡联合间苯三酚在急性肾绞痛治疗中的疗效.方法 将120例急性肾绞痛患者按随机数字表法分为A、B、C三组,每组40例.A组给予0.9%氯化钠100 ml+间苯三酚80 mg静脉滴注及吗啡9 mg分3次静脉推注,B组给予0.9%氯化钠100 ml+间苯三酚80 mg静脉滴注,C组给予0.9%氯化钠100 ml静脉滴注及吗啡9 mg分3次静脉推注.分别于给药后10、20、40min观察镇痛效果及其不良反应.结果 给药后20 min和40 min时,A组总有效率[82.5%(33/40)、95.0%(38/40)]明显高于B组[62.5%(25/40)、80.0%(32/40)]和C组[60.0%(24/40)、77.5%(31/40)](P＜0.05),疼痛缓解率也明显高于B组和C组(P＜0.05).A组在给药后20 min和加min时的总有效率和疼痛缓解率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).A组除1例患者出现恶心呕吐外,无疼痛加重及严重呼吸抑制等不良反应.结论 吗啡分次注射联用间苯三酚静脉滴注治疗急性肾绞痛具有起效快、效果显著、安全等优点.

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of multiple injection of morphine combined with phloroglucinol in the treatment of renal colic. Methods One hundred and twenty patients with severe renal colic were equally divided into three groups by random digits table,with 40 cases each group. The group A was administrated with physiological saline 100 ml and phloroglucinol 80 mg intervenous drop infusion combined with morphine 9 mg intravenous injection fractionated into three times, and the group B was administrated with physiological saline 100 ml and phloroglucinol 80 mg intervenous drop infusion,and the group C was administrated with physiological saline 100 ml intervenous drop infusion and morphine 9 mg intravenous injection fractionated into three times. At 10,20 and 40 min after administration, the antalgic efficacy of three groups were analyzed as well as the side effect. Results At 20 min and 40 min both of the total efficacy rates in group A[82.5%(33/40),95.0%(38/40)] were higher than those in group B [62.5%(25/40),80.0%(32/40)] and group C [60.0%(24/40),77.5%(31/40)] (P＜ 0.05),and the colic-exclusion rate in group A was also higher than that in group B and group C (P ＜ 0.05). The difference of the efficacy rates in group A in these two time-points had no statistical significance (P ＞0.05). No increased pain occurred in group A except 1 case of vomiting. Conclusion Multiple injection of morphine combined with phloroglucinol is quick, effective and safe in the early treatment of renal colic.     

乳腺癌彩色多普勒血流参数及血流丰富程度与淋巴结转移的相关性研究

目的 探讨乳腺癌彩色多普勒血流参数及血流丰富程度与淋巴结转移的相关性.方法 将68例乳腺浸润性导管癌患者按有无淋巴结转移分为Ⅰ组(无淋巴结转移组,37例)和Ⅱ组(有淋巴结转移组,31例),Ⅱ组再根据淋巴结转移程度以胸小肌为标志分为Ⅱ a组(胸小肌外侧淋巴结转移组,19例)和Ⅱ b组(胸小肌后侧、锁骨下淋巴结转移组,12例).测量病灶的彩色多普勒血流参数[血流收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、血流阻力指数(RI)]及血流丰富程度(按Alder分级),比较其与淋巴结转移的关系.结果 Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组PSV、RI比较差异无统计学意义(t=-0.19、-0.63,P＞0.05);Ⅱa组和Ⅱb组PSV、RI比较差异无统计学意义(t=-1.12、-0.13,P＞0.05).Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组肿瘤血流丰富程度Alder分级比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.46,P＞0.05);Ⅱ a组Alder Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级分别占10.5%(2/19)、63.2%(12/19)、26.3%(5/19),Ⅱb组分别占8.3%(1/12)、16.7%(2/12)、75.0%(9/12),两组肿瘤血流丰富程度Alder分级比较差异有统计学意义(x2=7.41,P＜0.05).结论 乳腺浸润性导管癌血流丰富程度与淋巴结转移有一定相关性;而乳腺癌彩色多普勒血流参数与淋巴结转移无显著相关性.

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Objective To study the association among the color Doppler flow pattern, vascular distribution and the lymph nodes metastasis in breast carcinomas. Methods Sixty-eight patients with infiltrating mammary gland duct carcinoma were divided into the no-lymph-nodes-metastasis group (group I , 37 cases) and the lymph-nodes-metastasis group (group Ⅱ , 31 cases), group Ⅱ were subdivided into group Ⅱa (19 cases): lateral lymph nodes positive of pectoralis minor and group Ⅱ b (12 cases): rear of pectoralis minor and subclavian lymph node positive. Blood flow parameters [peak systoltc velocity (PSV),resistent index ( RI)] and vascular Alder grades were observed and measured with color Doppler ultrasound.The results were compared with the incidence of lymph node metastasis. Results PSV and RI were not significantly different between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (t = -0.19,-0.63,P＞ 0.05),and also between group Ⅱ a and group Ⅱ b (t =-1.12,-013,P ＞0.05). By using vascular Alder grades,there were no significant differences between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ (x2= 0.46, P＞ 0.05 ), but the significant differences were observed between group Ⅱ a [10.5%(2/19) ,63.2%( 12/19) ,26.3%(5/19) in Alder Ⅰ , Ⅱ , Ⅲ grade] and group Ⅱ b [8.3%( 1/12), 16.7%(2/12),75.0%(9/12)in Alder Ⅰ , Ⅱ ,Ⅲ grade](x2 = 7.41,P＜0.05). Conclusion The pattern of blood flow has no correlation with lymph nodes metastasis, vascular Alder grades of carcinoma shows some relevance with the lymph nodes metastasis in the patients with infiltrating mammary gland duct carcinoma.     

吊带法双侧骶棘韧带固定术治疗盆腔器官脱垂的临床研究

目的 探讨吊带法双侧骶棘韧带固定术在治疗盆腔器官脱垂(POP)中的效果.方法 将60例POP患者按随机数字表法分为吊带法双侧骶棘韧带固定术组(研究组,30例)、经阴道后路悬吊带术组(P-IVS组,15例)、骶棘韧带固定术组(SSLF组,15例).比较三组手术情况、疗效及随访情况.结果 研究组手术时间[(30.5±5.3)min]较SSLF组[(43.5±10.6)min]缩短(P＜0.05),术后下床时间[(1.5±0.6)d]明显早于SSLF组[(3.1±0.7)d]和P-IVS组[(3.3±0.8)d](P＜0.05).三组患者出院时POP-Q分类法均为0度或Ⅰ度,达到治愈标准.随访3～16个月,研究组复发率和性生活质量下降率[0和3.3%(1/30)]均明显低于P-IVS组[20.0%(3/15)和13.3%(2/15)]和SSLF组[6.7%(1/15)和26.7%(4/15)](P＜0.05).结论 吊带法双侧骶棘韧带固定术是一种操作简单、坚固性强、术后阴道位置没有轴性改变,更符合解剖结构的术式,在治疗POP中有很高的实用价值,值得在临床中推广.

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Objective To investigate the effect of bilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation by Pavlik harness method in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Methods Sixty patients with POP received operation were divided into bilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation by Pavlik harness method group (study group,30 cases),posterior intravaginal sling plasty group (P-IVS group, 15 cases) and sacrospinous ligament fixation group (SSLF group, 15 cases) by random digits table. The data of the three groups, such as operation time, bleeding during the operation, indwelling urinary catheter time, duration out of bed after operation, cure rate, recurrence rate and the quality of sexual life were observed. Results The operation time in study group [( 30.5 ± 5.3 ) min] was significantly shorter than that in SSLF group [(43.5 ± 10.6) min](P ＜ 0.05 ), and the duration out of bed in study group [( 1.5 ± 0.6) d] was earlier than that in SSLF group [(3.1 ±0.7) d] and P-IVS group [(3.3 ±0.8) d](P＜0.05). The POP-Q stage of all the patients being hospital was 0 or Ⅰ , approached the cure standard. Patients were followed up for 3-16 months after operation, the recurrence rate and the decrease of the quality of sexual life in study group [0,3.3%(1/30)]were lower than those in P-IVS group [20.0%(3/15),13.3%(2/15)] and SSLF group[6.7%(1/15),26.7%(4/15)] (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Bilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation by Pavlik harness method is a simple, firm operation, and the position of vagina does not axialitily change and suits the anatomy, so it is effective and worth spreading clinically to treat the POP.     

煤工尘肺并发下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药分析

目的 分析煤工尘肺并发下呼吸道感染病原菌和耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 将对2009年1月至2010年lO月住院治疗的111例煤工尘肺并发感染患者分为行机械通气组(36例)和未行机械通气组(75例).两组患者均经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)防污染毛刷取得下呼吸道标本进行病原菌分离培养鉴定及药敏试验.结果 未行机械通气组病原菌检出率为46.7%(35/75),机械通气组为88.9%(32/36),机械通气组病原菌检出率明显高于未行机械通气组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).未行机械通气组检出结核杆菌3例,G-杆菌27株,G+球菌3株,真菌2株;机械通气组检出G-杆菌26株,G+球菌3株,真菌3株.行机械通气组G-杆菌耐药率(78.8%)高于未行机械通气组(47.1%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 煤工尘肺并发呼吸道感染的病原菌以G-杆菌为主,耐药现象严重,行机械通气组较未行机械通气组更严重.

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Objective To investigate the composition and resistance of main pathogens isolated form Lower respiratory tract in coalminer s pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Method Coalminer's pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection during 2009to 2010 were divided into mechanical ventilation group and non mechanical ventilation group. Specimens were obtained from lower respiratory tract by fibrobronchoscopy with protected specimen brush in patients of both groups to perform isolation, culture, identification and susceptibility test of pathogen. Result Total 111patients were enrolled, 36 of them in mechanical ventilation group and 75 patients in non mechanical ventilation group. The pathogenic bacteria detection rate of patients in mechanical ventilation group was significantly higher than that of patients in non mechanical ventilation group( 88.9% vs. 46.7%, P＜0.01). In non mechanical ventilation group, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in 3 patients, and 27 strains of G- bacilli, 3 strains of G+ coccus, and 2 strains of fungus; and 26 strains of G- bacilli, 3 strains of G+ coccus, and 3 strains of fungus were detected in mechanical ventilation group. There was no significant difference in term of strains between the two groups (P＞0.05). Rate of resistance to main antibiotics of patients in mechanical ventilation group was higher than that of patients in non mechanical ventilation group. Conclusion Resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract was severe in coalminer's pneumoconiosis patients complicated with infection, which was higher in patients treated with mechanical ventilation than patients without mechanical ventilation. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungal infection and increasing resistance prompted that clinicians must attach importance to rational drug use and keep to monitoring bacterial resistance.     

磷酸肌酸钠用于心肌缺血患者围手术期的疗效评价

目的 观察磷酸肌酸钠对心肌缺血患者围手术期血流动力学、人心肌脂肪酸结合蛋白(hFABP)及心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的影响.方法 选择术前心电图检查提示有广泛心肌缺血患者40例,ASA分级Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为磷酸肌酸钠组和对照组,每组20例.两组均常规术前准备,磷酸肌酸钠组手术前3 d加用磷酸肌酸钠2g/d,至手术当日麻醉诱导前.分别记录手术前3 d(T0)、麻醉诱导前即刻(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、气管拔管后即刻(T3)血流动力学参数:平均动脉压(MAP)、心率、心排出量(CO)、每搏指数(SI)、肺血管阻力(PVR);各时间点分别抽静脉血测定hFABP及cTnI的含量.结果 两组心率在T0～T3比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),磷酸肌酸钠组T1～T3 MAP、C0、SI明显高于对照组(P＜0.05),PVR、hFABP及cTnI明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).磷酸肌酸钠组术中心律失常发生率[20%(4/20)]明显低于对照组[45%(9/20)](P＜0.05).结论 心肌缺血患者围手术期应用磷酸肌酸钠对心肌有良好的保护作用.

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Objective To observe the influence of sodium phosphocreatine on the hemodynamics,human heart fatty acid binding protein (hFABP),cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI) during perioperative period.Methods Forty patients (ASA grade Ⅱ to Ⅲ ) with extensive myocardial ischemia diagnosed by preoperative electrocardiogram were divided into two groups:sodium phosphocreatine group (group A) and control group (group B) with 20 cases each by random digits table. Both groups underwent routine preoperative preparation and group A were given sodium phosphocreatine 2 g/d till anesthesia induction immediately in the operation day. Hemodynamic parameters including mean artery pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR),cardiac output (CO), stroke index (SI) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were recorded respectively at 3 d before treatment (T0), anesthesia induction immediately before ( T1 ), tracheal intubation immediately after (T2),tracheal extubation immediately after (T3). And blood hFABP and cTnl levels were detected. Results Compared with group B, there was no significant difference in HR of group A at To to T3 (P ＞ 0.05 ). MAP,CO, SI at T1 to T3 of group A were significantly higher than those of group B(P＜ 0.05 ) ;whereas PVR,blood hFABP and cTnI levels were lower than those of group B (P ＜ 0.05 ). The incidence of arrhythmogenesis of group A [20%(4/20)] was lower than that of group B [45%(9/20)](P＜0.05). Conclusion Sodium phosphocreatine has good protective effect on the myocardium in the patients with myocardial ischemia during perioperative period.     

他克莫司联合激素诱导治疗弥漫增生性狼疮性肾炎的临床研究

目的 探讨他克莫司联合激素诱导治疗弥漫增生性狼疮性肾炎的疗效和安全性.方法 将38例弥漫增生性狼疮性肾炎患者按随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组19例,分别采用他克莫司联合激素治疗和环磷酰胺联合激素治疗,观察两组治疗前后的实验室指标变化以及用药期间的不良反应.结果 两组治疗9个月后的狼疮疾病活动性指数、尿蛋白定量、尿沉渣红细胞计数和抗dsDNA阳性率较治疗前均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而血清白蛋白、C3和C4较治疗前均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);研究组尿蛋白定量较对照组下降更为显著,而血清白蛋白升高则更为显著,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).研究组的有效率为94.7%(18/19),显著高于对照组的68.4%(13/19),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);研究组获得完全缓解、部分缓解的时间均显著短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组均未发生因药物不良反应严重而停药者,研究组一过性血肌酐升高、糖代谢异常的发生率均高于对照组,而感染和一过性肝酶升高发生率则低于对照组.研究组未出现月经紊乱和血白细胞减少者,但上述不良反应的发生率组问比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 他克莫司是诱导治疗弥漫增生性狼疮性肾炎的一种有效的免疫抑制剂,起效快,不良反应轻.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid for inductive therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis. Methods Thirty-eight patients with diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis were randomly divided into study group (19 cases) and control group (19 cases) ,and they received the treatment of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoid and cyclophosphamide combined with glucocorticoid respectively. The changes of laboratory tests and adverse reactions before and after treatment were observed. Results After treatment for 9 months, the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index, urinary protein quantitation, urinary sediment RBC count and anti-dsDNA positive rate in two groups were significantly decreased than those before treatment (P ＜0.05). While serum albumin, complement C3 and G4 levels were significantly increased than those before treatment (P＜0.05). Urinary protein quantitation in study group decreased more significantly than that in control group, while serum albumin increased more significantly than that in control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P＜ 0.05). The effective rate in study group[94.7%(18/19)] was significantly higher than that in control group[68.4%(13/19)](P＜ 0.05). The duration to obtain complete remission and partial remission in Emaii:mashangminpl@163.comstudy group was significantly shorter than that in control group(P＜ 0.05). Nobody withdrawed from the study due to serious side effects of drug. The incidence rate of transient increase in SCr and abnormal glucose metabolism in study group was higher than that in control group, and the incidence of infection and elevated liver enzymes was lower than that in control group. In addition, menstrual disorders and reduction of blood WBC did not occur in study group, but the incidence rate of side effects between two groups had no significant difference (P＞ 0.05). Conclusion Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressant for inductive therapy of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis with quick response and less adverse effects.     

舒芬太尼用于蛛网膜下隙阻滞分娩镇痛量效关系的临床研究

目的 观察不同剂量舒芬太尼用于蛛网膜下隙阻滞分娩镇痛的效果及安全性.方法 100例健康单胎初产妇(ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)按随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D、E五组,每组20例.五组行蛛网膜下隙阻滞时舒芬太尼剂量分别为3、4、5、6、7μg,同时均复合罗哌卡因3 mg.记录五组产妇蛛网膜下隙阻滞起效时间及维持时间;注药前及注药后5、15、30、60 rmin的视觉模拟评分(VAS)及生命体征;产程、分娩方式及不良反应;胎儿胎心率和新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分.结果 A组蛛网膜下隙阻滞起效时间长于B、C、D、E组;A、B组维持时间短于C、D、E组.五组注药后5、15、30、60minVAS均较注药前明显降低(P＜0.01);B、C、D、E组注药后5minVAS低于A组(P＜0.05),C、D、E组注药后60minVAS低于A、B组(P＜0.05).五组产妇生命体征、产程、分娩方式,胎儿胎心率和新生儿Apgar评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).D、E组皮肤瘙痒、恶心发生率[D组为25%(5/20)和15%(3/20),E组为40%(8/20)和20%(4/20)]明显高于A、B、C组[A组为5%(1/20)和0,B组为10%(2/20)和0,C组为10%(2/20)和0](P＜0.05).结论 4～6μg舒芬太尼复合3 mg罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下隙阻滞分娩镇痛安全可靠,尤以5μg舒芬太尼复合3 mg罗哌卡因最理想.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the effect and safety of different doses of sufentanil plus subarachnoid block during labor. Methods One hundred parturients (single birth) were divided into 5groups by random digits table with 20 cases in each, which sufentanil 3,4,5,6,7 μ g in group A, B, C, D, E plus ropivacaine 3 mg were injected respectively into subarachnoid space. The onset and duration of subarachnoid analgesia were observed; visual analogue scale (VAS) were recorded respectively before injection and 5,15,30,60 min after injection; the vital sign,labor stage,labor type,adverse reactions of parturients,fetal heart rate (FHR) and the Apgar score at 1,5 min of neonate were recorded respectively.Results The onset of subarachnoid analgesia in group A was higher than that in group B,C, D,E;the duration of subarachnoid analgesia in group A,B was shorter than that in group C,D,E.VAS declined gradually 5,15,30,60 min after injection compared with before injection in 5 groups (P ＜ 0.01 );VAS in group B, C, D, E was lower than that in group A at 5 min after injection (P ＜ 0.05 ), and VAS in group C, D, E was lower than that in group A,B at 60 min after injection (P＜ 0.05). There was no significant difference in vital sign,labor stage,labor type,FHR and the Apgar score of neonate among 5 groups (P ＞0.05). The occurrence of itch of skin and nausea in group D,E [25%(5/20), 15%(3/20) in group D,and 40%(8/20),20%(4/20) in group E] was higher than that in group A, B, C [5%(1/20), 0 in group A, 10%(2/20), 0 in group B, 10% (2/20), 0 in group C] (P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusion Subarachnoid block (sufentanil 4-6 μ g +ropivacaine 3 mg) can offer safety and efficacy of labor analgesia; sufentanil 5 μg is the best dose with subarachnoid block during labor at present.     

When is the Best Time for Voiding Cystourethrogram in Urinary Tract Infection of Children?

This study was conducted to investigate whether the length of the interval between a urinary tract infection and the performance of the voiding cystourethrogram influences the presence or severity of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). In this study 161 children with first episode of urinary tract infection were evaluated. Depending on time of performance of voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), patients divided into two groups: early (within the first 7 days following treatment) and late (during second week or thereafter of the start of treatment). The prevalence and severity of vesicoureteral reflux in both groups were compared. Out of 161patients, the early and late groups consisted of 75 and 86 patients, respectively. The prevalence of vesicouretral reflux in the early and late groups was 25.3% and 30.2%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between two groups regarding prevalence (P=0.598) and severity (P=0.379) of vesicoureteral reflux. This study showed that the prevalence and severity of VUR is not affected by timing of VCUG. Therefore, it is recommended that in children with urinary tract infection, VCUG should be done following negative urine culture as soon as possible.     

The value of ultrasound in diagnosing vesicoureteral reflux in young children with urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection is a common pediatric problem and vesicoureteral reflux is its most common complication. Detection of this reflux has classically been achieved by voiding cystouretrography (VCUG). Ultrasonography for evaluation of vesicoureteral reflux is shown to be feasible but is not widely accepted. Our aim was to assess the value of routine sonography in detecting vesicoureteral reflux is young children with urinary tract infection. This study was carried out in 105 patients suffering from urinary tract infection admitted to Shahid Sadughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. These patients were evaluated by two methods (sonography and VCUG). Overall sensitivity and specificity value of sonography in suggesting vesicoureteral reflux were 63% and 95% respectively. The most accurate results were obtained with high grades reflux (75% and 955). The results reconfirmed that sonography is reliable in the exclusion or verification of high grade reflux and it has a low sensitivity in low grade vesicoureteral reflux.     

莫西沙星与加替沙星治疗泌尿系统感染的成本-效果分析

目的 评价莫西沙星与加替沙星治疗泌尿系统感染的成本-效果.方法 选择泌尿系统感染患者80例,随机分成莫西沙星组和加替沙星组,莫西沙星组40例,给予莫两沙星400 mg,1次/d;加替沙星组40例,给予加替沙星400mg,1次/d,疗程均为7 d,运用药物经济学的成本-效果分析方法进行分析评价.结果 莫西沙星组临床总有效率95.0%(38/40),加替沙星组92.5%(37/40),两组的细菌清除率分别为77.50%(31/40)和76.92%(30/39),不良反应发生率分别为5.0%(2/40)、7.5%(3/40),两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),成本效果比分别为2296和779(P<0.01).结论 加替沙星治疗方案为治疗泌尿系统感染的较佳方案.     

莫西沙星与加替沙星治疗泌尿系统感染的成本-效果分析

目的评价莫西沙星与加替沙星治疗泌尿系统感染的成本-效果。方法选择泌尿系统感染患者80例,随机分成莫西沙星组和加替沙星组,莫西沙星组40例,给予莫西沙星400mg,1次／d．力口替沙星组40例,给予加替沙星400mg,1次／d,疗程均为7d,运用药物经济学的成本-效果分析方法进行分析评价。结果莫西沙星组临床总有效率95．0％（38／40）,加替沙星组92．5％（37／40）,两组的细菌清除率分别为77．50％（31／40）和76．92％（30／39）,不良反应发生率分别为5．0％（2／40）、7．5％（3／40）,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,成本效果比分别为2296和779（P〈0．01）。结论加替沙星治疗方案为治疗泌尿系统感染的较佳方案。     

膀胱残余尿水平与良性前列腺增生患者肾功能和尿路感染的关系

目的 探讨膀胱残余尿水平和良性前列腺增生(BPH)患者肾功能及尿路感染的关系.方法 回顾性分析接受手术治疗并经病理证实为单纯BPH的病例81例,分成A组53例(残余尿量<60ml),B组18例(残余尿量60～200ml),C组10例(残余尿量200ml).对三组患者的血尿素氮、血肌酐、尿细菌培养结果作对照研究.结果 A、B、C组的血尿素氮、血肌酐分别为(5.90±3.01)mmol/L、(90.13±25.08)μmol/L和(7.85±3.53)mmol/L、(128.36±30.25)μmol/L以及(10.57±4.01)mmol/L、(152.11±36.68)μmol/L.C组血尿素氮、血肌酐水平明显高于A组(P<0.01)和B组(P<0.05),而B组亦明显高于A组(P<0.05).A、B、C组尿路感染的发生率分别为28.3%(15/53)、44.4%(8118)、50.0%(5/10).A组与B、C组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而B组和C组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05).大肠埃希菌仍为尿路感染的主要病原菌.结论 随着膀胱残余尿量的增多,BPH患者肾功能损害有加重趋势.当残余尿量≥60 ml时则明显增加了尿路感染的发生率.     

婴儿泌尿系感染的临床特点及病原菌分布

目的 研究婴儿泌尿系感染的临床特点及病原菌分布.方法 对2012年1月至2016年12月近5年来在西安市儿童医院肾脏科住院并确诊为泌尿系感染的96例婴儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 泌尿系感染患儿中,1岁以下的婴儿和1岁以上患儿的男女构成比差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.971,P<0.01),婴儿泌尿系感染中男62例(占64.58%),女34例(占35.42%).起病形式以发热及肉眼血尿起病最多见,27例(28.13%)均提示泌尿系畸形,其中包括重复肾、肾积水、肾结石、肾发育不良及膀胱输尿管返流等.32例尿培养阳性(阳性率为33.33%),其中革兰阴性菌20例(62.50%),大肠埃希菌12例(37.50%),肺炎克雷伯杆菌7例(21.88%),革兰阳性菌中肠球菌12例(37.50%).所有患儿积极抗感染治疗后,除1例自动出院失访外,其余患儿均预后良好.结论 婴儿泌尿系感染以男孩多见,临床表现多不典型,易合并泌尿系畸形,对婴儿泌尿系感染应常规行泌尿系超声以排除泌尿系畸形.在治疗中应重视寻求病因的同时针对病因进行治疗.     

肾结石术后尿路感染Wnt/β-catenin通路基因和MMP-7表达

目的探讨肾结石术后尿路感染Wnt/β-catenin通路基因和基质金属蛋白-7(MMP-7)的表达。方法选择儋州市人民医院泌尿外科2018年1月-2020年1月收治肾结石经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)术后尿路感染患者62例作为感染组,同期医院肾结石PCNL术后未发生尿路感染的患者60例作为非感染组。采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式法对两组患者外周血Wnt/β-catenin通路基因Wnt1、β-catenin相对表达水平进行检测,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测患者尿中MMP-7水平,分析尿MMP-7对于肾结石术后尿路感染的诊断价值。结果62例尿液标本共检出病原菌60株,其中革兰阴性菌42株,占70.00%,革兰阳性菌16株,占26.67%,真菌2株,占3.33%,大肠埃希菌检出率最高,共26株,占43.33%;感染组血液Wnt-1、β-catenin在mRNA上的相对表达及尿MMP-7表达水平高于非感染组(P<0.05);重度感染组Wnt-1、β-catenin、MMP-7水平高于中度感染组及轻度感染组,中度感染组Wnt-1、β-catenin、MMP-7水平高于轻度感染组(P<0.05);受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析结果表明,尿中MMP-7水平对于肾结石患者术后尿路感染诊断曲线下面积为0.773,P=0.002。结论肾结石术后尿路感染以大肠埃希菌为主,病原可能通过Wnt/β-catenin通路及MMP-7通路引发感染,尿MMP-7水平对其具有良好的诊断价值。     

儿童复杂性尿路感染致病菌及耐药分析

摘要:目的　通过对儿童复杂性尿路感染（complicated Urinary Tract Infection,cUTI）常见致病菌分布及耐药情况的研究,为临床治疗提供依据。方法　回顾性对2012年1月到2013年12月儿科住院治疗的141例尿培养阳性的cUTI致病菌的分布及常见致病菌药敏进行分析。结果　革兰阴性杆菌是导致儿童cUTI的主要致病菌,占58.6%,以大肠埃希菌（43.4%）最常见;其次革兰阳性球菌占35.2%（屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌分别占18.6%和10.3%）;真菌6.2%。大肠杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率高达100%,添加舒巴坦后耐药率下降为52.9%;在头孢菌素类中,对头孢唑啉、头孢曲松和头孢吡肟耐药率较高（＞40%）,而对头孢替坦耐药率低于其他头孢菌素类（P＜0.05）,对阿米卡星、呋喃妥因和厄他培南敏感（＞95%）;屎肠球菌对青霉素,四环素等耐药率较高（＞85%）,对万古霉素、替加环素和利奈唑胺敏感。结论　大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌是尿路感染常见致病菌,这些致病菌对多种抗生素耐药率很高,应根据药敏结果调整经验用药。     

输尿管结石疼痛症状与上尿路梗阻程度的相关性分析

目的：对输尿管结石疼痛症状与上尿路梗阻程度进行相关性分析。方法：对131例输尿管结石患者的病史资料进行临床分析,将患者分为两组,A组42例为无疼痛症状输尿管结石,B组89例为有疼痛症状输尿管结石。所有患者就诊之前均无侵入性治疗史,排除了导致上尿路梗阻的其他病因;经影像学检查判断上尿路梗阻程度（患侧肾轻、中、重度积水）。观察两组上尿路梗阻程度的差异。结果：A组患肾轻度积水4例（9.5%）,中度积水16例（38.1%）,重度积水22例（52.4%）;B组患肾轻度积水60例（67.4%）,中度积水25例（28.1%）,重度积水4例（4.5%）。A组中、重度肾积水发生率均明显高于B组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;经Pearson相关性分析,输尿管结石有无疼痛症状和上尿路梗阻程度有显著相关性（r=0.523,P〈0.05）。结论：输尿管结石上尿路梗阻程度与有无疼痛症状具有显著相关性,无疼痛症状的输尿管结石上尿路梗阻程度较重。可能与患者症状不明显（或无症状）,忽视检查、治疗,依从性差,延误治疗时机有关,最终发展至肾功能不可逆的损害。因此,对此类患者,应加强宣教,提高患者复查、治疗的依从性,及时解除梗阻,挽救肾功能。     

Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a review

Recurrent urinary tract infections most often present with symptoms of irritative voiding. In most cases, they are caused by reinfection with a previously isolated organism. Patients with one or more symptoms of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infection should undergo thorough examination and screening for underlying comorbidities that increase susceptibility. When frequent reinfections, empiric treatment relapse, persistent infections, or risk factors for complicated infections are encountered, patients may benefit from urodynamics, cystoscopy, renal ultrasound, intravenous urogram, or voiding cystourethrogram to evaluate for anatomic, functional, or metabolic abnormalities affecting the urinary tract (e.g., stones, stricture, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, lesions, detrusor underactivity). These patients may benefit from culture-guided empiric treatment and further evaluation by urology, nephrology, or infectious disease specialists. In patients with a history of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, empiric treatment guided by local antimicrobial resistance may efficiently treat a suspected recurrence. After successful treatment of the acute infection, postcoital prophylaxis, continuous prophylaxis, or self-start empiric treatment may be selected based on frequency of recurrent infections, temporal relation to intercourse, and patient characteristics. Ancillary measures such as probiotics, cranberry products, or local estrogen replacement may also be considered. This article will review the current definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, work-up, treatment, treatment side effects, and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women. A suggested algorithm for evaluation and treatment based on current literature is provided.