Mitochondrial pathway mediated by reactive oxygen species involvement in α-hederin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells

AIM To investigate the antitumor activity of α-hederin in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) cells and its underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.METHODS SMMC-7721, Hep G-2 and Huh-7 HCC cells were cultured in vitro and treated with α-hederin(0, 5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, 15 μmol/L, 20 μmol/L, 25 μmol/L, 30 μmol/L, 35 μmol/L, 40 μmol/L, 45 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 55 μmol/L, or 60 μmol/L) for 12 h, 24 h, or 36 h, and cell viability was then detected by the Cell Counting Kit-8. SMMC-7721cells were treated with 0, 5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, or 20 μmol/L α-hederin for 24 h with or without DL-buthionineS,R-sulfoximine(2 mmol/L) or N-acetylcysteine(5 mmol/L) pretreatment for 2 h, and additional assays were subsequently performed. Apoptosis was observed after Hoechst staining. Glutathione(GSH) and adenosine triphosphate(ATP) levels were measured using GSH and ATP Assay Kits. Intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS) levels were determined by measuring the oxidative conversion of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate. Disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated using JC-1 staining. The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome C were detected by western blotting. The antitumor efficacy of α-hederin in vivo was evaluated in a xenograft tumor model.RESULTS The α-hederin treatment induced apoptosis of HCC cells. The apoptosis rates in the control, low-dose α-hederin(5 μmol/L), mid-dose α-hederin(10 μmol/L) and highdose α-hederin(20 μmol/L) groups were 0.90% ± 0.26%, 12% ± 2.0%, 21% ± 2.1% and 37% ± 3.8%, respectively(P 0.05). The α-hederin treatment reduced intracellular GSH and ATP levels, induced ROS, disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential, increased the protein levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome C, and decreased Bcl-2 expression. The α-hederin treatment also inhibited xenograft tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION The α-hederin saponin induces apoptosis of HCC cells via the mitochondrial pathway mediated by increased intracellular ROS and may be an effective treatment for human HCC.     

Emodin regulating excision repair cross-complementation group 1 through fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 signaling

AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversal effect of emodin on platinum resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS: After the addition of 10 μmol/L emodin to HepG2/oxaliplatin (OXA) cells, the inhibition rate (IR), 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) and reversal index (IC 50 in experimental group/IC 50 in control group) were calculated. For HepG2, HepG2/OXA, HepG2/OXA/T, each cell line was divided into a control group, OXA group, OXA + fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7) group and OXA + emodin group, and the final concentrations of FGF7, emodin and OXA in each group were 5 ng/mL, 10 μg/mL and 10 μmol/L, respectively. Single-cell gel electrophoresis was conducted to detect DNA damage, and the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and excision repair cross-complementing gene 1 (ERCC1) protein expression levels in each group were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with the IC50 of 120.78 μmol/L in HepG2/OXA cells, the IC 50 decreased to 39.65 μmol/L after treatment with 10 μmol/L emodin; thus, the reversal index was 3.05. Compared with the control group, the tail length and Olive tail length in the OXA group, OXA + FGF7 group and OXA + emodin group were significantly increased, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The tail length and Olive tail length were lower in the OXA + FGF7 group than in the OXA group, and this difference was also statistically significant. Compared with the OXA + FGF7 group, the tail extent, the Olive tail moment and the percentage of tail DNA were significantly increased in the OXA + emodin group, and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). In comparison with its parental cell line HepG2, the HepG2/OXA cells demonstrated significantly increased FGFR2, p-ERK1/2 and ERCC1 expression levels, whereas the expression of all three molecules was significantly inhibited in HepG2/ OXA/T cells, in which FGFR2 was silenced by     

蛋白激酶C-胞外信号调节激酶1/2信号通路在尼古丁诱导的血管内皮细胞表达纤维溶解酶原激活物抑制物-1中的作用

目的 探讨蛋白激酶C(PKC)-胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)1/2信号通路在尼古丁诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)表达纤维溶解酶原激活物抑制物-1(PAI-1)中的作用.方法 体外培养HUVECs,采用不同实验条件尼古丁进行干预,ELISA法测定细胞上清液中PAI-1的浓度,观察尼古丁作用的最佳浓度和时间.进一步分别用PKC的抑制剂星型胞菌素staurosporine (STS)和ERK的抑制剂PD98059干预HUVECs,观察PKC或ERK被阻断后对尼古丁诱导的HUVECs 表达PAI-1的影响,ELISA测定各组细胞上清液中PAI-1蛋白的表达水平,RT-PCR检测各组细胞PAI-1 mRNA的表达.结果 100 μmol/L尼古丁组PAI-1蛋白水平[(22.6 ± 1.1)μg/L]明显高于对照组[(14.2± 2.8)μg/L,q=5.64,P＜0.05];以100 μmol/L 尼古丁分别与HUVECs孵育0、4、6、8、12及24 h,各组PAI-1蛋白表达呈时间依赖性升高,并在12 h达到高峰(F=32.063,P＜0.05);尼古丁组PAI-1 mRNA及蛋白含量[(1.32±0.20),(21.08±0.83)μg/L]明显高于对照组[(0.73±0.10),(13.39± 0.93)μg/L,q=8.43、11.97,均P＜0.05];尼古丁+STS组PAI-1 mRNA及蛋白含量[(1.07±0.10),(16.19±2.15)μg/L]较尼古丁组降低(q=5.61、7.61,均P＜0.05),但仍高于对照组(q=7.84、4.36,均P＜0.05);尼古丁+ PD98059组PAI-1 mRNA及蛋白表达[(1.12±0.11),(17.52±1.72)μg/L]低于尼古丁组(q=4.68、5.54,均P＜0.05),仍高于对照组(q=8.77、6.43,均P＜0.05).结论 PKC-ERK1/2信号通路在尼古丁诱导的血管内皮细胞PAI-1表达上调中发挥一定作用.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the role of protein kinase C (PKC)- extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signal pathway in the process of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) protein and mRNA expression in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) induced by nicotine. Methods HUVECs were cultured to examine the effect of nicotine on the expression of secreting PAI-1 in HUVECs on different experimental conditions. The expression of PAI-1 protein was measured by ELISA. PKC inhibitor staurosporine (STS)and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 were used to detect PKC or ERK1/2 function on the expression of PAI-1 in HUVECs induced by nicotine. The PAI-1 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. Results The expression level of PAI-1 protein in 100 μmol/L nicotine treated group [(22.6±1.1) μg/L] increased significantly compared to the control group [(14.2±2.8) μg/L; q=5.64,P<0.05]. After stimulation with 100 μmol/L nicotine for 0,4,6,8,12 and 24 h, the levels of PAI-1 protein increased over time and reached the peak at 12 h (F=32.063,P<0.05).The PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression in nicotine treated group [(1.32±0.20), (21.08 ± 0.83) μg/L] increased significantly compared to the control group [(0.73±0.10), (13.39±0.93) μg/L; q=8.43,11.97,all P<0.05].Compared with nicotine treated group , the PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression in nicotine and STS treated group [(1.07±0.10),(16.19±2.15) μg/L] decreased significantly(q=5.61,7.61, all P<0.05), but still higher than the control group (q=7.84,4.36, all P<0.05). In nicotine and PD98059 treated group, the PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression [(1.12±0.11),(17.52±1.72) μg/L] decreased significantly compared to the nicotine treated group(q= 4.68,5.54, all P<0.05), still higher than the control group (q=8.77,6.43, all P<0.05). Conclusion PKC-ERK1/2 signal pathway may play a partial role in the up-regulation of PAI-1 induced by nicotine in HUVECs.     

Fentanyl inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin release from β-cells in rat pancreatic islets

AIM： TO explore the effects of fentanyl on insulin release from freshly isolated rat pancreatic islets in static culture. METHODS： Islets were isolated from the pancreas of mature Sprague Dawley rats by common bile duct intraductal collagenase V digestion and were purified by discontinuous Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The islets were divided into four groups according to the fentanyl concentration： control group （0 ng/mL）, group I （0.3 ng/mL）, group I （3.0 ng/mL）, and group III （30 ng/mL）. In each group, the islets were co-cultured for 48 h with drugs under static conditions with fentanyl alone, fentanyl ＋ 0.1 μg/mL naloxone or fentanyl ＋ 1.0 μg/mL naloxone. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. Insulin release in response to low and high concentrations （2.8 mmol/L and 16.7 mmol/L, respectively） of glucose was investigated and electron microscopy morphological assessment was performed. RESULTS： Low- and high-glucose-stimulated insulin release in the control group was significantly higher than in groups I and II （62.33 ± 9.67 μIU vs 47.75 ± 8.47 μIU, 39.67 ± 6.18 μIU and 125.5 ± 22.04 μIU vs 96.17 ± 14.17 μIU, 75.17 ± 13.57 μIU, respectively, P 〈 0.01） and was lowest in group III （P 〈 0.01）. After adding 1 μg/mL naloxone, insulin release in groups II and II was not different from the control group. Electron microscopy studies showed that the islets were damaged by 30 ng/ml fentanyl. CONCLUSION： Fentanyl inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin release from rat islets, which could be prevented by naloxone. Higher concentrations of fentanyl significantly damaged β-cells of rat islets.     

N-acetylcysteine attenuates oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

AIM To evaluate attenuating properties of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (control, n = 8) was free accessed to regular dry rat chow (RC) for 6 wk.Group 2 (NASH, n = 8) was fed with 100% fat diet for 6 wk. Group 3 (NASH NAC20, n = 9) was fed with 100% fat diet plus 20 mg/kg per day of NAC orally for 6 wk. All rats were sacrificed to collect blood and liver samples at the end of the study.RESULTS The levels of total glutathione (GSH)and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased significantly in the NASH group as compared with the control group (GSH; 2066.7 ± 93.2 vs 1337.5 ± 31.5 μmol/L and MDA; 209.9± 43.9 vs 3.8 ±1.7 μmol/g protein, respectively, P ＜ 0.05). Liver histopathology from group 2 showed moderate to severe macrovesicular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning, and necroinflammation.NAC treatment improved the level of GSH (1394.8 ± 81.2 μmol/L, P ＜ 0.05), it did not affect MDA (150.1 ± 27.0 μmol/g protein), but led to a decrease in fat deposition and necroinflammation.CONCLUSION NAC treatment could attenuate oxidative stress and improve liver histology in rats with NASH.     

Effect of Lianshu preparation on lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea in rats

AIM： To investigate the effect of Lianshu preparation on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced diarrhea in rats. METHODS： A diarrhea model was established in Sprague Dawley rats via injection of 1 mL of 30 mg/kg LPS. A total of 40 rats were randomly divided into normal group, LPS group, LPS ＋ Lianshu group, LPS ＋ berberine group （n = 10 in each group）. Their intestinal mucosal barrier and frequency of diarrhea were observed. Levels of glucose, serum Na^＋, K^＋, Cl and hematocrit, plasma nitrogen monoxide （NO）, diamine oxidase （DAO）, and D （-）-lactate were measured. The number of IgA＋ plasma cells in small intestine was detected and SIgA levels in the intestinal fluid were measured. The antipyretic activity of Lianshu preparation in rats was evaluated using Brewer＇s yeast-induced pyrexia （10 mL/kg of 20% aqueous suspension）. Acetaminophen （250 mg/kg, intragastric administration, bid） was comparison. Temperature used as a standard drug for was recorded 1 h before and 6 h after Brewer＇s yeast injection. Finally, small intestina transmission in mice treated with Lianshu was detected after intraperitoneal injection of methyl prostigmin （2 mg/kg）. Atropine （10 g/kg） was used as a control. The ink content in intestine was determined and the total length of intestine was measured. RESULTS： The frequency of diarrhea was higher in LPS group than in LPS ＋ Lianshu group and LPS ＋ berberine group （36.70± 5.23 vs 28.50 ±4.06 and 32.70±9.30 respectively, P 〈 0.01）, and lower in LP5 ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （P = 0.03）. The levels of Na＋, glucose, Cl, K^＋ were significantly lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （140.35±3.19 mmol/L vs 131.99±4.86 mmol/L, 8.49 ±1.84 mmol/L vs 6.54±2.30 mmol/L, 106.29± 4.41 mmol/L vs 102.5±1.39 mmol/L, 5.08±0.66 mmol/L vs 4.32 ± 0.62 mmol/L respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The level of hematocrit was lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS ＋ berberine group （0.50% ±0.07% vs 0.59%± 0.10% respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The plasma levels of NO, DAO and D （-）-lactate were higher in LPS group than in normal group （79.74 ± 7.39μmol/L vs 24.94 ± 3.38μmol/L, 2.48 ±0.42μ/mL vs 0.82 ±0.33 p/mL, 5.63± 0.85μg/mL vs 2.01 ±0.32 μg/mL respectively, P 〈 0.01）, and lower in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LP5 ＋ berberine group （48.59±4.70μmol/L vs 51.56 ±8.38 μmol/L, 1.43± 0.53μmol/mL vs 1.81 ±0.42 μmol/mL, 4.00± 0.54 μg/mL vs 4.88 ± 0.77 pg/mL respectively, P 〈 0.05）. The morphology of the intestinal mucosa showed destroyed villi in LPS group and atrophied intestinal mucosa in other groups. The pathological intestinal mucosal changes were less in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS group. The number of IgA＋ plasma cells and amount of SIgA were higher in LPS ＋ Lianshu group than in LPS group （1.16±0.19/μm^2 vs 1.09±0.28/μm^2, P = 0.026; 0.59 ±0.12 mg/L vs 0.15± 0.19 mg/L respectively, P = 0.000）. Lianshu had counteractive effects on yeast-induced pyrexia and enterokinesia in rats. CONCLUSION： Lianshu preparation has therapeutic effects on LPS-induced diarrhea and enterokinesia in rats.     

Hepatic injury induced by carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in experimental rats

AIM： To observe the hepatic injury induced by carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in rats and to explore its potential mechanism.
METHODS： Thirty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into control group （n = 10）, 0 h experimental group （n = 10） and 1 h experimental group （n = 10） after sham operation with carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Histological changes in liver tissue were observed with hematoxylineosin staining. Liver function was assayed with an automatic biochemical analyzer. Concentration of malonyldialdehyde （MDA） and activity of superoxide dismutase （SOD） were assayed by colorimetry. Activity of adenine nucleotide translocator in liver tissue was detected with the atractyloside-inhibitor stop technique. Expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 （HIF-1） mRNA in liver tissue was detected with in situ hybridization.
RESULTS： Carbon dioxide 60 min could induce liver pneumoperitoneum for injury in rats. Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were 95.7 ± 7.8 U/L and 86.8 ± 6.9 U/L in 0 h experimental group, and 101.4 ± 9.3 U/L and 106.6 ±8.7 U/L in 1 h experimental group. However, no significant difference was found in total billirubin, albumin, and pre-albumin in the three groups. In 0 h experimental group, the concentration of MDA was 9.83 ±2.53 μmol/g in liver homogenate and 7.64 ± 2.19 μmol/g in serum respectively, the activity of SOD was 67.58±9.75 nu/mg in liver and 64.47 ± 10.23 nu/mg in serum respectively. In 1 h experimental group, the concentration of MDA was 16.57±3.45 μmol/g in liver tissue and 12.49 ±4.21 μmol/g in serum respectively, the activity of SOD was 54.29 ±7.96 nu/mg in liver tissue and 56.31 ±9.85 nu/mg in serum respectively. The activity of ANT in liver tissue was 9.52 ± 1.56 in control group, 6.37± 1.33 in 0 h experimental group and 7.2 8±1.45 （10^-9 mol/min per gram protein） in 1 h experimental group, respectively. The expression of HIF-1 mRNA in liver tissue was not detected in control group, and its optical density difference value was 6.14±1.03 in 0 h experimental group and 9.51 ± 1.74 in 1 h experimental group, respectively.
CONCLUSION： Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum during the sham operation can induce hepatic injury in rats. The probable mechanisms of liver injury include anoxia, ischemia reperfusion and oxidative stress. Liver injury should be avoided during clinical laparoscopic operation with carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum.     

氟致体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞损伤的实验观察

目的 观察不同剂量的氟对体外培养人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)的影响.方法 在HUVEC培养液中加入不同剂量的氟化钠(NaF),分别为0(对照)100、400、700、1000、2000 μmol/L,每组设6个复孔,连续培养48 h,收集细胞培养液与细胞.瑞氏-吉姆萨染色观察细胞形态,吖啶橙荧光染色测定细胞凋亡,四唑氮蓝(MT T)比色法检测细胞活性;分光光度法检测细胞培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平及诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性;RT-PCR法检测细胞iNOS mRNA和eNOS mRNA表达水平;双抗体夹心ELISA法检测细胞培养液中细胞黏附因子(ICAM-1)、血管黏附因子(VCAM-1)水平.结果 随染氟剂量增加,HUVEC细胞数量减少,结构改变;400～2000μmol/L NaF组SOD活性[(6.627±0.213)、(6.668±0.152)、(5.935±0.122)、(4.755±0.182)kU/L]较对照组[(7.457±0.398)kU/L]降低(P＜0.05或＜0.01),GSH-Px活性[(481.284±43.785)、(492.223±16.474)、(382.762±25.167)、(293.687±24.881)kU/L]较对照组[(585.078±47.323)kU/L]降低(P＜0.05或＜0.01),MDA水平[(0.609±0.011)、(0.646±0.016)、(0.852±0.013)、(1.188±0.045)nmol/L]较对照组[(0.512±0.027)nmol/L]升高(P＜0.05或＜0.01);iNOS活性[(3.604±0.115)、(3.615±0.075)、(3.848±0.103)、(4.275±0.079)kU/L]较对照组[(2.798±0.136)kU/L]增强(P均＜0.01),iNOS mRNA表达增强,eNOS活性[(5.539±0.079)、(5.503±0.064)、(5.226±0.142)、(4.809±0.107)kU/L]较对照组[(5.996±0.155)kU/L]减弱(P＜0.05或＜0.01),eNOSmRNA表达减弱;ICAM-1水平[(0.852±0.102)、(0.886±0.061)、(0.961±0.158)、(1.418±0.167)μg/L]较对照组[(0.687±0.046)μg/L]升高(P＜0.05或＜0.01),VCAM-1水平[(2.719±0.197)、(2.946±0.167)、(3.173±0.225)、(3.613±0.153)μg/L]较对照组[(2.375±0.067)μg/L]升高(P均＜0.01).结论 高剂量氟降低抗氧化酶活性,使一氧化氮代谢紊乱,细胞因子异常表达,以此抑制血管内皮细胞生长、结构改变并致细胞凋亡,为高氟致血管内皮损伤的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effect of different concentrations of fluoride on cultured human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells(HUVEC). Methods Different doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) were added to HUVEC culture medium, fluoride concentrations were 0(control), 100,400,700,1000,2000 μmol/L, respectively,6 re-set hole in each group. After continuous culture for 48 h, cells and culture medium were collected. Cell morphology was studied by Wright-Giemsa staining; cells apoptosis was determined by acridine orange fluorescence staining; cell activity was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay; superoxide dismutase (SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity, malonaldehyde(MDA) content, induced nitricoxide synthase(iNOS), and endothelia nitricoxide synthase(eNOS) activity in cell culture medium were determined by spectrophotometry; cell iNOS mRNA and eNOS mRNA expression were detected by RT-PCR; intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels were detected by double antibody sandwich ELISA method.Results With increased dose of fluoride, HUVEC cells decreased, the structure changed. In 400 - 2000 μmol/L group, the SOD activity[(6.627 ± 0.213), (6.668 ± 0.152), (5.935 ± 0.122), (4.755 ± 0.182)kU/L] was lower than those of the control group[(7.457 ± 0.398)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], GSH-Px activity[(481.284 ± 43.785),(492.223 ± 16.474), (382.762 ± 25.167), (293.687 ± 24.881 )kU/L] was also lower than those of the control group [(585.078 ± 47.323)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], MDA level[(0.609 ± 0.011 ), (0.646 ± 0.016), (0.852 ± 0.013),(1.188 ± 0.045)nmol/L] was higher than those of the control group[(0.512 ± 0.027)nmol/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01];iNOS activity[(3.604 ± 0.115), (3.615 ± 0.075), (3.848 ± 0.103), (4.275 ± 0.079)kU/L] also was higher than those of the control group[(2.798 ± 0. 136)kU/L, all P ＜ 0.01], iNOS mRNA expression increased, eNOS activity [(5.539 ± 0.079), (5.503 ± 0.064), (5.226 ± 0.142), (4.809 ± 0. 107)kU/L] decreased compared to those of control group[(5.996 ± 0.155)kU/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], eNOS mRNA expression decreased; ICAM-1 levels [(0.852 ± 0. 102), (0.886 ± 0.061 ), (0.961 ± 0.158), (1.418 ± 0. 167)μg/L] increased compared to those of the control group[(0.687 ± 0.046)μg/L, P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01], VCAM-1 levels[(2.719 ± 0.197), (2.946 ± 0.167),(3.173 ± 0.225 ), (3.613 ± 0. 153 ) μg/L] was higher than those of the control group [(2.375 ± 0.067 ) μg/L, all P ＜0.01]. Conclusions High concentrations of fluoride reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes, which leads to metabolic disorders of nitric oxide and abnormal cytokines expression, thereby inhibiting vascular endothelial cell growth, structural change and induced apoptosis. This is an important factor in high fluoride-induced vascular endothelial injury.     

The protective effect and underlying mechanism of Hainan papaya water extract against neuronal apoptosis induced by A β 40

Objective:To investigate whether Hainan papayas has protective effects in an Aimary neuron injury model and elucidate the underlying molecular mecha β 40-induced prnism.Methods:Cultured primary neurons from the dorsal root ganglia(DRG) of Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were treated with 20 μM A culture medium β 40 peptide,100 μg/L Hainan papaya water extract,peptide plus extract,or for 24 h.Cell viability was measured by MTT assay,and neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by DAPI staining.ERK signaling pathway-associated molecule activation and changes in Bax expression were analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence.Results:A cell viability rate of(44.11±6.59)% in the Ading different concentrations of the extract β 40 group was rescued to(79.13±6.64)% by ad.DAPI showed pyknotic nuclei in 39.5% of A β 40-treated cells;the fraction dropped to 17.4% in the 100 μg/L extract group.ERK phosphorylation was observed in the Aent with 100 μg/L extract.Hainan papaya water ex β 40 group but was ameliorated by pretreatmtract also prevented Ation of MEK,RSK1 and CREB associated with ERK signaling and d β 40-induced phosphorylaownregulated Bax expression in the neurons.Conclusion:The resultss suggest that Hainan papaya water extract has protective effects on neurons;the mechanism may be related to suppression of ERK signaling activation.     

HSP70 inhibitor combined with cisplatin suppresses the cervical cancer proliferation in vitro and transplanted tumor growth:An experimental study

Objective:To study the regulating effect of HSP70 inhibitor(PES) combined with cisplatin on cervical cancer proliferation in vitro and transplanted tumor growth.Methods:Cervical cancer Hela cell lines were cultured and divided into control group,cisplatin group,PES group and cisplatin+PES group that were treated with serum-free DMEM,cisplatin with final concentration of 10 μmol/L,PES 20 μmol/L and cisplatin 10 μmol/L combined with PES with 20 μmol/L,respectively;animal models with cervical cancer xenografts were established and divided into control group,cisplatin group,PES group and cisplatin+PES group who received intra-tumor injection of normal saline,10 μmol/L cisplatin,20 μmol/L PES as well as 10 μmol/L cisplatin+20 μmol/L PES,respectively.Cell proliferation activity,transplanted tumor volume and mitochondria apoptosis molecule expression were detected.Results:Cell viability value and Bcl-2 mRNA expression in cells of cisplatin group,PES group and cisplatin+PES group were significantly lower than those of control group while Bax,Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expression in cells were significantly higher than those of control group;transplanted tumor volume and the Bcl-2 mRNA expression in transplanted tumor tissue of cisplatin group,PES group and cisplatin+PES group were significantly lower than those of control group while Bax,Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 m RNA expression in transplanted tumor tissue were significantly higher than those of control group.Conclusions:HSP70 inhibitor combined with cislatin can inhibit cervical cancer cell proliferation in vitro and transplanted tumor growth through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.     

叔丁基对苯二酚对亚砷酸钠致细胞毒性和氧化损伤的拮抗作用

目的 探讨叔丁基对苯二酚(tBHQ)对亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)致细胞毒性和氧化损伤的拮抗作用。方法 Chang肝细胞用tBHQ[0(对照)、5、25μmol/L]预处理24h,再用5 μmol/L tBHQ和NaAsO2[0(对照)、30、40、50、60 μmol/L]共同作用24h,采用刃天青钠(Alamar blue)还原法检测细胞活力,结果用实验组Alamar blue还原率与对照组Alamar blue还原率的相对比值表示;Chang肝细胞用tBHQ[0(对照)、5、25 μmol/L]预处理24h,再用5μmol/L tBHQ和NaAso2[0(对照)、40、50 μmol/L]共同作用24h,采用荧光探针2′,7′-二乙酰二氯荧光素(DCFH-DA)检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)的生成,结果用实验组平均荧光强度与对照组平均荧光强度的相对比值表示。结果 30、40、50、60 μmol/L的NaAsO2暴露能够显著降低细胞活力,而tBHQ预处理(5、25 μmol/L)则可明显恢复细胞活力,NaAsO2和tBHQ两因素的主效应及其交互作用均有统计学意义（F值分别为566.57、55.09、14.50,P均＜0.05）;5、25 μmol/L tBHQ预处理的30、40、50、60 μmol/LNaAsO2组细胞活力(0.75±0.02、0.70±0.04、0.59±0.03、0.43±0.03和0.75±0.02、0.73±0.03、0.65±0.02、0.50±0.02)较相应NaAsO2单独作用组(0.70±0.03、0.64±0.03、0.43±0.03、0.33±0.01)显著升高（P均＜0.05）,25 μmol/L tBHQ 预处理的50、60μmol/L NaAsO2组细胞活力高于相应5μmol/L tBHQ预处理组（P均＜0.05）。40、50 μmol/L的NaAsO2能显著诱导Chang肝细胞内ROS的产生,而tBHQ预处理(5、25 μmol/L)则可使NaAsO2诱导产生的细胞内ROS水平显著下降,NaAsO2和tBHQ两因素的主效应及其交互作用均有统计学意义（F值分别为181.78、60.55、4.93,P均＜0.05）;5、25 μmol/L tBHQ预处理的40、50 μmol/L NaAsO2组细胞内ROS水平(1.87±0.09、1.80±0.07和1.36±0.11、1.44±0.12)较相应NaAsO2单独作用组(2.30±0.18、2.18±0.17)显著降低(P 均＜ 0.05),25 μmol/L tBHQ预处理的40、50 μmol/L NaAsO2组细胞内ROS水平低于相应5μmol/L tBHQ预处理组（P均＜ 0.05）。结论 tBHQ对NaAsO2诱导的细胞毒性和氧化损伤具有一定的拮抗作用。     

亚砷酸钠诱导人膀胱上皮永生化细胞氧化损伤作用观察

目的 观察亚砷酸钠(NaAsO2)诱导人膀胱上皮永生化细胞(SV-HUC-1)氧化损伤作用.方法 以不同浓度NaAsO2[0(对照)、1、2、4、8、10μmol/L]对SV-HUC-1细胞染砷24 h,利用流式细胞仪检测细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平,采用酶联免疫吸附实验(EHSA法)检测细胞内硝基酪氨酸(NT)含量和细胞培养液中8-羟基脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷(8-OHdG)水平.结果 1、2、4、8、10 μmol/L染砷组SV-HUC-1细胞ROS水平(81.76±4.91、95.23±2.17、126.61±17.95、126.74±27.77、114.18±9.65)明显高于对照组(69.84±1.28,P＜ 0.05或＜ 0.01),ROS水平与染砷剂量呈显著正相关(r=0.818,P＜ 0.01).10 μmol/L染砷组SV-HUC-1细胞内NT含量[ (919.66±206.33)μg/L]显著高于对照组[(238.19±38.28) μg/L,P＜ 0.01],NT含量与染砷剂量呈显著正相关(r=0.617,P＜0.01).各组细胞培养液中8-OHdG含量比较,差异无统计学意义(F=2.127,P＞0.05).结论 NaAsO2能够引起SV-HUC-1细胞氧化损伤.     

黄芩苷对体外氧化应激模型中肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白表达的影响及其意义

目的 研究黄芩苷对体外氧化应激模型中肝型脂肪酸结合蛋白(L-FABP)表达的影响及其意义. 方法 用终浓度为400 μ mol/L的过氧化氢(H2O2) 37℃避光孵育细胞20min,建立体外诱导氧化应激模型.应用甲基噻唑基四唑法(MTT)检测不同浓度黄芩苷作用细胞的存活率,确定24h、48 h黄芩苷的半数中毒浓度(TC50).流式细胞技术检测不同浓度黄芩苷(25、50、100μmol/L)作用后活性氧(ROS)的表达、细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性变化,实时PCR和Western blot检测肝细胞内L-FABP基因和蛋白表达.数据分析采用单因素方差分析.结果 根据MTT法得出25、50、100 μ mol/L的黄芩苷作用于细胞24h的存活率为83.60％±3.47％,72.36％±2.18％,70.16％±2.04％,F值为386.24,P＞0.05;作用于细胞48h的存活率为84.93％±3.11％,76.16％±2.45％,72.72％±2.31％,F值为475.92,P＞0.05.直线回归法得出黄芩苷持续作用24h和48h的TC50分别为153.2、170.6μmol/L.在此范围内,用25、50、100μmol/L浓度的黄芩苷分别作用Chang肝细胞24、48 h后,ROS含量24 h分别为37.0±3.30,22.90±3.84,29.60±2.52,F值为70.06,P＜0.05 ; 48h分别为35.77±2.35,21.80±3.10,23.87±1.98,F值为110.92,P＜0.05,而400μ mol/L H2O2组ROS含量24h和48h分别为45.50±3.47,48.80±2.70,以50μmol/L的黄芩苷作用48h效果最为显著.用50μmol/L黄芩苷处理48h后细胞内SOD活性为(51.53±1.91)μ g/mg,GSH为(49.85±1.45) U/mg;与对照组SOD为(26.36±1.23)μ g/mg,GSH为(25.11±1.74) U/mg,F值分别为93.81和92.51,P值均＜0.05).尽管50μmol/L黄芩苷处理48 h后细胞内L-FABP在mRNA水平并无明显变化,但50μmol/L黄芩苷处理48 h后细胞内L-FABP蛋白表达与对照组相比增加约80％.结论 黄芩苷能通过增强L-FABP蛋白表达,增加细胞内SOD和GSH的活性发挥抗氧化作用.     

NADPH氧化酶在瘦素诱导肝星状细胞株HSC-T6产生活性氧中的作用及其机制

目的 研究NADPH氧化酶(NOX)是否参与瘦素诱导肝星状细胞(HSC)产生活性氧(ROS),并探讨其机制. 方法取对数生长期的HSC-T6细胞,随机分为9组:瘦素组、瘦素+ROS生成系统抑制剂[包括氯化二亚苯基碘嗡(DPI)、鱼藤酮、甲双吡丙酮、别嘌呤醇和吲哚美辛]组成的干预组、瘦素+JAK抑制剂AG490组成的干预组、正常对照组和阴性对照组.HSC-T6细胞经药物作用1、12、24 h后,荧光显微镜和(或)流式细胞术观察细胞内二氯荧光素强度来反应ROS水平;分光光度计检测NADPH的吸光度,以NADPH的消耗量表示NOX活性;逆转录聚合酶链反应检测Rac1和p22Phox的mRNA相对表达量.数据分析用单因素方差分析、SNK-q检验或秩和检验,P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 HSC-T6细胞加入瘦素(100 ng/ml)作用1 h后,荧光强度较正常对照组明显升高(92.91±4.19比27.56±6.27,P＜0.01);DPI(20 μmol/L)和AG490(50 μ mol/L)能抑制ROS的产生,荧光强度值分别为37.35±4.66和53.12±6.63,均低于瘦素组的92.91±4.19(q值分别为31.78和22.76,P值均＜0.01).瘦素作用HSC-T6细胞1 h后,NADPH的消耗量较正常对照组明显升高[(1.90±0.22)pmol·min-1·mg1比(0.76±0.06)pmol·min-1·mg-1,P＜0.05)],而作用12、24 h后的消耗量明显高于1 h时的消耗量(x2值均为7.54,P值均＜0.05);DPI及AG490干预能抑制瘦素诱导NOX活性的上调(q值分别为16.58和16.23,P值均＜0.05).瘦素作用12 h后,HSC-T6细胞内Racl和p22Phox的mRNA相对表达量明显高于正常对照组(分别为0.41±0.13比0.14±0.08和0.45±0.12比0.20±0.08,P值均＜0.05).结论 瘦素诱导HSC产生的ROS主要来源于NOX,其机制可能是瘦素通过JAK信号通路直接激活NOX,并通过上调NOX的亚基表达使NOX活性持续增高而产生大量ROS.     

AMP-活化蛋白激酶对氧葡萄糖剥夺复氧PC12细胞HMGB1释放及其介导的BY2细胞炎性反应的影响

目的 探讨调节AMP-活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK)对PCl2细胞氧葡萄糖剥夺复氧(oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation,OGD/R)后高迁移率族蛋白l(high mobility group box l,HMGB1)释放及其介导的BV2细胞炎性反应的影响.方法 分别培养PCl2和BV2细胞,应用PCl2细胞建立氧葡萄糖剥夺12 h复氧24 h模型,分别给予5-氨基-4-甲酰胺咪唑核糖核苷酸(5-aminoimidazole-4-c arboxamide,AICAR)5、50和100 μmol/L以及Compound C 0.1、l和10 μmol/L激活或抑制AMPK磷酸化后,应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium,MTT)法检测PC12细胞活性,酶联免疫吸附法检测PC12细胞培养基中HMGB1释放水平.将各组OGD/R后PC12培养基分别作用于BV2细胞正常培养24 h.分别采用免疫印迹法和酶联免疫吸附法检测BV2细胞中NF-κB抑制蛋白(inh~itor of NF-κB,IκB)磷酸化水平和TNF-α释放水平.结果 OGD/R后,PC12细胞活性显著降低[(68.84 ±6.60)％对(100.04±8.82)％;P＜0.01],AMPK磷酸化水平显著增高(1.95±0.39对1.00±0.20;P＜0.05),细胞外HMGB1释放显著增多[(287.66±26.42) pg/μl对(53.05±9.11) pg/μl;P ＜0.01].与OGD/R组比较,AICAR 100 μmol/L能显著增高OGD/R后PC12细胞存活率[(78.60±3.75)％对(68.84±6.60)％;P＜0.05]、促进AMPK磷酸化(3.32±0.66对1.95 ±0.39;P＜ 0.01)和减少细胞外HMGB1的释放[(164.06±12.77) pg/μl对(287.66±26.42) pg/μl;P＜0.01].相比之下,Compound C 10 μmol/L则会显著降低PC12细胞存活率[(40.44±3.79)％对(68.84±6.60)％;P＜0.01]、抑制AMPK磷酸化(1.07±0.21对1.95±0.39;P＜0.05)和增加HMGB1的释放[(337.97±18.90) pg/μl对(287.66±26.42) pg/μl;P＜0.01].AICAR 100 μmol/L组条件培养基能显著抑制BV2细胞的IκB磷酸化(1.68±0.51对3.09±0.10;P＜0.05)和减少TNF-α释放[(669.53±38.58) pg/μl对(841.76±45.82) pg/μ1;P＜0.05];Compound C 10 μmol/L组条件培养基则能显著促进BV2细胞IκB磷酸化(4.98±1.24对3.09 ±0.10;P ＜0.01)和增加TNF-α释放[(1 035.32±128.06) pg/μl对(841.76±45.82) pg/μl;P＜0.05].结论 促进AMPK磷酸化激活能减少PC12细胞OGD/R后HMGB1的释放、抑制其介导的BV2细胞NF-κB炎症通路激活并且减少TNF-α释放,从而减轻神经炎性损伤;相反,抑制AMPK磷酸化则会促进PC12细胞OGD/R后HMGB1释放和加重其介导的BV2细胞炎性反应.     

低糖诱导的HUVEC-12细胞氧化损伤与线粒体膜电位的关系

目的 探讨低浓度葡萄糖对人脐静脉内皮细胞株HUVEC-12细胞的氧化损伤作用及其与线粒体膜电位的关系。方法 以人脐静脉内皮细胞株HUVEC-12细胞为研究对象,用5.5mmol/L及低浓度葡萄糖(2.8 mmol/L或0mmol/L)培养液培养HUVEC-12细胞4h,甲基噻唑基四唑(MTT)法测定细胞活力;超氧化物阴离子荧光探针标记测定细胞活性氧(ROS)产量;罗丹明123荧光探针标记测定线粒体膜电位(MMP)水平。结果 与5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖组(正常对照组)的细胞活力(96.80±3.20)％相比,2.8 mmoL/L葡萄糖组活动度(66.40±1.60)％与0 mmol/L葡萄糖组细胞活力(58.93±1.67)％分别低约32％、40％ (P＜0.01);5.5mmol/L葡萄糖组、2.8mmol/L葡萄糖组、0 mmol/L葡萄糖组的ROS水平分别为0.59±0.02、0.74±0.04、0.88±0.05,2.8mmoL/L葡萄糖组、0 mmoL/L葡萄糖组的ROS水平较正常对照组分别高25％和48％ (P＜0.01);5.5 mmol/L葡萄糖组、2.8 mmol/L葡萄糖组、0 mmol/L葡萄糖组的MMP水平分别为148.83±3.51、271.07±19.54、357.74±51.32,2.8 mmol/L葡萄糖组、0mmol/L葡萄糖组的MMP水平分别是正常对照组的1.8倍和2.4倍(P＜0.01)。结论 低浓度葡萄糖可以导致HUVEC-12细胞损伤,这种损伤作用可能与线粒体膜电位升高导致的氧化应激有关。     

三氧化二砷对BXSB狼疮小鼠神经激肽A的影响及其意义探讨

目的 探讨不同浓度三氧化二砷(As2O3,ATO)对BXSB狼疮小鼠肾组织中神经激肽A(NKA)含量的影响及其意义.方法 BXSB狼疮小鼠50只随机分为5组,分别为对照组,系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)组,低剂量、中剂量和高剂量ATO组.常规检验治疗前后小鼠的血生化指标、组织化学法观察肾脏病理改变、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)及反转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测各组NKA及肾组织中NKA mRNA含量.结果 BXSB狼疮小鼠肾组织中NKA的含量(299±26)pg/g高于健康对照组(122±7)Dg/g,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ATO作用BXSB狼疮小鼠后,其肾组织的NKA含量明显下降,大、中、小剂量组与治疗前的差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时,各项生化指标及肾脏病理改变也明显改善(P＜0.05),尤其以小剂量ATO组效果更好(P＜0.01);小剂量ATO组中毒症状较轻,中、大剂量组中毒症状较重,两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 一定剂量的ATO对狼疮肾具有治疗作用,其机制可能是下调肾组织中NKA mRNA表达,其中小剂量ATO治疗狼疮肾,既安全又有效,具有一定的应用前景.     

Effects of estradiol on liver estrogen receptor-α and its mRNA expression in hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: Estradiol treatment regulates estrogen receptor (ER) level in normal rat liver. However, little information is available concerning the role of estrogen in regulating liver ER in hepatic fibrosis in rats. The present study was conducted to determine whether estradiol treatment in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis of female and ovariectomized rats altered liver Erα and its mRNA expression, and to investigate the possible mechanisms.METHODS: Seventy female rats were divided into seven groups with ten rats in each. The ovariectomy groups were initiated with ovariectomies and the sham operation groups were initiated with just sham operations. The CCl4 toxic fibrosis groups Received 400 mL/L CCl4 subcutaneously at a dose of 2 mL/kg twice weekly. Estrogen groups were treated subcutaneously with estradiol 1 mg/kg, the normal control group and an ovariectomy group Received injection of peanut oil vehicle twice weekly. At the end of 8 weeks, all the rats were killed to detect their serum and hepatic indicators,their hepatic collagen content, and liver ER and ER mRNA expression.RESULTS: Estradiol treatment in both ovariectomy and sham ovariectomy groups reduced liver levels of ALT (from 658±220 nkat/L to 311±146 nkat/L and 540±252 nkat/L to 314±163 nkat/L, P＜0.05) and AST (from 697±240 nkat/L to 321±121 nkat/L and 631±268 nkat/L to 302±153 nkat/L,P＜0.05), increased serum nitric oxide (NO) level (from 53.7±17.1 μmol/L to 93.3±24.2 μmol/L and 55.3±23.1 μmol/L to 87.5±23.6 μmol/L, P＜0.05) and hepatic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (from 1.73±0.71 KU/g to 2.49±1.20 KU/g and1.65±0.46 KU/g to 2.68±1.17 KU/g, P＜0.05), diminished the accumulation of hepatic collagen, decreased centrolobular necrotic areas as well as the inflammatory reaction in rats subjected to CCl4. The positive signal of ER and ER mRNA distributed in parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells, especially near the hepatic centrolobular and periportal areas. Ovariectomy decreased ER level (from 10.2±3.2 to4.3±1.3) and ER mRNA expression (from 12.8±2.1 to 10.9±1.3)significantly (P＜0.05). Hepatic ER and ER mRNA concentrations were elevated after treatment with estradiol in both ovariectomy (15.8±2.4, 20.8±3.1) and sham ovariectomy(18.7±3.8, 23.1±3.7) fibrotic groups (P＜ 0.05).CONCLUSION: The increase in hepatic ER and mRNA expression may be part of the molecular mechanisms underlying the suppressive effect of estradiol on liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 administration.     

碘铁联合缺乏对大鼠血脂水平的影响

目的 通过控制碘、铁摄入量,造成缺铁、缺碘模型,研究碘、铁缺乏对大鼠血脂水平的影响.方法 将Sprauge-Dawley (SD)雄性大鼠随机分为4组:正常对照组(N组,饲料碘含量362.0 μg/kg,铁含量93.3 mg/kg),碘缺乏组(ID组,饲料碘含量61.4 μg/kg,铁含量93.3 mg/kg),铁缺乏...     

白藜芦醇对人肾癌细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响

目的探讨白藜芦醇（Res）对人肾癌细胞786-0（以下简称肾癌细胞）增殖和周期的影响。方法分别采用12.5、25、50、100μmol/L的白藜芦醇（Res）作用于肾癌细胞24 h;并设空白对照组。流式细胞仪检测细胞细胞周期。结果各浓度Res对肾癌细胞增殖均具有明显的抑制作用,表现为G1期及G2期细胞比例明显降低,S期比例明显升高,与对照组比较,P均〈0.05。Res 12.5μmol/L与25、50及100μmol/L比较,P均〈0.05;但25μmol/L与50、100μmol/L比较,P〉0.05。12.5μmol/L的Res抑制作用明显,当浓度达到25μmol/L时,抑制作用达最强;而继续升高浓度不能提高抑制作用。结论 Res对人肾癌细胞增殖有抑制作用,且具有剂量依赖性。