压力和容量控制通气在老年单肺麻醉肺保护通气策略中的比较

目的比较老年开胸手术单肺通气中压力控制通气（PCV）和容量控制通气（VCV）模式对呼吸力学和动脉血气的影响。方法46例术前肺功能不正常行开胸手术的患者,年龄均＆gt;60岁,双肺通气（TLV）期间均采用VCV模式（TLV-VCV）,单肺通气（OLV）后先采用传统方法通气（OLV-VCV1）,25 min后改为单肺保护通气（OLV-VCV2）,25 min后再改为压力控制通气（OLV-PCV）。监测气道峰压（Ppeak）、气道平台压（Pplat）、气道阻力（Raw）、动态胸肺顺应性（Cdyn）、分钟通气量（MV）等。结果与TLV-VCV比较,OLV-VCV1模式时Ppeak、Pplat、Raw升高（P〈0.01）、Cdyn降低（P〈0.01）。与OLV-VCV1比较,OLV-VCV2及OLV-PCV时Ppeak、Pplat、Raw较低,Cdyn较好（P均〈0.05）。OLV时动脉血PaO2较TLV时下降（P〈0.01）,OLV-PCV及OLV-VCV2时PaO2及PaCO2较OLV-VCV1升高（P〈0.05）。结论PCV模式控制气道压更有利于减少气道损伤,更适用于肺功能不全行开胸手术的老年患者。     

多种麻醉方法对单肺通气内分流的影响比较

目的比较瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚与异氟醚麻醉对单肺通气肺内分流的影响。方法 58例拟行肺癌、食管癌等手术治疗的患者随机分为两组,A组(n=28例)采用瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚单肺通气麻醉,B组(n=30例)采用异氟醚单肺通气麻醉。监测两组患者在置入漂浮导管后10min(T0)、双肺通气10 min(T1)、单肺通气15、30、60、90 min(T2~T5)时的相关指标。结果两组Paw在T2~T5时较T0时均明显升高(P0.01);PaO2在T1~T5时均明显下降(P0.01),且在T2时达到最低值;Qs/Qt在T1~T5时均明显升高(P0.01),且在T2时达到最高值。A组Qs/Qt在T2~T5时较B组均明显下降(P0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚麻醉应用于单肺通气可明显改善患者动脉血氧和减少肺内分流,值得临床推广应用。     

反比通气对妇科腹腔镜手术肥胖患者呼吸力学的影响

目的探讨反比通气(IRV)对腹腔镜手术肥胖患者呼吸力学及氧合指数的影响。方法将择期行妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,按随机数字表法分为反比通气组和常规容量控制通气组(对照组),每组30例。建立二氧化碳(CO2)气腹时,反比通气组吸呼比为2∶1,对照组吸呼比为1∶2,通气模式为间歇正压通气(IPPV),呼吸频率不变,潮气量7 ml/kg。观察并记录气腹开始前(T0)、气腹后30 min(T1)、气腹后60 min(T2)及气腹解除后5 min(T3)的气道压峰值(Ppeak)、平均气道压(Pmean)、呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO_2),计算肺动态顺应性(Cdyn);测量T0、T1及T2的动脉血气并计算氧合指数(OI)。结果与对照组相比,反比通气组T1、T2时间点Ppeak显著降低、Pmean、Cdyn显著升高(P<0.05),T2、T3时间点Pa O_2、OI显著升高(P<0.05)。两组p H值、Pa CO_2及Sa O_2各时间点差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论反比通气可有效降低妇科腹腔镜手术肥胖患者的气道峰压,提高动态肺顺应性并改善氧合。     

双侧肺同期手术中不同体位和单肺通气对病人呼吸力学的影响

目的观察双侧肺同期手术中体位改变和单肺通气时对病人呼吸力学的影响。方法选取我院2007年6月至2010年12月双侧肺同期手术病人142例,经气道旁路采用旁气流通气连续监测病人PIP、Pplat、Raw、Cdyn等呼吸力学指标,监测SpO2、PETCO2指标,分别在双腔支气管导管定位后,平卧改侧卧,单肺通气及改换通气方式后10 min抽取动脉血进行血气分析。结果病人双肺通气改变体位和单肺通气后,病人PIP、Pplat、Raw升高,Cdyn减少,PH值降低,PETCO2、PaCO2升高、SpO2、PaO2降低(P<0.05);双肺通气改换通气方式后,病人PIP、Pplat、Raw降低,Cdyn增加,PH值降低,PaO2、SpO2、PaCO2、PETCO2升高(P<0.05)。单肺通气38例病人改换通气方式后,病人PIP、Pplat、Raw降低,Cdyn增加,PH值、PaO2、SpO2升高,PaCO2、PETCO2降低(P<0.05)。结论双侧肺同期手术麻醉中不同体位和单肺通气对病人的呼吸力学影响较大,改换通气方式可改变病人呼吸力学指标。     

肺保护性通气对单肺通气患者肺功能及炎性因子的影响

目的观察肺保护性通气对单肺通气(OLV)患者肺功能及炎性因子的影响。方法 55例择期行食管癌根治术治疗的患者随机分为A组(传统单肺通气组,n=27例)和B组(保护性单肺通气组,n=28例)。分别在双肺通气30min(T1)、单肺通气60 min(T2)和气管拔管后2h(T3)时记录气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道阻力(Raw)、胸肺顺应性(CT)等呼吸动力学指标,并在各时点检测动脉氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)等动脉血气指标,采用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测炎性细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8)表达水平。结果两组在T2、T3时PaO_2较T1时明显降低(P0.05),且A组降低较B组更为显著(P0.05),A组T2、T3时PaCO_2较T1时和B组同时间点均明显升高(P0.05);两组T2时CT较T1时明显降低(P0.05),而Ppeak、Raw明显升高,且A组升高或降低较B组更为显著(P0.05);两组T2、T3时IL-6、IL-8表达水平较T1时明显升高,且A组升高较B组更为显著(P0.05)。结论采用肺保护性通气策略可显著降低单肺通气时气道压力及阻力,增加胸肺顺应性,减少OLV期间及术后炎性细胞因子的释放,从而明显减轻肺组织的炎性反应程度。     

保护性肺通气在婴儿先天性心脏病术中的应用

【】 目的 探讨体外循环下行先心纠治术的婴儿进行保护性肺通气的临床可行性及效应。方法 20例选择性体外循环下主动脉阻断行先天性心脏病根治术的婴儿(≤1岁),术中行小潮气量通气,体外循环停机后行肺复张,并监测压力-容量环和肺动态顺应性确定最佳PEEP值通气至术毕。监测保护性肺通气过程中基本生命体征及不良反应情况,并比较体外循环停机超滤后(T1)、肺复张后(T2)及出手术室前(T3)患儿氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、气道峰压( Ppeak) 、肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)、肺泡动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)、Pa-ETCO2、肺内分流率(Fshunt)。结果 所有患儿基本生命体征指标均处于正常稳定范围,无严重不良反应。T2较T1时,PaO2/FiO2、Cdyn增加(P<0.01),A-aDO2及Fshunt减小(P<0.01),Ppeak降低、Pa-ETCO2减小P<0.05)。其中,PaO2/FiO2、C、A-aDO2及Fshunt的改变效应可维持至T3。 结论 保护性肺通气策略可安全地应用于婴儿体外循环下先天性心脏病手术中,并可改善患儿体外循环后氧合、肺顺应性,弥散功能、及通气血流比,降低气道阻力,减小肺内分流。     

低潮气量联合个体化呼气末正压用于胸科手术患者单肺通气效果观察

目的比较低潮气量联合个体化呼气末正压（PEEP）单肺通气（OLV）与常规OLV的通气效果。方法选择44例全麻行食管癌根治术患者随机分为联合组和常规组各22例,两组均先行双肺通气（TLV）30 min,后改行OLV。联合组OLV时潮气量（VT）为6～8 ml/kg,根据动态压力—容积（P-V）曲线目测其呼气支上拐点（最大曲率点,PMC）对应的压力PPMC设置PEEP。常规组为VT 10 ml/kg,PEEP为0。于TLV 30 min（T1）、OLV 30 min（T2）和气管拔管后30 min（T3）时分别记录气道峰压（Peak）、气道阻力（Raw）、胸肺顺应性（CT）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）;并在各时点采集动脉血和中心静脉血标本行血气分析（pH、PaO2、PaCO2）;计算肺内分流率（Qs/Qt）。结果与T1相比,两组T2时HR、Peak、Raw、Qs/Qt均升高,CT、PaO2均降低;与常规组比较,联合组T2时Peak、Raw、Qs/Qt降低,PaO2、CT增加;T3时PaO2增高,Qs/Qt降低,P均〈0.05。结论全麻OLV期间选择6～8 ml/kg潮气量联合PPMC水平的PEEP可明显改善动脉氧合,是临床个体化保护性OLV的理想通气方式。     

选择性肺叶隔离技术在电视辅助胸腔镜手术中的应用

目的探讨选择性肺叶隔离技术在电视辅助胸腔镜手术（VATS）中的应用价值。方法拟行VATS右中下肺楔形切除或肺活检术成年患者38例,随机分为肺叶隔离组和单肺通气组各19例。丙泊酚靶控输注静脉诱导后,肺叶隔离组插入单腔气管导管,纤维支气管镜引导下将9 Fr Coopdech支气管堵塞管置入右中间支气管。单肺通气组插入左双腔支气管导管。两组均行双肺正压通气,20 min后摆放左侧卧位,肺叶隔离组对堵塞管套囊充气行左肺和右上肺叶通气;单肺通气组行左单肺通气。于双肺通气后20 min（T1）、左单肺通气或左肺和右上肺叶通气后20 min（T2）、胸腔镜下见右肺或右中下肺叶完全萎陷后（T3）、术毕拔出气管导管前（T4）及术后第1天（T5）行动脉血气分析,记录T1～T4的吸气峰压（Ppeak）、肺顺应性（Cdyn）。结果肺叶隔离组T2、T3、T5时点PaO2、氧合指数均明显高于单肺通气组;T2、T3时点Ppeak均明显低于单肺通气组,Cdyn明显高于单肺通气组（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论选择性右中下肺叶隔离技术用于右侧VATS,可提供清晰术野,改善术中低氧血症,复合短时间单肺通气可使气道控制更精确合理。     

低流量麻醉中增加设备死腔量对后腹腔镜手术患者肺通气功能及气道压力的影响

目的观察低流量麻醉中增加设备死腔量对后腹腔镜手术患者肺通气功能、气道压力的影响及临床意义。方法将60例择期行后腹腔镜手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,两组麻醉诱导及维持用药相同,气管插管后接麻醉机行间歇正压通气,其中对照组不增加设备死腔量,观察组在呼吸回路螺纹管与气管导管接头处增加一可调节死腔量的装置增加死腔量至4ml／kg。分别于气腹前后记录SpO2、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）、吸入二氧化碳分压（FICO2）、平均气道压（Pmean）、呼吸道回路峰压（Ppeak）,并分别抽取桡动脉血行血气分析,记录PaO2及PaCO2,计算PETC02-PaCO2（PET-aCO2）;术后常规行胸部X线检查,观察呼吸道并发症发生情况。结果与气腹前比较,两组气腹后各时点PETCO2、PaCO2、FICO2、PET-aCO2、Pmean和Ppeak均明显升高,PaO2和SpO2无明显变化;观察组不同时间点上述指标均显著低于对照组;两组术后X线检查均未见呼吸道并发症。结论在低流量麻醉系统中,增加设备死腔量可改善后腹腔镜手术患者的肺通气功能,有利于减少术后呼吸道并发症发生。     

不同的吸入氧浓度对小儿先天性心脏病围术期气体交换的影响

目的:纯氧常规用于麻醉前预先吸氧和麻醉诱导,但吸高浓度氧会发生肺不张,可在全麻期间损害肺气体交换,本研究以吸入氧浓度（fraction of inspiration oxygen,FiO2）为纯氧(1 L/L)通气为对照,观察气管插管后FiO2为0.5 L/L混合空气通气对气体交换的影响。方法: 先天性心脏病（非紫绀型）手术患者102名,年龄1月～13岁,均以1 L/L O2在麻醉前预先吸氧3 min和（麻醉诱导时）面罩通气2 min,接下来气管插管。这些患者随机分为2组:混合通气组（51例,行FiO2为0.5 L/L O2通气）,纯氧通气组（51例,行1 L/L O2通气）。分别于预先吸氧前和气管插管后30 min、入ICU、拔管后30 min以及术后前3 d做动脉血气分析,并计算动脉血氧分压（PaO2）/FiO2比值。结果: PaO2术后在入ICU（0.6 L/L FiO2）、拔管后30 min(1.5 L/min)面罩吸氧两个时间点,动脉血氧PaO2在混合通气组明显高于纯氧通气组,PaO2/FiO2值在插管后30 min、入ICU（0.6 L/L FiO2）、拔管后30 min(1.5 L/min)面罩吸氧等时间点混合通气组明显高于纯氧通气组（P<0.05）,且混合通气组的ICU机械通气时间、住留时间及住院时间均明显缩短。结论: 先天性心脏病（非紫绀型）手术患儿全麻时,混合通气较纯氧通气能够显著的改善肺的气体交换功能和预后。     

间质性肺疾病与肺癌

间质性肺疾病(ILD)患者中肺癌的发病率增高,特别是特发性肺纤维化合并肺癌的报道最多.ILD合并肺癌的病理类型以鳞状细胞癌最多,好发于肺下叶和外周部位.ILD的一些肿瘤标记物增高,与疾病的活动程度、严重程度、肺纤维化程度和病情预后等有关,并且具有一定的诊断价值.ILD的肿瘤标记物增高可能是其合并肺癌的危险因素.本文对I...     

Quantitative lung perfusion following single lung transplantation

BACKGROUND: Following successful lung transplantation, most of the lung perfusion, as well as ventilation, is shifted towards the transplanted lung. We investigated the changes in perfusion during exercise in lung transplant recipients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients were included in the study. Six patients had emphysema and 6 patients had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Patients underwent two upright lung perfusion scans: the first at rest and the second during a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. Lung perfusion was assessed in each lung and regionally. RESULTS: At rest, patients with emphysema had 83.3 +/- 8 % of total perfusion to the transplanted side and 16.7 +/- 8 % to the native lung, while in the IPF patients, it was 68.7 +/- 12 and 32.7 +/- 10 %, respectively ( P = 0.028). At peak exercise, perfusion shifted from the transplanted lung to the native lung ( P = 0.0095) both in emphysema and IPF patients. CONCLUSIONS: Following successful lung transplantation, most of the perfusion is directed towards the transplanted lung. During exercise, there was a small but significant shift towards the native lung. These findings highlighted the important role of the native lung during maximal exercise.     

The effect of lung biopsy on lung function in diffuse lung disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on lung function of lung biopsy used in the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease carried out by an open procedure or by video-assisted thoracoscopy. One hundred and sixteen patients with diffuse lung disease who attended the Royal Brompton Hospital were studied retrospectively. Thirty five patients underwent open lung biopsy, and 33 video-assisted thoracoscopic biopsy and 48 had their diagnosis made without biopsy. All patients underwent lung function tests before and after surgery, or at an interval of 3-6 months in those who did not undergo biopsy. No significant differences were found in changes in lung function between those who had and had not undergone biopsy, and the proportions of patients whose lung function improved or deteriorated were similar. Lung biopsy by an open procedure or by video-assisted thoracoscopy did not differ in its effects on lung function. The results for older patients, those with severe disease and those with fibrosing alveolitis were the same as for the whole group. Open lung biopsy for the diagnosis of diffuse lung disease does not deleteriously affect lung function whether carried out by an open or a minimally invasive procedure.     

肺癌和癌旁正常肺组织中5种肿瘤标志物比较研究

目的 探讨肺癌组织及癌旁正常肺组织中心钠素、分泌型IgA、铁蛋白、DNA聚合酶、血管内皮生长因子的含量。方法 应用放射免疫法测定39例肺癌和癌旁正常肺组织中心钠素、分泌型IgA、铁蛋白、DNA聚合酶、血管内皮生长因子5种肿瘤标志物含量。结果 5种肿瘤标志物在肺癌组织中的含量均高于癌旁正常肺组织，差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．001）。结论 肺癌细胞具有产生物质的作用。     

Successful lung transplantation following lung volume reduction surgery

BACKGROUND: Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is an accepted treatment modality for patients with advanced emphysema. Recently, successful lung transplantation (LTX) has been reported following LVRS. We assess the pulmonary functions in lung transplant recipients after LVRS. METHODS: 8 patients - 5 males and 3 women--aged 53-66 years with advanced emphysema underwent LVRS. Following clinical deterioration and decline of pulmonary function, patients underwent single LTX. Post transplantation follow-up included pulmonary function, 6 minute walk distance (6 MWD) and recording perioperative complications. RESULTS: Median forced expiratory in one second (FEV 1) before and after LVRS were 24 % with 31 % predicted, respectively. All but one showed improvement in lung function and 6 MWD following LVRS. Median maximal 6 MWD before and after LVRS was 222 and 316 meters, respectively. Median time from LVRS to LTX was 46 months (range 10-83). All patients survived and were discharged after LTX. Median FEV1 before and after LTX was 23 % with 57 % predicted, respectively. Median 6MWD before and after LTX was 240 and 462 meters, respectively. NYHA classes improved from 3-4 to 1-2 in 7 surviving patients. At transplantation, bleeding due to pleural adhesions was observed in 4 patients; two required blood transfusions. One patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and one had unilateral vocal cord paralysis. At nine-month follow-up, 7 patients are doing remarkably well, while one patient died 6 months after LTX due to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). CONCLUSIONS: LVRS is a therapeutic option in patients with end-stage emphysema. When emphysema deteriorates, LTX can be successfully performed with significant improvement of quality of life without significant additional risk.