体外循环下动脉导管手术28例分析

目的寻求更好的体外循环下动脉导管未闭的手术方法。方法自1996年10月～2004年6月在体外循环下行动脉导管手术28例。采用三种手术方式,并行转流下分离结扎PDA10例;深低温、微量灌注、心内直视缝合PDA10例;中度低温、瞬间低流量、foley球囊导尿管堵PDA心内直视缝合PDA8例。结果除1例高龄PDA、重度肺高压、肺动脉及PDA管壁硬化,术中缝合PDA因血管较脆发生无法控制的大出血而死亡外,其余病人均康复出院,无导管再通发生。结论如果需要直视闭合PDA,应采用中度低温、瞬间低流量、foley球囊导管辅助下,PDA闭合术。该方法术野清楚,缝合可靠,能缩短体外循环时间,减少低温并发症,是一种较好的手术方法。     

Device Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Marfan Patients: Safety and Effect on the Aortic Root Diameter

Objectives. There is little evidence in the medical literature about safety of PDA device closure and its effects on aortic root diameter in Marfan patients. We reported on nine Marfan patients whose ducts were occluded by coil or Amplatzer Duct Occluder. Patients and Interventions. Two patients had aneurismal type E ducts which were closed by a single coil, respectively. The others had conical ducts for which even Amplatzer occluder, stiff, or double coils were used. Results. No untoward consequence was found during a median follow up period of 18.5 months (range 3 months to 6.33 years). Two patients had small residual shunts. The observed change in the mean ratio of aortic root diameter to its estimated value was statistically insignificant in seven patients who had complete data on their aortic root diameter before PDA closure and during the follow up. Conclusions. We concluded that PDA device closure in Marfan patients is safe. Risk of residual shunt is higher even after closure of small ducts.     

Closure of Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Renal Failure under Echocardiographic Guidance without Use of Radiographic Contrast Media

Large patent ductus arteriosus with large left‐to‐right shunt results in heart failure, and if untreated, leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Use of radiographic iodinated contrast media for angiogram during transcatheter duct closure may aggravate preexistent renal dysfunction. Aortogram with contrast media was avoided in a patient with renal failure, and echocardiogram guided deployment of duct occluder device in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for closure of a large duct. This article highlights use of a nitinol‐based occluder that employs nonporous polytetrafluoroethylene fabric to aid in instantaneous duct closure.     

Impact of Transcatheter Occlusion of a Patent Ductus Arteriosus on Atrial Septal Defect Diameter in Children

Background. A persistent patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may delay closure of a coexisting atrial septal defect (ASD) due to volume loading and enlargement of the left atrium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural history of ASD size in patients with a PDA following transcatheter PDA occlusion. Methods. All patients with an ASD and a PDA who underwent transcatheter PDA occlusion at Texas Children’s Hospital were identified. Patients with ASD diameter <3 mm, or additional cardiac defects were excluded. Eight patients (7 females) with small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs and a PDA were identified. Patient demographics, echocardiographic data, and cardiac catheterization data were recorded. Data were analyzed by 1‐tailed t‐test. Results. Following PDA occlusion, ASD diameter decreased in 6 of 8 patients by a mean of 3.8 mm (±2.3 mm), including 2 that closed. The median duration of follow‐up was 689 days. One ASD remained unchanged and 1 increased in size. The mean maximum ASD diameter decreased from 6.4 mm (±2.2 mm) to 3.9 mm (±3.4 mm) (P = .03). Two patients underwent subsequent transcatheter ASD occlusion. Conclusion. Following transcatheter PDA occlusion, small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs have significant probability to decrease in size, and possibly close. In infants and children, we recommend transcatheter PDA occlusion, and serial follow‐up of the size of the ASD. This will allow many small‐ to moderate‐sized ASDs to either close, or become smaller, obviating the need for future intervention.     

Outcomes of Surgical Management for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Infants in Nigeria

BackgroundPatent ductus arteriosus is a common cardiac anomaly in infants that, if untreated, is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. In lower-middle-income countries, such as Nigeria, obtaining cardiovascular surgical care for infants remains difficult. In recent years, especially with the assistance of international voluntary cardiac organizations, efforts have increased to provide cardiac surgical services to this underserved population.MethodsIn this case series, the authors describe outcomes in 30 infants surgically treated for patent ductus arteriosus between 2013 and 2019 at an emerging cardiac center in Nigeria (9 male [30%] and 21 female [70%]; mean [SD] age, 8.2 [3.01] months; mean [SD] weight, 5.3 [1.52] kg; mean [range] weight deficit, 34.5% [15%–60%]).ResultsAll the infants presented with patent ductus arteriosus as the main cardiac lesion, and 4 (13%) were syndromic. The mean (SD) patent ductus arteriosus diameter was 4.73 (1.46) mm. Surgical closure was completed in 29 infants; 1 died before surgery. No procedure-related deaths occurred, but 2 cases of trivial residual patent ductus arteriosus were recorded.ConclusionOverall, surgical outcomes were excellent, with acceptable mortality rates. Perioperative care will continue to improve as the center is built to a self-sustaining capacity. Findings of this research at this emerging cardiac center in a developing country are a testament to the positive contribution made by international voluntary cardiac missions.     

婴幼儿动脉导管未闭合并瓣膜返流的外科治疗

目的 探讨手术治疗对婴幼儿动脉导管未闭(Patent ductus arteriosus PDA)合并MR、TR的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2009 年5月至2014 年4月我院共20例PDA合并MR、TR患儿施行了手术治疗,其中男5例,女15例;年龄1-29(10.07±8.66)月;体重2.5-12(7.35±3.30)kg;PDA直径3-12(6.55±2.28)mm,管型17例,窗型2例,漏斗型1例。轻度MR12例,中度返流5例,重度返流3 例;其中合并三尖瓣轻度返流10例,三尖瓣中度返流1例。20例患者均通过左侧胸入路结扎PDA,未处理二尖瓣、三尖瓣。结果 围术期无死亡病例,术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间1-61(12.4±16.76)h;监护时间：16-240(55.00±63.67)h。术后2例患者在拔出气管内插管后出现呼吸急促,氧饱和度下降,再次插管,经过监护治疗恢复顺利。其余患者均恢复顺利,无其它并发症。随访20 例均超过1年时间。随访期间,全组MR均有不同程度的减轻,其中3例二尖瓣重度返流改善为中度返流1例和轻度返流2 例;5例二尖瓣中度返流改善为无返流3 例、轻微返流2 例;12例二尖瓣轻度返流改善为无返流7例和轻微返流5例。合并11例TR改善为无返流7例,轻微返流4例。患儿术后一周、术后三月、术后一年LEVDD较术前比较明显减小,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患儿心胸比值术后一年较术前明显减小,有统计学意义P<0.05)。结论 PDA合并MR、TR的婴幼儿,对二尖瓣、三尖瓣的处理应持保守治疗态度,单纯结扎PDA便可获得良好的效果。     

Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery with a Large Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Aversion of a Catastrophe

We present an infant who had an anomalous left coronary artery arising from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and a large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), who was diagnosed before a potentially catastrophic closure of PDA. In the presence of normal left ventricular function and the absence of coronary artery collaterals, it is difficult to diagnose ALCAPA. A disproportionate degree of left ventriclular dilation and severity of mitral valve regurgitation relative to the degree of PDA shunt, and echogenic papillary muscles on an echocardiogram should raise a suspicion of coronary artery anomalies. The infant underwent surgical ligation of PDA with translocation of coronary arteries and had an uneventful recovery.     

Birth Weight and Prematurity in Infants with Single Ventricle Physiology: Pediatric Heart Network Infant Single Ventricle Trial Screened Population

Objectives. Although congenital heart disease is associated with low birth weight and prematurity, there is little information about these birth outcomes in infants with single ventricle physiology. We describe the birth outcomes (i.e., gestational age and birth weight) in neonates with single ventricle physiology screened for enrollment in the Pediatric Heart Network's Infant Single Ventricle Trial, compare these outcomes with US norms, and examine the association of birth outcomes with anatomic diagnosis and race. Patients and Methods. All neonates with single ventricle physiology presenting to Infant Single Ventricle Trial centers were screened for enrollment. Demographic data and anatomic diagnoses were obtained from medical records. Results. A total of 1245 neonates with single ventricle physiology were screened at 10 centers (63 to 266 per center). Diagnoses included hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 49%, unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect in 12%, and tricuspid atresia in 9%. Preterm birth occurred in 16% of neonates with single ventricle physiology vs. 12% in normal neonates (P < .001), low birth weight (<2.5 kg) in 18% vs. 8% in normals (P < .001), and small for gestational age (<10th percentile by definition) in 22% vs. 10% in normals (P < .001). A genetic syndrome was reported in 8%. The percentage of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age was similar between screened neonates with and without hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Conclusions. In this large, contemporary cohort of neonates with single ventricle physiology, rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age were higher than in the general population, but similar between screened neonates with and without hypoplastic left heart syndrome.     

Transcatheter Closure <i>vs.</i> Surgical Ligation in Preterm Infants with Patent Ductus Arteriosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Persistent patent ductus arteriosus (pPDA) is a common condition in preterm infants. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of transcatheter closure (TC) when compared to surgical ligation (SL) in preterm infants with pPDA. Methods: A literature search of Ovid Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Epub, Scopus, PMC Preprints, and was conducted from inception to May 06, 2022. Eligible studies reported infants diagnosed with pPDA born at ≤2000 g birth weight or at ≤37 weeks’ who underwent TC or SL as treatment. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022325944). Results: From 97 studies screened, 8 studies met the eligibility criteria, with a total of 756 preterm infants undergoing either TC (n = 366) or SL (n = 390). Compared to TC, SL had higher mortality rates (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.66, I² = 0%). No difference was seen in post-procedural complication rate (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.18, 4.44, I² = 79%), mean duration of post-procedural mechanical ventilation (MD = −2.21 days, 95% CI: −4.88, 0.47, I² = 60%), hospital stay length (MD = −8.30 days, 95% CI: −17.03, 0.44, I² = 0%) or neonatal intensive care unit stay length (MD = −3.50 days, 95% CI: −10.27, 3.27, I² = 0%). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrated TC as a viable alternative option in managing preterm infants with pPDA in the context of SL. Despite the promising trends demonstrated in this meta-analysis, further studies with larger sample size and controlled baseline characteristics are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of TC and SL for preterm infants with pPDA.     

Perpulmonary Device Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus with Minimum Diameter More Than 4 mm in Infants

Background: Closure of large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in older children has been accomplished using surgical and percutaneous techniques with remarkable outcomes. However, outcomes amongst infants have been variable with several drawbacks. Here we describe a novel minimally invasive technique, a product of mini-thoracotomy and traditional percutaneous technique skills, accomplished exclusively under echocardiography guidance. Methods: Symptomatic infants with a significant left-to-right shunt from PDA measuring more than 4 mm were selected. The symptoms were varying degrees of tachypnea, tachycardia, heart failure, failure to thrive, recurrent respiratory tract infections, or intensive care unit treatment for a longer duration. Through a left parasternal mini-thoracotomy, two parallel purse-string sutures were placed on the pulmonary trunk. After purse-string circle puncture, under exclusively transesophageal echocardiography guidance, a device secured to the safety-suture was implanted on the ascending aorta via pulmonary trunk using a specially designed set. The safety-suture prevented device migration in case of dislocation. The basic demographics, PDA size, device size and type, intrapulmonary manipulation time, operation time, PDA parameters (length, diameter, type of duct), redeployment of the device, residual shunt, and retention of safety-suture were all recorded and analyzed. The follow-up was done with transthoracic echocardiography on the 2^nd postoperative day, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, and yearly thereafter. Results: Fifty-two infants with a mean age of 8 months ± 2.8 months (Interquartile range = 0) underwent Perpulmonary device closure of PDA. Successful PDA occlusion was accomplished event-free in all subjects. The mean PDA, mean device, and mean operation time were 5.6 mm ± 1.4 mm, 7.9 mm ± 1.7 mm, and 61.2 min ± 12.9 min, respectively. The immediate acceptable residual shunt was noted among 3 subjects and disappeared at a 1-month follow-up. Eighteen infants had retained safety-suture for added safety. There were no reports of the device or procedure-related complications. Conclusion: Perpulmonary device closure is an effective and safe approach to PDA with a diameter measuring > 4 mm among infants. The safety-suture, in case of dislocation, prevents migration and associated complications.     

Predictive Value of Blood N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide Concentrations for Early Patent Ductus Closure in Very Preterm Infants

ObjectivesIt has been shown that blood concentrations of NT-proBNP may be useful in identifying preterm infants at risk of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus and its complications. The aim of the study was to assess predictive value of serum NT-proBNP levels for early ductus arteriosus (DA) closure in very preterm newborns.MethodsFifty-two infants <32 weeks’ gestation aged <72 hours with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) diameter >1.5 mm were involved in a randomized study. Twenty-seven (52%) of them were treated with ibuprofen or paracetamol starting within the first 3 days of life. Expectant management was applied to 25 (48%) infants. All patients underwent planned echocardiographic (daily) and two serum NT-proBNP measurements within the first 10 days after birth. Depending on the DA closure within the first 10 days of life, 2 groups of patients were formed retrospectively, with closed (n = 30) or patent (n = 22) DA by this age.ResultsIn the first 10 days of life, DA closure occurred in 19 (70%) treated infants and in 11 (44%) infants managed expectantly (p > 0,05). Initial concentrations of NT-proBNP were significantly higher in infants that had patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) at 10 days of life. By the eighth day, median NT-proBNP values in both groups significantly decreased but remained considerably higher in newborns with PDA. NT-proBNP serum concentrations on the second day of life could reliably predict DA closure within the first 10 days after birth in treated babies (the AUC was significant 0.81 [95% CI: 0.58–1.03], p < 0.05) but not in infants who were managed expectantly.ConclusionsSerum NT-proBNP concentrations on the second day of life could reliably predict early PDA closure in treated but not in expectantly managed very preterm infants.     

Clinical Exploration of Transcatheter Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus With Duct Occluder in Infants

Objectives To explore the feasibility, necessity, and security of transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in infants. Methods There were 230 infants with PDA. The ages were (7.3±3.2) months and the weight (6.6±2.8) Kg in average. They were separated into two groups. Group A was formed by the infants weighing less than 6 Kg, Group B over 6 Kg. Right heart catheterization was performed first to calculate the ratio of Qp/Qs. Then descending aortography demonstrated the diameter and shape of PDA. Proper occluder was selected to finish the intervention. Echocardiography was performed after intervention 24 hours and 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Results In Group A the technical achievement ratio was 94.6% with the average diameter of PDA (6.2±3.2) mm. In Group B the technical achievement ratio was 100% with the average diameter of PDA (4.8±2.5) mm. We used the Amplatzer Duct Occluder with the type from 6-8 mm to 12-14 mm, the delivery sheath from 6 French to 8 French. 24 hours after intervention, echocardiography demonstrated that there were 6 residual shunts in Group A while 22 in Group B. After 1 year, residual shunt existed in neither group. There were 4 patients whose femoral arteries pulsed weakly after intervention in Group A, while in Group B there were 3. They all recovered 24 hours after the application of urokinase. In Group A blood flow velocity in descending aorta increased in 5 infants, while in Group B there were 3. They all resumed in 6-12 months. Conclusions Transcatheter closure of PDA in infants is safe and technically feasible. However, indication should be strictly selected and the intervention should be performed by experienced physician.     

Closure of Tubular Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Infants and Small Children with the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II

Percutaneous closure of a tubular patent ductus arteriosus can be challenging in the infant and small child. In this report, we describe the successful closure of tubular patent ductus arteriosus with the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II in two patients, ages 3 months and 13 months.     

Is Combined Atrial Volumetrics by Two‐Dimensional Echocardiography a Suitable Measure for Quantitative Assessment of the Hemodynamic Significance of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Neonates and Infants?

Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common cardiac problem in neonates and infants, but determination of its hemodynamic significance can be challenging. We hypothesized that combined left (LA) and right atrial (RA) volumes physiologically best reflect hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (HSPDA), and utilized two‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) derived atrial volumes to test this hypothesis. Methods: 2DE examinations with good‐quality images in 138 neonates <3 months corrected gestational age with PDA, and 50 normal neonates without PDA were selected. Measurements of LA, RA, and combined atrial volumes were performed, in addition to transductal diameters, left atrial to aortic dimension (LA:Ao), and left ventricular end‐diastolic to aortic dimension ratios. An experienced cardiologist, blinded to 2DE images of atria and ventricles and to the above measurements, independently assessed HSPDA based only on images and Doppler data of the ductus itself, thus identifying each PDA as of low hemodynamic significance or HSPDA. Results: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed indexed LA volumes and LA/RA volume ratios to have moderate power to discriminate HSPDA from low hemodynamic burden PDA. Classic LA:Ao ratio, combined atrial volumes, and RA volumes yielded ROC areas that appeared less promising as discriminators for HSPDA. Conclusion: Atrial volume measurements in neonates and infants have a linear association with body surface area and show acceptable inter‐ and intraobserver agreement. Indexed LA volume and LA/RA volume ratio are potentially useful markers for HSPDA. RA dilation due to left to right shunting through the patent foramen ovale as quantified by RA volume measurements does not appear to be an important marker for HSPDA. (Echocardiography 2010;27;696‐701)