糖尿病对脑白质病变伴轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病与脑白质病变(WML)伴轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者认知功能减退的关系。方法 2012年1—12月在大坪医院神经内科住院病人中选择257例WML伴MCI患者进行前瞻性研究,随访时间为1年。收集患者血管危险因素(VRFs)及颅脑MRI检查结果,同时行神经心理学测试了解认知功能状态;根据1年内简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)减少值分为认知功能下降组(≥3分)及无认知功能下降组(≤2分),并比较两组各种危险因素的差异。结果 257例中有246例(95.7%)患者完成了1年的观察随访过程,11例删失者中8例死亡、3例退出观察。246例中,认知功能下降组154例(62.6%),无认知功能下降组92例(37.4%);其中36例在观察期间发生卒中,余210例患者纳入线性回归分析。除受教育水平及血脂异常外,年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、短暂性脑缺血发作等各危险因素两组比较差异均有统计学意义 (P值均＜0.05)。糖尿病、基线WML程度及随访期间WML程度的加重与1年内MMSE减少值呈显著的线性关系,且对认知功能减退的影响由大至小依次为基线WML程度(β_j′=0.570)、随访期间WML加重程度(β_j′=0.244)、糖尿病(β_j′=0.171)。结论 糖尿病可使WML伴MCI患者认知功能进一步减退。重度WML伴MCI的糖尿病患者应作为痴呆的高危人群进行早期干预。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在成都市社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍筛查中的应用分析

目的:本文旨在研究蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)在成都市社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)筛查中的价值,探讨该量表对社区老年人MCI筛查的最佳分界值。方法:采用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和MoCA对成都市社区老年人进行MCI筛查,计算MoCA的信度、效度、敏感性、特异性和Youden指数,并计算适合本市老年人MCI患者的划界分。结果:参与此次社区调查并配合完成所有测试的人数为674人,其中MCI患者106人,MoCA量表的Cronbach’sα为0.852;其总分与MMSE相关系数为0.9392;MoCA以原版推荐26分为界,对MCI筛查的敏感性和特异性分别为98.11%和26.72%,Youden指数为0.2483。结论:用MoCA对成都市社区老年人认知功能的筛查是简便可行的,具有良好的信度、效度和敏感性。推荐以22分作为我市社区老年人的MCI分界值。     

轻度认知功能障碍患者动态脑电图的定量分析

探讨轻度认知功能障碍患者动态脑电图的量化指标,为认知功能障碍早期诊断预防提供依据。选取30例轻度认知功能障碍患者和30例正常老年人作为病例组和对照组,进行MMSE测试和动态脑电图监测,比较两组观察对象α、β、和慢波功率。病例组和对照组的双侧顶枕α功率及大脑各位点的θ和δ功率差别有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。病例组及对照组在睡眠2期纺锤波的时限、频率及密度差别有统计学意义（P＜0．05））。脑电图α功率下降,θ和δ功率增加可以提示认知功能下降,睡眠2期纺锤波的时限、频率及密度可以作为认知功能水平脑电图测试的参考指标。     

北京城乡老年人轻度认知障碍患病率调查

目的：调查北京地区老年人群轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的患病率,分析患病的相关因素。方法：采用逐户访问方式,抽样调查了北京城乡社区60岁及以上老年人1865例,调查分为2个阶段,第1阶段筛查,由经过培训的调查员完成调查问卷及记忆量表、生活活动能力量表（ADL）及认知量表（MMSE）等测验。第2阶段临床诊断,由神经科专科医师对有主诉或家属诉其有明显记忆障碍者,及或有MMSE分数低于界值者进行病史收集、临床体格检查和神经心理测验,并由两名医师最后做出诊断。结果：1865例60岁及以上老年人中有MCI者217人,占11.6%,标化患病率为8.9%。患有MCI的老人中,22.6%为血管性因素所致（MCI-V）。MCI患病率在农村地区、低教育水平及体力劳动为主的老年人群中增加,随年龄增长,患病率增高。结论：与痴呆的患病特征相同,高龄、低教育水平、居住在农村的老年人是MCI的高发人群。     

太极拳对遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能影响的研究

目的 探讨太极拳对遗忘型轻度认知功能障碍（a-MCI）患者认知功能的影响。方法 将62例a-MCI患者随机分为对照组和观察组,每组31例。对照组患者接受常规健康教育,治疗组在此基础上接受太极拳干预治疗。两组患者分别在治疗前、治疗后6个月采用简明精神状态检查量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）以及事件相关电位P300对患者认知功能评价。结果 对照组治疗前后MMSE、MoCA评分分别比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;治疗后观察组MMSE、MoCA评分分别为（25.12±4.17）分、     

电离辐射氧化应激致轻度认知功能障碍及其综合干预的研究

电离辐射氧化应激致机体细胞内水分子水解产生活性氧和自由基或直接损伤DNA等靶分子,脑组织细胞凋亡致海马体积缩小,并在脑膜、大脑皮层和海马的血管壁内可见β淀粉样蛋白沉积,神经组织的病理损伤,引起脑部认知功能障碍.神经功能发生改变轻度认知功能障碍成为当今研究的热点,本文系统阐述了电离辐射氧化应激致机体轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的发生机制、临床表现与临床诊断,讨论了生物学标志物检测、影像学检查、综合干预对MCI的诊断和预防价值.     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在轻度认知功能障碍诊断中的应用

目的：探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表北京版（ Montreal cognitive assessment scale,MoCA）在轻度认知功能障碍（ mild cognitive impairment,MCI）诊断中应用的可行性。方法：选择MCI患者58例（ MCI组）,另选同期健康体检者51例（对照组）。分别给予MoCA和简易智能状态检查量表（ MMSE）评估,并分析评估结果。结果：MCI组Mo－CA总分及MMSE总分均低于对照组（t＝－10．544,－16．188;P＜0．01）。与对照组比较,MCI组MoCA总分及各亚项评分明显降低（ t＝－7．625,－4．614,－5．306,－7．505,－5．991,－7．405,－3．020;P＜0．01）。 MoCA诊断MCI的敏感性为96．55％,特异性为76．47％,MMSE诊断MCI的敏感性为55．17％,特异性为96．07％。结论：MoCA用于MCI诊断时敏感性优于MMSE,能全面评估MCI患者的认知功能。     

轻度认知功能损害的研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是一种发生在老年人群中的综合征,是介于正常衰老和痴呆之间的一种认知损伤状态,性质不稳定,具有转化为痴呆的高风险.本文将从一般情况、神经心理与生物学研究及目前研究中存在的问题三方面介绍其研究进展.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者轻度认知功能障碍的MoCA评估

目的 探讨简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特列尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的可行性.方法 用便携式多导睡眠仪、MMSE及MoCA对51名OSAS患者和35名单纯鼾症者进行睡眠监测和认知功能的评价.结果 OSAS组MoCA评分结果为21.1 ±3.0,显著低于对照组的25.0 ±2.6(P＜0.01);MMSE评分结果在OSAS组与对照组中分别为27.8±1.8及28.1±1.7,无统计学意义.结论 MoCA对于OSAS患者MCI的早期诊断敏感性优于MMSE,对于MMSE测试结果正常但高度怀疑存在MCI者,MoCA是一种简便可行的筛查工具.     

SIVD患者认知功能障碍与HHcy的相关性

血管性认知功能障碍（VCI）是一组以脑血管病变为基础病因,临床表现为从轻度认知功能障碍到痴呆的综合征,具有异质性。近年来的一些研究表明,高同型半胱氨酸血症（HHcy）可能是血管性认知功能障碍的一个新的独立危险因素。     

MRI of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study

The concept of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been proposed to represent a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. We studied the predictive value of the MRI-derived volumes of medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures, white matter lesions (WML), neuropsychological tests, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype on conversion of MCI to dementia and AD. The study included 60 subjects with MCI identified from population cohorts. During the mean follow-up period of 34 months, 13 patients had progressed to dementia (9 to Alzheimer's disease (AD)). In Cox regression analysis the baseline volumes of the right hippocampus, the right entorhinal cortex and CDR sum of boxes predicted the progression of MCI to dementia during the follow-up. In a bivariate analysis, only the baseline volumes of entorhinal cortex predicted conversion of MCI to AD. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at baseline, WML load, or APOE genotype were not significant predictors of progression. The MTL volumetry helps in identifying among the MCI subjects a group, which is at high risk for developing AD.     

Prognosis of mild cognitive impairment syndrome: Data from a two-year clinical follow-up study

The psychopathological structure and prognostic significance of mild cognitive impairment syndrome (MCI) were studied in a two-year prospective study of randomized cohorts of elderly subjects whose mental state corresponded to the criteria for MCI. A total of 40 patients aged from 50 to 80 years were studied. Patients underwent clinical history-taking, neuropsychological, psychometric, and genetic investigations (genotyping for ApoE), as well as brain imaging studies. The psychopathological structure and psychometric characteristics of MCI syndrome are presented. Clinical and genetic factors with prognostic significance are identified. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S. S. Korsakova, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 4–10, January, 2007.     

Psychiatric impairment in rural communities

This household survey of 713 adults residing in nine rural Middle Tennessee counties was conducted to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric impairment in the rural population, to determine which groups in the population are characterized by higher levels of impairment, and to assess the validity of three indices of psychiatric impairment (HOS, CES-D, and GWB). The data indicate that approximately 12% of the rural population may be impaired and that impairment is most likely among females, the divorced, widowed, or separated, and those in lower socioeconomic strata. While depression was more common among the young, physical and psychosomatic complaints were more common among older respondents. Further, respondents classified as impaired by the indices tended to view themselves as having "substantial" or "major" problems and were likely to feel that they might require professional help. While the GWB appeared to discriminate between users and non-users of services, the other indices were less effective as predictors of service utilization.     

Cognitive estimation impairment in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment

Intact executive functioning is believed to be required for performance on tasks requiring cognitive estimations. This study used a revised version of a cognitive estimations test (CET) to investigate whether patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were impaired on the CET compared with normal elderly controls (NECs). Neuropsychological tests were administered to determine the relationship between CET performance and other cognitive domains. AD patients displayed impaired CET performance when compared with NECs but MCI patients did not. Negative correlations between tests of working memory (WM) and semantic memory and the CET were found in NECs and AD patients, indicating that these cognitive domains were important for CET performance. Regression analysis suggests that AD patients were unable to maintain semantic information in WM to perform the task. The authors conclude that AD patients display deficits in working memory, semantic memory, and executive function, which are required for adequate CET performance.     

Structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment

The structural correlates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were examined in 105 elderly subjects whose cognitive function ranged from intact to demented, including 38 subjects with MCI. Hippocampal volumes (left and right HcV), brain volume (BV), and grey matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV) were segmented from high resolution magnetic resonance data sets and normalised to intracranial volume (ICV). Hippocampal volume reductions, but not global brain, white or grey matter atrophy, were associated with MCI. White matter lesion severity did not differ over cognitive states. In multiple logistic regression models, normalised HcV and ICV (indicating premorbid brain volume) were significant predictors of MCI versus normality. Normalised BV and ICV significantly predicted dementia versus MCI. Absolute volumetric measures of HcV and BV yielded comparable classification accuracies. Hippocampal atrophy may be the crucial step for the transition from normality to MCI. Widespread brain atrophy may be the step to determine the transition from MCI to dementia. Brain volume reserve effects appear to be involved in both of these steps.     

White matter changes in mild cognitive impairment and AD: A diffusion tensor imaging study

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can detect, in vivo, the directionality of molecular diffusion and estimate the microstructural integrity of white matter (WM) tracts. In this study, we examined WM changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who are at greater risk for developing AD. A DTI index of WM integrity, fractional anisotropy (FA), was calculated in 14 patients with probable mild AD, 14 participants with MCI and 21 elderly healthy controls (NC). Voxel-by-voxel comparisons showed significant regional reductions of FA in participants with MCI and AD compared to controls in multiple posterior white matter regions. Moreover, there was substantial overlap of locations of regional decrease in FA in the MCI and AD groups. These data demonstrate that white matter changes occur in MCI, prior to the development of dementia.     

Reduced interhemispheric inhibition in mild cognitive impairment

In mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the corpus callosum is known to be affected structurally. We evaluated callosal function by interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in MCI patients. We investigated 12 amnestic MCI patients and 16 healthy age-matched control subjects. The IHI was studied with a paired-pulse TMS technique. The conditioning TMS was given over the right primary motor cortex (M1) and the test TMS over the left M1. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the relaxed first dorsal interosseous muscle. We also studied other motor cortical circuit functions; short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Both the amount of IHI and SAI were significantly reduced in MCI patients as compared with control subjects, whereas SICI or ICF did not differ between them. The degree of IHI significantly correlated with neither the mini-mental state examination score nor the degree of SAI. Our results suggest that transcallosal connection between bilateral M1 is primarily involved in MCI, regardless of SAI dysfunction.