Post-marketing Surveillance for Combined Oral Contraceptive Containing Desogestrel(Marvelon~) in Chinese Rural Areas

Objective To assess the side effects and the continuation rate of combined oral contraceptive(COC) containing desogestrel(Marvelon) during 12 months. Methods This was a post-marketing surveillance study on Marvelon COC among 870 healthy rural women in 5 different counties of Jiangsu Province during 12 months. Results About 24.02% of the women who used Marvelon COC experienced side effects during 12 months. Gastrointestinal disorder,bleeding/spotting and chloasma were ranked the first three in the side ef...     

THE CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECT OF MORRHUIC ACID SUPPOSITORY

The morrhuic acid suppository had been used in 1746 women with a total of 16073 women-months cycles. 1354 cases continued to use the suppository for 12 months, 367 cases completed 24 months and 15 cases 25-34 months. The cumulative twelve month life table pregnancy rate was 10.1 per 100 women and the method pergnancy rate was 4.8 per 100 women corresponding to an effective ness rate of 95.2% per 100 women. The gross twelve months cumulative termination rate per 100 women was 27.3 giving a continuation rate of 72.7%. Cervical smears were taken in 499 women showing no carcinomatous changes. It did not interfere with the menstrual cycle and flow. The only adverse side effect was the burning or itching sensation of the vulva which accounts for a 1.2% discontinuation rate. This suppository is sultable for contraception of all women in reproductive age.     

Development and Clinical Application of Utero-Tubal Elastic Device

This paper introduces a new type of contraceptive device— Utero-Tubal Elastic Deviee (UTED). The distinguishing feature of this device is that it obstructs both fallopian tube openings at the uterine cornua. In addition, the device performs the action of a copper containing intrauterine device. From December 1984 to August 1988, 1061 women received UTED for a total of 18950.5 women months. 95.5% of them were followed up. The longest time of follow-up was 45 months. The net cumulative pregnaney rate was nil. The net cumulative expulsion rate was lower, and the net cumulative continuation rate was higher than that of the ordinary IUDs. The net rate of removal due to presence of symptoms approximates to the other copper containing devices. The main side effects were pain and bleeding, their occurrenee rate however, was not as high as that of other copper containing devices.     

The Clinical and Experimental Research on Billings Ovulation Method During Breastfeeding

Objective The effectiveness and acceptability of Billings Ovulation Method (BOM) during breastfeeding were studied. At the same time, the monitoring indexes of fertility return were studied.Methods It was a clinical comparative study of BOM and IUD containing copper (200mm 2). The annual rate of pregnancy, discontinuation rate and continuation rate in the two groups was determined. The serum prolactin and estradiol in 90 breastfeeding mothers and urine estrogen and pregnanediol in different feeding mothers were measured.Results There were 219 subjects in the BOM group and 200 in the IUD group. The pregnancy rate in this two groups was 1. 43% and 1. 54% respectively. The rates of discontinuation and continuation in the IUD group were:8. 87% and 91. 35% as well as in the BOM group were 8. 53% and 90. 17% respectively. Neither result was statistically significant (P>0. 05). The experimtal research showed that menses return was well estimated by 0. 35 ratio of serum prolactin vs. estrodiol. Sensitivity and     

Choice and Changes of Contraceptive Methods after Primiparous Delivery in Shanghai

Totally,3 701 primiparous women in Shanghai were followed up for 15 months after delivery to assess their initial and subsequent changes in choice of contraceptive methods.Results showed that 15 months after delivery,95.46% of women had already used a contraceptive method.The leading first choice of contraceptive methodsamong urban women was the condom(50.72%) or IUD(29.09%),while the leading first choice among rural women was IUD(56.65%)or the condom(30.60%).Within 15 months after delivery,women whose first choice had been the condom tended to switch usually to an IUD.But fewer women whose first method was an IUD switched to other methods.At the 15th month follow-up,94.54% of women were all using a method,with 60.76% of urban women and 71.07% of rural women using IUDs.Multinominal logistic regression analysis suggests that women‘s characteristics influence the choice of methods.Urban, well-educated women were more likely to choose condom and rhythm,and less likely to choose OC.Older women tended to use condom and rhythm more often than younger women.Breast feeding women were less likely to use OC.Women who received recommendations regarding postpartum contraception from family planning workers were more likely to use IUD.It was concluded that family planning workers should increase women‘‘s awareness of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods,dispel myths and rumors about some methods and improve women‘‘s knowledge of informed choice.     

Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive Use on Bone Mineral Density in Adolescent Females

Objective To compare adolescents’bone mineral density (BMD) between users of combined oral contraceptive (Marvelon, desogestrel/ethinylestradiol) and nonhormonal control subjects. Methods The study included 127 women who aged between 16 and 18 years using Marvelon for 24 months and 115 women who aged between 16 and 18 years using nonhormonal contraception as control subjects. BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were obtained using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results After 24 months of Marvelon use, as compared with baseline, the mean BMD in lumbar spine and femoral neck were decreased by 0.30% and 0.61%, respectively. While in the nonusers group, the mean BMD were increased by 1.88% and 1.10%, respectively. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD in women who used Marvelon were not significantly different compared with the subjects who used nonhormonal contraception (P>0.05). Conclusion Two years of Marvelon use had no significant effect on BMD, but it remains unknown whether longer than 2 years of use has a significant adverse effect on the attainment of peak bone mass.     

Gestational weight gain and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus among Chinese women

Background Gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM） is a common complication during pregnancy,and gestational weight gain is one of the major and modifiable risk factors.This study aims to estimate the relationship between the rate of gestational weight gain before diagnosis of GDM and the subsequent risk of GDM.Methods A case-control study was conducted with 90 GDM cases and 165 women in the control group from May 2012 to August 2012 at Peking University First Affiliated Hospital.GDM was diagnosed according to the standards issued by the Ministry of Health of China in 2011.The plasma glucose levels,weights,and covariate data of the women were obtained based on medical records.Univariate analysis and unconditional Logistic regression model were used to estimate the associations.Results After adjusting for age at delivery,parity,and pre-pregnancy body mass index,the risk of GDM increased with increasing rates of gestational weight gain.Compared with the lower rate of gestational weight gain （less than 0.28 kg per week）,a rate of weight gain of 0.28 kg per week or more was associated with increased risk of GDM （odds ratio：2.03; 95％ confidence interval：1.15 to 3.59）.The association between the rate of gestational weight gain and GDM was primarily attributed to the increased weight gain in the first trimester.Conclusion High rates of gestational weight gain,particular during early pregnancy,may increase a woman＇s risk of GDM.     

A Multicenter Comparative Clinical Study of Sino-Levonorgestrel-Releasing Implants No. Ⅰ and No. Ⅱ with Norplant

Objective To compare the efficacy, side effects and acceptability of two Sino-implants with NorplantMethods A randomized, prospective multicenter comparative clinical study was conducted in 10 clinical centers in China.Results Totally 1 001, 1 000 and 998 cases were recruited for Sino-implant No. I, No.11 and Norplant, respectively, in 1993. The follow-up rate was 99.8% totally in 5 years.Three and five pregnancies occurred respectively in Sino-implant No. Ⅰ and No. Ⅱ group, while no pregnancy occurred in the Norplant group. The cumulative pregnancy rate was 0.4, 0.7 and 0 per 100 women respectively in implant No.L No. H and Norplant group for five years, meaning that there was no statistical difference. There was no ectopic pregnancy in the three groups. The cumulative discontinuation rates at the end of five years were not significantly different among the three groups, either Menstrual problems were the main reason for termination. The menstrual blood loss decreased significantly and no serious health problems arose from implants use.Conclusion The two Sino-implants provided similar high efficacy and safety to Norplant, therefore, they can be used by women at reproductive age who are from different areas, different of races, educational background and occupation.     

EFFICACY OF DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CREAM ON LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS BY TRANSEPIDERMAL APPLICATION

In order to avoid the therapeutic reaction and the side effects oforal administration of Diethylcarbamazine(DEC)the authors first reportedthe transepidermal application of 10% DEC cream for treating lymphaticbancroftian filariasis in human.The study was carried out among 135microfilariemia patients who were divided into three groups in Xiping county,Henan province,China.The result shows a marked therapeutic efficacy.Themicrofilaria counts decrease and become negative at the rate of 89.5% in the8th month and 93.5% in the 12th month after the treatment.Compared withthe oral administration this method is more effective and has no side effectsduring the therapy.     

Comparative Study on the Effects of Two Contraceptive Injections （Mesigyna, Cyclofem） on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

The effects of consecutively using the contraceptive injections (Mesigyna or Cy-clofem) on both blood coagulation and fibrinolysis were evaluated on 94 Chinese women who had been injected with one of these two injections once a month for 9 months. To provide the evidences on the safety of long-term use, relevant parame-ters were observed before the treatment, after the injection 3 and 9, as well as 3 months after drug withdrawing. The results were as follows: Among those who had been injected with Mesigyna, the levels of factor Ⅶ and factor Ⅹ declined signifi-cantly during treatment. The activity of AT- Ⅲ , plasminogen and the concentration of protein C also decreased. Moreover, the corresponding parameters did not recov-ered to the normal level after stopping treatment. Prothrombin time (PT) and acti-vated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were prolonged in the early period of treatment, but recovered to the normal at week 47 (injection withdrawn).No or slight change was observed in other parameters. Among the woman injected with Cy-clofem, the concentrations of factor Ⅶ and plasminogen decreased over time, while the tissue plasminogen activator inhibitor (t-PAI) levels increased after the 9^th injec-tion and recovered to normal at week 47 after discontinuation of treatment. The re-suits suggested that some significant parameter changes of coagulation and of fibri-nolysis could be detected among long-term users, but their impact on the fibrinolysis system was not obvious. The observed phenomenon did not show a tendency to facili-tate thromboembolism and possibility of being harmful to the users. Thus, the ob-served changes should be regarded as the reactions to keep the equilibrium between coagulation and fibrinolysis and had no marked clinical pathological significance on the users.     

Expression and Significance of Cox-2 and Livin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Tissue Microarray

Objective To detect the expression of Cox-2 and livin in oral squamous cell carcinoma and precancerous lesion with tissue microarray, and discuss their significance and relationship in the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Immunohistochemical （IHC） staining and tissue microarray technique were used to detect the expression of Cox-2 and livin in noma! oral mucous membrane, precancerous lesion and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Results The expression of Cox-2 was negative in normal oral mucous membrane, and positive in precancerous lesion （81.6%） and squamous carcinoma （85.2%）; while the expression of livin was negative or weakly positive in normal oral mucous membrane, and positive in precancerous lesion （89.8%） and squamous carcinoma （100%）. The positive expression of Cox-2 and livin were both closely related to pathological classifications of oral squamous cell carcinomas. But there was no correlation between them. Conclusion Cox-2 and livin have close relationship with the occurrence and development of oral squamous cell carcinoma, but no correlation with the expression.     

益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease,AD）大鼠学习记忆的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、模型组（B组）、针灸组（C组）、益智＋针灸组（D组）各10只,B、C、D 3组分别以海马CA1区注射β淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）造模,A组注射等量的双蒸水,各组分别治疗20 d后行Morris水迷宫试验,观察大鼠学习记忆能力变化。结果B组较A组的平均潜伏期明显延长,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与B组比较,C组、D组的平均潜伏期明显缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;与C组比较,D组的潜伏期缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论益智健脑颗粒联合针灸能够提高Aβ25-35介导的AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

Liuwei Dihuang,a traditional Chinese herbal formula,suppresses chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH）, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. METHODS： After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived （OP-CD） rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water （n=12 rats per group）. Twelve obese-resistant-CD （OR-CD） rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. RESULTS： After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein （CRP） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced （GSH） and oxidized glutathione （GSSG） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION： The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OP-JOP-CD rat model as     

程丑夫教授论治情志病验案举隅

程丑夫是国家级名老中医,湖南中医药大学第一附属医院主任医师、教授、博士生导师,享受政府特殊津贴专家,出身于中医世家,从医40余年,经验丰富,对于内科系统及疑难杂症的治疗颇有心得,笔者有幸跟师学习,聆听教诲,受益匪浅,现将程师论治情志病的经典验案略陈一二。1思虑伤脾案患者肖某,女,27岁。初诊：2014年5月20日。半年前因婚变后出现忧心忡忡,多思多虑,近1月来反复腹部胀满,刻诊：腹胀,食后为甚,呃逆,无反酸,通气后可减轻,无腹痛,不欲食,夜寐不安,二便调。舌红苔厚白腻,脉弦,BP：110／70mmHg。     

急性放射性口腔黏膜反应防治进展

急性放射性口腔黏膜反应是头颈部恶性肿瘤在放射治疗过程中最常见的副反应,射线除直接损伤黏膜外,还造成照射野内的毛细血管发生反应性扩张、充血,出现红斑,进而形成黏膜糜烂、溃疡,给病人造成身心痛苦,轻者疼痛,影响吞咽、进食及语言等,重者影响到放射治疗的终止或暂停。因此,寻求安全有效的药物防治放射性口腔黏膜反应已日益受到重视。现就其发生机制、防治的研究进展综述如下。     

补肾活血方对PCOS大鼠模型卵巢中PAI-1mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨补肾活血方对大鼠PCOS模型卵巢局部纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI—1mRNA）表达的影响。方法选用未成年24d龄SD雌性大鼠60只,随机分为模型组、克罗米酚组、补肾活血方高剂量组、补肾活血方低剂量组、正常对照组5组。用Bogovich法建立大鼠多囊卵巢病理模型。以克罗米酚为对照。用原位杂交法观察补肾活血方对多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的影响。结果模型组卵巢局部PAI—1mRNA存在卵泡膜间质细胞显著增高,用补肾活血方高、低剂量与克罗米酚药后,卵巢局部PAI-1mRNA的表达明显降低．差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。补肾活血方高剂量组与克罗米酚组比较,差异具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）;低荆量组与克罗米酚组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,补肾活血方高、低剂量组比较,低剂量组卵泡膜间质细胞上PAI-1的基因表达增高更明显,但二者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PAI-1mRNA可能与多囊卵巢综合征的发病机制有关。以补肾活血立法的补肾活血方能降低多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的显著增高表达．降低PAI—1mRNA卵巢局部的作用。提示补肾活血方可能通过PAI—1mRNA途径促进卵巢排卵的机制。     

表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌应用的瓶颈——获得性耐药

以表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor,EGFR-TKI）分子靶向治疗研究为肇始,转化性研究使基础实验和临床实践间的鸿沟迅速填平,改变着人们认识治疗肺癌的视角。无可否认,EGFR-TKI上市后极大地延伸了肿瘤学家治疗肺癌的手段,但不管从临床经验、临床研究数据、分子生物学层面还是文献计量学的角度,     

UniPron is A Fully Effective Non-hormonal Reversible Contraceptive in Baboon Model （Papio Anubis）

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.
Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages.
Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.
Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.     

WHO西太区与“世界中医药学会联合会”中医名词术语国际标准比较研究：精、神、气、血、津、液部分

精、神、气、血、津、液是中医理论中6个非常重要的概念，有关术语在《WHO西太区传统医学国际标准名词术语》中一共收录了59条，“世界中医药学会联合会”（以下简称世中联）《中医基本名词术语中英对照国际标准》中收录了58条。血、津、液的内涵较为具体，有一定的物质基础，理解并不困难。翻译上虽有差异，但亦不难统一。精、神、     

Mechanical tests on the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament fixed with allogenetic cortical bone cross-pin on the femoral side

Background Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction （ACLR） has developed dramatically in the last century.Now,ACLR has become a reliable and productive procedure.Patients feel satisfied in 〉90% cases.The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of allogenetic cortical bone cross-pin （ACBCP） used as a clinical fixation method in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction on the femoral side based on biomechanical tests in vitro.Methods The specimens were provided by the bone banks of the First Affiliated Hospital of People＇s Liberation Army of General Hospital from September 2011 to June 2012.Fresh deep frozen human allogenetic cortical bone was machined into cross-pins which is 4.0 mm in diameter and 75.0 mm in length.Biomechanical parameters compared with Rigidfix were collected while cross-pins were tested in double-shear test.The load-to-failure test and cycling test were carried out in a goat model to reconstruct anterior cruciate ligament with Achilles tendon autograft on the femoral side fixed by human 4.0 mm ACBCP and 3.3 mm Rigidfix served as control.Maximum failure load,yield load,and stiffness of fixation in single load-to-failure test were compared between the two groups.Cycle-specific stiffness and displacement at cycles 1,30,200,400,and 1 000 were also compared in between.Results In double-shear test both maximum failed load and yield load of 4.0 mm humanACBCP were （1 236.998±201.940） N.Maximum failed load and yield load of Rigidfix were （807.929±110.511） N and （592.483±58.821） N.The differences of maximum failed load and yield load were significant between ACBCP and Rigidfix,P 〈0.05.The shear strength of ACBCP and Rigidfix were （49.243±8.039） MPa and （34.637±3.439） MPa,respectively,P 〈0.05.In the load-to-failure test ex vivo,yield load and maximum failed load of ACBCP fixation complexity （（867.104±132.856）N,（1 032.243±196.281） N） were higher than those of Rigidfix （（640.935±42.836） N,（800.568±64.890） N,P 〈0.05）.However,s