颅内动脉灌注化疗治疗肺癌脑转移临床观察

目的 评价肺癌脑转移瘤患者颅内动脉灌注化疗疗效及预后影响因素.方法 27例初治肺癌脑转移瘤患者接受颅内动脉灌注化疗,以及肺原发肿瘤病灶和颅外转移灶动脉灌注化疗.每4周治疗1次,连续治疗3次,间隔8周复查头部增强MRI并行疗效评价,直至疾病进展或发生不可耐受性化疗药物不良反应.结果 27例患者均完成3次以上治疗,其中1例...     

双倍剂量GD-DTPA增强在脑转移瘤诊断中的应用

为提高脑转移瘤的检出率指导临床治疗，我院在已证实患原发恶性肿瘤病人头部MRI扫描及常规MRI扫描考虑脑内转移瘤时采用双倍剂量GD-DTPA增强，收到了较好的临床效果，现分析如下。     

肺癌单发脑转移瘤的磁共振表现

目的:探讨肺癌单发脑转移瘤(SBM)的MRI表现,提高对单发脑转移瘤的诊断准确性.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理和临床证实的39例肺癌单发脑转移瘤的MRI表现,分析单发瘤体发生的部位、大小、形态、瘤体出血、瘤周水肿程度和瘤体的强化特点.结果:39个SBM,发生于幕上32例,其中31例瘤体位于皮质和皮质下区,7例位于幕下.增强扫描示病灶呈结节状强化18例,环状强化5例,囊实性强化16例.肺腺癌转移瘤内出血4例(4/5),肺鳞癌脑转移瘤出现囊变或囊实性强化11例(11/21).中重度水肿大多出现在≥2cm的实性或囊实性强化的瘤体(22/39)中.结论:肺癌单发脑转移瘤的MRI表现具有一定的特征性,MRI增强扫描对诊断单发脑转移瘤有重要价值.     

颅内转移性肿瘤的MRI分析和临床表现

目的:回顾性分析颅内转移性肿瘤的MRI表现及临床表现,提高对颅内转移性肿瘤的早期诊断率。方法:分析我院1993年2月至2003年2月间收治的140例颅内转移性肿瘤的临床表现及其MRI影像表现。结果:①肺癌最常发生颅内转移(本组占54.3%);②脑转移瘤常常以神经系统症状为首发(本组为58.6%);③脑转移瘤MRI表现:以多发病灶转移为主(84.3%),转移部位多位于幕上(82.1%),转移灶常见水肿带(87.9%)和占位效应(57.1%),T1WI以低信号为主(79.3%),T2WI以高信号为主(81.4%),增强扫描可见病灶均出现强化效应。结论:癌症患者出现神经系统症状和以神经系统症状为首发的脑转移瘤均应及时行头部MRI检查,MRI检查对于早期诊断颅内转移性肿瘤具有重要的价值。     

肺癌脑转移的MRI诊断

目的:探讨肺癌脑转移的MRI表现特征及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析65例经临床及病理证实为肺癌脑转移的患者头部MRI表现,分析转移瘤部位、大小、形态、瘤体出血、水肿和转移瘤的强化特点。结果:65例肺癌脑转移患者中,腺癌42例,鳞癌14例,小细胞肺癌8例,肺泡癌1例,病灶增强后呈环形强化的17例,结节状强化的28例,混合型强化的14例,片状强化3例,单纯脑膜线状强化4例。结论:MRI增强扫描联合特殊序列扫描有助于肺癌脑转移的检出率,多发环形强化和(或)结节状强化病灶、瘤周明显水肿是其特征性表现。     

MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值

目的 探讨MRI诊断脑转移瘤的价值。方法 分析36例脑转移瘤患的临床及MRI资料，全部病例均行非增强及增强MRI检查。结果 多发颅脑转移瘤29例，其中3例为弥漫性脑转移瘤。单发脑转移瘤7例。脑转移瘤发生在幕上21例，幕下4例，幕上及幕下均有11例。4例伴有邻近脑膜受累。非增强MRI病灶上多数为长T1长T2信号，增强MRI上病灶均有强化，以环状强化为多见。增强MRI比非增强MRI发现转移瘤病灶将近高1倍。结论 增强扫描是MRI诊断脑转移瘤所必须的。结合临床病史和MRI特征，对大多数病例可做出准确诊断。     

硬脑膜单发肿瘤浸润和转移的CT诊断

目的：提高对硬脑膜单发肿瘤浸润和转移的CT诊断及鉴别诊断。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实单发硬膜脑转移瘤3例和原发肿瘤1例的CT表现，其中2例做了增强扫描。结果；肺癌转移瘤2例、甲状腺癌转移瘤1例、淋巴瘤1例。位于颅骨内板下，多见于额、颞、顶部，呈梭形或双凸形高密度影，密度均匀，CT值57－68HU，增强后扫描强化显著。病变边缘清楚、可见波状或包膜改变。脑质受压，但无脑水肿表现。临近颅骨可有筛状或压迫侵蚀性破坏，并形成头皮下高密度影。结论：单发硬膜的肿瘤浸润和转移有比较特征性的CT表现。     

脑转移瘤出血的CT和MRI诊断

目的：探讨脑转移瘤出血的CT、MRI表现特点。方法：经临床或病理证实的脑转移瘤出血51例，男41例，女10例，平均53.6岁，51例全部行CT平扫，其中17例同时行MR平扫，20例行增强CT，14例行增强MR扫描。结果：51例共130个脑转移瘤出血病灶，根据转移瘤内出血灶的形态分为结节肿块型（28例87个病灶）。环型（10例22个病灶）和灶样出血型（16例21个病灶），同一病例可同时存在不同形态的脑转移瘤出血病灶，出血灶在CT平扫时呈高密度，MRT1WI呈高信号，增强扫描各型脑转移瘤出血病灶呈不同程度和形态的强化。结论：脑转移瘤出血形态多样。结节肿块型脑转移瘤出血需要与单纯性脑出血鉴别，环型需要与脑脓肿鉴别，而灶样出血型主要应与各种脑原发恶必肿瘤相鉴别。     

肺癌颅内转移的CT诊断与临床分析（附45例报告）

回顾性分析经ＣＴ诊断为颅内转移瘤,均经手术、纤支镜检和胸部平片证实原发肿瘤为肺癌者４５例。其中２６例颅内转移症状先于肺部原发症状,称之为脑先行型。通过分析肺癌细胞的血流途径及大脑内血流的分布,提出了肺癌较易发生颅内转移并多见幕上。转移灶与其他原发癌颅内转移瘤相似,为多发类圆形、结节状等密度、低密度或略高密度影,增强扫描后呈结节状或环状强化,周围水肿带明显并不规则,呈＂岛征＂。     

颅内炎性假瘤的影像表现

目的：探讨颅内炎性假瘤的田、MRI表现及诊断价值。方法：对16例颅内炎性假瘤的病人行CT及MRI检查。结果：颅内炎性假瘤的影像表现为：1．病灶小、呈结节状或厚壁小环状；2．CT平扫呈等密度或略高密度结节，可伴有小点钙化，MRI平扫呈等TIWI信号，T2WI呈略高或高信号，增强扫描可见早期的强化或延迟性强化。3．灶周水肿较轻。4．无明显占位效应或伴有轻度脑萎缩表现；16例病人经临床诊断及手术病理证实。结论：CT及MRI对颅内炎性假瘤的诊断有重要的临床价值。     

常见恶性肿瘤颅内转移的MRI征象分析

目的：探讨常见恶性肿瘤颅内转移的M RI特点。方法回顾性分析210例均接受M RI平扫及增强扫描,临床确诊为脑转移瘤且已明确原发肿瘤类型的患者资料,并作统计分析。结果脑转移瘤的数目、大小、强化形态、瘤周水肿均与原发肿瘤相关（ P ＜0．05）。MRI扫描中,肺癌、乳腺癌等常见恶性肿瘤颅内转移多表现为长T1、长 T2信号,结直肠癌转移灶中有20个（71．4％）呈混杂/短T2信号,DWI上245个（69．4％）转移灶边界清楚。45例（70．3％）肺腺癌、33例（55．0％）肺小细胞癌及15例（78．9％）乳腺癌颅内转移,M RI表现以多发转移灶居多;16例（59．3％）肺鳞癌以单发转移灶居多。72个（57．1％）肺小细胞癌的转移灶为结节状,22个（59．5％）肺鳞癌的转移灶为粟粒状;肺鳞癌有27个（72.9％）转移灶为环形强化;18个（48．6％）肺鳞癌转移灶的瘤周水肿为轻度,重度水肿中有21个（52．5％）转移灶为肺腺癌。结论不同恶性肿瘤颅内转移可有不同的M RI特征;M RI平扫、增强及DWI综合运用对脑转移瘤的诊断及鉴别有重要价值。     

Cerebral metastasis and other cerebral events in women with ovarian cancer

AIM: To determine the incidence, imaging findings and prognostic significance of cerebral metastases and other cerebral events in women with ovarian cancer. METHOD: A 5-year retrospective review of all women with ovarian cancer who had cranial imaging was undertaken at two major gynaecological oncology centers. RESULTS: Of 1222 women under clinical review, 78 underwent cranial imaging and 13 (1.1%) had cerebral metastasis. Computed tomography (CT) was diagnostic of parenchymal disease in 12 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed leptomeningeal disease in two. The women were aged between 23 and 73 years and all had stage III or IV disease at presentation. Cerebral metastasis occurred at 6-60 months from initial diagnosis, with death occurring predominantly within 12 months, but with five survivors at 4-45 months. Of the remaining 65 women, 10 had cerebrovascular disease and three had unrelated lesions. CONCLUSION: Cerebral metastasis remains a rare event in women with ovarian cancer but may be an isolated late event associated with survival beyond a year after neurosurgery and chemotherapy. CT should be the first investigation as the incidence of cerebrovascular disease is similar to that of metastatic disease.     

Limited value of CT brain scans in the staging of small cell lung cancer

Computed tomography of the brain was performed as part of the initial staging evaluation of 84 patients with small cell lung cancer. Brain scans indicative of metastatic disease were obtained in 12 (14%) patients, two of whom had no neurologic signs or symptoms. One of these had no other extrathoracic disease. Brain scans without evidence of metastatic disease were obtained in 72 patients, 58 (80.5%) of whom had no signs or symptoms suggestive of metastatic intracranial disease. In the 14 patients with neurologic symptoms but negative computed tomographic scans, other explanations than brain metastases were found. It was concluded that head scanning is a sensitive and accurate method of detecting central nervous system metastases in patients with small cell lung cancer. However, head computed tomography should not be included as part of the initial staging evaluation of the neurologically asymptomatic patients. In only one of 60 such patients did the brain scan change the initial clinical staging, which included chest films, liver and bone scans, and bone marrow biopsy.     

Suspected non-small cell lung cancer: incidence of occult brain and skeletal metastases and effectiveness of imaging for detection--pilot study

PURPOSE: To estimate the incidence of occult metastases to the brain and skeleton in patients suspected of having non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (stage higher than T1Nomo) with surgically resectable disease, to assess the accuracy of screening magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and radionuclide bone scanning for help in identifying occult metastases, and to determine the effectiveness of a high dose of MR contrast material. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine patients suspected of having NSCLC localized to the lung or to the lung and regional nodes underwent preoperative MR imaging with contrast material enhancement and radionuclide bone scanning for detection of brain or skeletal metastases. Patients were followed up for 12 months to determine the incidence of clinical metastatic disease. RESULTS: Eight (28%) patients had occult metastatic disease to the brain or skeleton. Brain metastases were identified on MR images in five of six patients. Bone metastases were identified on MR images in four of five patients and on bone scans in three of five patients. MR imaging was no more accurate than bone scanning for skeletal evaluation. A high dose of MR contrast material allowed detection of more metastases and of small lesions. CONCLUSION: Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the brain is indicated for the exclusion of brain metastases in patients with clinically operable known or possible NSCLC and a large (> 3-cm) lung mass. Skeletal imaging may be indicated if an isolated brain metastasis is detected.     

Impact of [<Superscript>18</Superscript>F]FDG-PET on the primary staging of small-cell lung cancer

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of [¹⁸F]fluorodeoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) on the primary staging of patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).Methods FDG-PET was performed in 120 consecutive patients with SCLC during primary staging. In addition, brain examinations with both FDG-PET and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) were performed in 91 patients. Results of FDG-PET were compared with those of conventional staging procedures. FDG-PET detected markedly increased FDG uptake in the primary tumours of all 120 patients (sensitivity 100%).Results Complete agreement between FDG-PET results and other staging procedures was observed in 75 patients. Differences occurred in 45 patients at 65 sites. In 47 sites the FDG-PET results were proven to be correct, and in ten, incorrect. In the remaining eight sites, the discrepancies could not be clarified. In 14/120 patients, FDG-PET caused a stage migration, correctly upstaging ten patients to extensive disease and downstaging three patients by not confirming metastases of the adrenal glands suspected on the basis of CT. Only 1/120 patients was incorrectly staged by FDG-PET, owing to failure to detect brain metastases. In all cases the stage migration led to a significant change in the treatment protocol. Sensitivity of FDG-PET was significantly superior to that of CT in the detection of extrathoracic lymph node involvement (100% vs 70%, specificity 98% vs 94%) and distant metastases except to the brain (98% vs 83%, specificity 92% vs 79%). However, FDG-PET was significantly less sensitive than cranial MRI/CT in the detection of brain metastases (46% vs 100%, specificity 97% vs 100%).Conclusion The introduction of FDG-PET in the diagnostic evaluation of SCLC will improve the staging results and affect patient management, and may reduce the number of tests and invasive procedures.     

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension: a study of six cases with MR findings and literature review

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension is clinically characterized by orthostatic headache and other symptoms caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure due to leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from dural punctures or other medical causes. The other symptoms are mainly due to traction of the cranial and spinal nerves owing to descent of the brain caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Magnetic resonance imaging is very useful in the diagnosis because of its characteristic findings. We describe the MRI findings in six cases that had variable clinical presentation.     

Eccentric target sign in cerebral toxoplasmosis: Neuropathological correlate to the imaging feature

Cerebral toxoplasmosis remains one of the most common focal brain lesions in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diagnosis is a challenge because on cranial imaging it closely mimics central nervous system lymphoma, primary and metastatic central nervous system (CNS) tumors, or other intracranial infections like tuberculoma or abscesses. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature on postcontrast T1‐weighted sequences considered pathognomonic of toxoplasmosis is the “eccentric target sign.” The pathological correlate of this imaging sign has been speculative. Herein we correlate the underlying histopathology to the MR feature of eccentric target sign in a patient with autopsy‐proven HIV/AIDS‐related cerebral toxoplasmosis. The central enhancing core of the target seen on MRI was produced by a leash of inflamed vessels extending down the length of the sulcus that was surrounded by concentric zones of necrosis and a wall composed of histiocytes and proliferating blood vessels, with impaired permeability producing the peripheral enhancing rim. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:1469–1472. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

产后颅内静脉窦血栓形成6例临床与影像分析

目的 探讨产后颅内静脉窦血栓形成的发病机制、临床表现、影像学特点、诊断、鉴别诊断以及治疗。方法回顾性分析6例已确诊的产后颅内静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床与影像资料。结果6例患者临床均以亚急性高颅压症状为主，以上矢状窦血栓形成多见，在轴位T2WI上，窦腔内可见长T2高信号影，在矢状位T1WI上，窦腔内可见短T1高信号影。结论对于有妊娠和分娩史，不明原因出现颅内压增高、局限性神经症状、突然意识障碍的患者，须行头MRI或DSA检查。