Wistar大鼠腹部解剖在梗阻性肾病动物模型中的应用

目的探讨Wistar大鼠腹部解剖在梗阻性肾病动物模型中的应用价值。方法经中上腹切口采用腰大肌隧道包埋法、输尿管腰大肌悬吊术、输尿管腹壁肌肉悬吊术、输尿管不全结扎术等制备Wistar大鼠梗阻性肾病动物模型。结果上述模型制作在15～30 min完成,平均（22±6.54）min。术后1周成模。梗阻肾功能受损,肾图呈梗阻曲线,c段显著延迟。结论选择Wistar大鼠中上腹切口是制备输尿管部分梗阻动物模型的理想切口。     

99Tcm-DTPA在大鼠单侧输尿管部分梗阻模型中的应用价值

目的 探讨99Tcm-DTPA在大鼠单侧输尿管部分梗阻模型中的应用价值.方珐采用输尿管腰大肌包埋法对64只Wistar雄性大鼠建立单侧输尿管部分梗阻模型,利用99Tcm-DTPA行同位素肾动态扫描,分别于术前及术后1、2、4、8周随机抽取16只大鼠测量双肾肾小球滤过率(GFR),处死8只动物,切取左肾行病理检查,余下8...     

患肾不显影输尿管结石的ESWL治疗

目的　总结由输尿管结石梗阻引起患侧肾脏不显影者行ESWL治疗的临床经验。　方法　输尿管结石致急性绞痛患者 16 8例 ,ESWL术前行KUB和IVU检查明确诊断输尿管结石而患侧肾脏不显影。结石位于髂骨缘以上者采用仰卧位 ,髂骨缘以下者采用俯卧位治疗。对 10 4例病史 <1个月、年龄 <6 0岁者于结石排空后行IVU ,观察其肾功能恢复情况。　结果　 16 8例患者全部于 2周内排空结石 ,其中 10 4例在结石排空后 1周～ 1年复查IVU ,患侧肾均已显影 ,2例仍有肾盂轻度积水。　结论　输尿管结石急性发病时 ,可因肾内压力骤增而引起肾功能受损 ,表现为患侧肾不显影。这种损害是可逆的 ,及时解除梗阻可使患肾功能得到恢复 ,ESWL是有效措施之一     

大鼠可复性单侧输尿管部分梗阻中CTGF表达的研究

目的:从分子水平研究可复性单侧输尿管部分梗阻(partial unilateral ureteral obstruction,PUUO)后肾小球和肾小管的病理改变,观察梗阻后和解除梗阻后不同时段内结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)的表达情况,及其与梗阻解除前后肾病理变化情况的关系。方法:选择成年健康雄性Wistar大鼠72只,随机分组并作以下处理:1对照组24只,仅行左侧肾盂输尿管处游离+左侧腰大肌钝性分离术;2梗阻组24只,将左侧输尿管上段埋入腰大肌下建立PUUO动物模型;以上两组分别在术后1、2、4、8周各随机选取6只处死。3梗阻解除组24只,采用相同方法建立PUUO动物模型,术后8周行梗阻解除术,后1、2、4、8周各随机选取6只处死。所有处死大鼠均行肾脏病理学检查,用免疫组织化学及Western blot法检测CTGF蛋白在组织中的分布及表达水平。结果:梗阻组肾脏中不同时期CTGF蛋白的表达明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),CTGF蛋白表达随着梗阻时间延长而显著上调;相较梗阻组,解除梗阻组中CTGF蛋白含量在解除梗阻后1周(实验开始9周)内的变化差异无统计学意义,2周(实验开始10周)、4周(实验开始12周)、8周(实验开始16周)分别与梗阻组4、2、1周比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:CTGF蛋白在大鼠肾积水病理形成过程中可能发挥重要调控作用,为先天性肾积水等临床疾病的机制研究提供了一定的参考依据。     

肾移植中供肾输尿管异常的处理

目的：探讨肾移植术中供肾输尿管异常的手术处理方法。方法：回顾性分析18例供。肾输尿管异常的肾移植术中处理,包括损伤致输尿管过短8例,完全型双输尿管4例,不完全型双输尿管2例,输尿管结石2例,巨输尿管2例。根据具体情况采用输尿管膀胱吻合术、供受者输尿管端端吻合术和膀胱腰大肌悬吊术等方法再植输尿管。结果：术后恢复顺利,未发生移植肾功能延迟恢复和尿漏。随访3～8年,发生输尿管梗阻1例,行经皮。肾造口输尿管镜切开后治愈。发生尿路感染5例（其中2例为反复感染）。未见膀胱输尿管返流。结扎输尿管的原肾未出现胀痛和不适,B超检查未见肾积水。带输尿管结石移植肾未见结石复发。巨输尿管供肾移植后输尿管管径稳定,无明显增大。结论：供肾输尿管损伤和异常时采用不同的技术修复和再植输尿管,可减少并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜输尿管膀胱吻合术:腰大肌悬吊法(附8例报道)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下腰大肌悬吊法输尿管膀胱吻合术的适应证、手术技巧及术后疗效。方法:回顾性分析2010年6月~2014年6月收治的8例输尿管下段较长病变(3~7cm)患者的治疗经验。8例患者均行腹腔镜腰大肌悬吊输尿管膀胱吻合术,术中充分游离输尿管及膀胱,夹闭并离断输尿管,显露腰大肌(或腰小肌肌腱),行膀胱腰大肌悬吊,锚定输尿管外膜于膀胱浆膜层,最后行输尿管膀胱端侧吻合术。结果:8例手术均在腹腔镜下完成,无中转开放,平均手术时间88.1(75~120)min,平均出血量为48.6(10~100)ml,输尿管平均缺损长度为5.2(3~7)cm,术后平均盆腔引流量为47.4(10~85)ml,平均切口拔管时间为4.5(3~6)d,平均尿管拔出时间为6.8(5~8)d,术后平均住院8.1(5~10)d。平均随访16.2(2~51)个月,均无尿漏、吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄,无肾盂积水、输尿管扩张,无膀胱输尿管反流。结论:腹腔镜腰大肌悬吊法输尿管膀胱吻合术治疗输尿管下段较长(3~10cm)的良性梗阻或狭窄病变可行性高、损伤小、术后恢复快、疗效可靠。腹腔镜腰大肌悬吊法在避免游离上段输尿管的同时,满足无张力、无扭转、无成角再植要求,恢复输尿管的相对延续性,为部分病例提供了可选的方法。     

经皮下肾膀胱分流术治疗盆腹腔晚期肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮下肾膀胱分流术治疗盆腹腔晚期肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻的临床价值。方法2009年12月～2012年5月,15例晚期腹腔盆腔肿瘤致输尿管中下段梗阻患者,双侧1例,左侧8例,右侧6例,经输尿管镜置入双J管失败。超声检查显示患侧肾盂积水宽度3．3～8．9cm,（4．2±2．6）cm。磁共振水成像显示患侧输尿管完全梗阻。使用美国巴德公司肾膀胱分流套件,行经皮下肾膀胱分流术15例（16侧）。术后复查超声、KUB平片、血肌酐及患侧肾小球滤过率。结果手术均成功,术后1周复查超声,患侧肾积水宽度1．7—4．6cm,（2．6±1．8）cm（与术前相比,t=5．356,P=0．025）。血肌酐由（256±46）μmol／L下降至（124±23）μmol／L（t=12．351,P=0．006）。患侧肾小球滤过率由（25．4±4．8）ml／min上升至（45．6±5．3）ml／min（t=3．784,P=0．016）。结论经皮下肾膀胱分流术简单易行,创伤小,能改善因输尿管梗阻而受损的肾功能,提高生活质量。     

显微外科技术在医源性输尿管损伤后狭窄修复中的应用

目的探讨不同类型输尿管损伤引起狭窄、梗阻的手术方法和预防措施。方法对27例输尿管损伤，采用显做技术，根据不同部位损伤，进行输尿管肾下极侧侧吻合术5例，肾盂输尿管再成形术6例，输尿管端端吻合术11例，输尿管膀胱角吻合腰大肌悬吊术5例。结果27例输尿管损伤术后，全部治愈，1周拔除膀胱造瘘管，3～4周拔除肾造瘘管，3个月拔除输尿管支架，随访6个月～3年，经B超，静脉肾盂造影复查，3例轻度肾积水，占11.11％；1例轻度输尿管反流，占3．70％；5例尿频，占18．52％。无1例漏尿。结论采用显微外科技术进行输尿管吻合术，可清晰显示断端的解剖层次，得以准确对合，提高远期效果。     

输尿管梗阻致急性肾衰的治疗

目的探讨输尿管梗阻致急性肾衰时的急诊处理方法，以保护和恢复肾功能。方法输尿管梗阻致急性肾衰患者43例，均以少尿或无尿1～6d来诊。经生化检查均存在肾功能不全，经B超、CT、X线摄片及（或）急诊经膀胱输尿管插管均诊断为输尿管梗阻，分别急诊行输尿管插管、输尿管镜或输尿管切开取石、肾造瘘、血液透析，并在1～12d内根据病情进行了后期病因治疗。结果7例保留永久肾造瘘或输尿管皮肤造口，2例进入永久血液透析，其余34例均解除梗阻恢复生理排尿通道，梗阻症状均消失；共有37例患者出现多尿期，持续1～2周。血尿素氮、肌酐随访，3d～5个月内可恢复，恢复程度80％～100％。结论经膀胱镜输尿管插管是输尿管梗阻致急性。肾衰时的首选处理；肾造瘘术则是插管失败的急诊补救措施及病因不能解除时永久引流尿液的措施；双“J”管的应用代替了部分肾造瘘。     

腔内技术处理膀胱全切术后输尿管肠吻合口梗阻

目的报道腔内技术处理膀胱全切术后输尿管肠吻合口梗阻的经验。方法 2001年6月至2008年5月对11例膀胱全切术后14侧输尿管肠吻合口梗阻采用腔内技术处理,顺行置入导丝通过梗阻后结合气囊扩张或内切开,并留置双J管6～8周。术后定期随诊,行B超、肾图和肾功能的检查。结果所有患侧输尿管均顺行成功将导丝通过梗阻段,3侧输尿管行气囊扩张,9侧输尿管行内切开,2侧输尿管怀疑肿瘤复发而直接置管。术后平均随访36.0（3～108）月,6侧输尿管拔除内支架管后引流通畅,肾图示尿路无明显梗阻。6侧输尿管在拔除内支架管后梗阻复发,分别采用永久肾造瘘（1侧）、输尿管换管（2侧）和开放手术处理（3侧）。术中术后均未见并发症发生。结论腔内技术处理输尿管肠吻合口梗阻简单安全,创伤小,可作为膀胱全切术后输尿管肠膀胱吻合口梗阻的首选治疗手段。     

Partial unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats

This review comprises an overview of the current knowledge on experimental partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) and a summary of our latest original experimental PUUO studies in rats. Neonatal PUUO is the type of obstruction that is most often encountered in pediatric clinical practice. However, the pathogenesis of PUUO is still incompletely understood. Most of our knowledge on PUUO has been derived from experimental studies in a variety of animal models. Although progress has been made, the natural history of congenital hydronephrosis is still incompletely described. The effects on kidney functions of long-term urinary tract obstruction, especially PUUO, have been less intensively studied. Recently, we created models with mild and severe PUUO in young rats by embedding the upper one fourth or the upper two thirds of the left ureter into the psoas muscle, respectively. Thereafter, the technique was used to create mild and severe PUUO in newborn rats and magnetic resonance imaging studies showed that both mild and severe obstruction caused a time-dependent decrease in renal blood flow. Compensatory increase in total kidney volume and renal vein blood flow in contralateral non-obstructed kidneys was not detectable when functional deterioration in the partially obstructed kidneys was present. Finally, we investigated the dynamic changes in renal relative signal intensity (RSI) of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) using magnetic resonance imaging in rats with partial, complete unilateral ureteral obstruction and sham-operated controls. The results showed that changes in Gd-DTPA RSI are compatible with the known physiological and anatomical changes in kidneys in response to ureteral obstruction and useful for distinguishing an obstructed from a non-obstructed collecting system and also for differentiating a partially obstructed from a completely obstructed collecting system.     

Age-dependent renal expression of acid-base transporters in neonatal ureter obstruction

Congenital obstructive nephropathy accounts for a major proportion of renal insufficiency in infancy and childhood. In an earlier investigation we demonstrated that bilateral complete ureteral obstruction (BUO) in rats is associated with inadequate urinary acidification [Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 295(2):F497-506, 2008]. The aim of the study reported here was to determine whether this defect is also associated with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), which is clinically more common than BUO. The time-course of the changes in protein expression levels of major renal acid–base transporters was examined at 7 and 14 weeks in rats with neonatally induced partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO), which was performed within the first 48 h of life. We observed that protein expression of the renal acid–base transporters NHE3, NBC1, NBCn1, pendrin and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase was increased in both obstructed and non-obstructed kidneys 7 weeks after the induction of neonatal PUUO. This was confirmed by immunocytochemistry. In contrast, 14 weeks after the induction of PUUO, there was a significant downregulation of the renal acid–base transporters NBC1, NBCn1 and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in the obstructed kidneys. These time/age-dependent changes in protein expression were associated with parallel changes in renal function resulting in urine acidification in response to exogenous acid loading. In conclusion, these results show that downregulation of protein expression is a time/age-dependent response to PUUO, which could contribute to the decreased net acid excretion and development of metabolic acidosis in neonatal rats with PUUO.     

Severe partial ureteric obstruction in newborn rats can produce renal dysplasia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether partial unilateral ureteric obstruction (PUUO) produces renal dysplasia in newborn rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Left mild (in 31) or severe (in 34) PUUO was induced in 2-day-old rats by embedding a quarter or two-thirds of the ureter into the psoas muscles, respectively. Sham-operated control rats (36) were assessed in parallel. Kidney morphology, renal parenchymal weight and histology were examined 24 weeks and 30 months afterward. RESULTS: There was significant pelvic dilatation in all obstructed kidneys; four kidneys were dysplastic in those severely obstructed, with a significant decrease in renal volume. There were three dysplastic kidneys after 6 months and one at 30 months. The in vitro dysplastic kidney weight was 36% of the control kidneys. Microscopy showed primitive glomerular and tubular structures, with renal parenchymal developmental disorganization and marked fibrosis. The glomeruli, tubules and collecting ducts were deficient in number and had often undergone cystic changes. Columnar tubular epithelium and peritubular mesenchymal collars were present. There was no renal dysplasia in the mildly obstructed and sham-operated rats. The parenchymal weight of the kidneys contralateral to the dysplastic kidneys was significantly higher than in the controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Severe PUUO can produce renal dysplasia in newborn rats. However, only 12% with severe obstruction had renal dysplasia, indicating that the cause of renal dysplasia might also be related to other factors.     

Long-term effects of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction on renal hemodynamics and morphology in newborn rats: a magnetic resonance imaging study

We assessed the longitudinal changes in renal vein blood flow (RVBF) and kidney volume in response to neonatally induced partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in rats with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. During anesthesia, either the upper third or two thirds of the left ureter was embedded into the psoas muscle in newborn rats, creating either a mild (n=20) or a severe (n=9) partial obstruction. Control groups consisted of sham-operated (n=12) and non-operated (n=15) rats. During the following 24 weeks, RVBF and kidney volume were measured sequentially every 2-6 weeks with MRI, beginning 9 days after the operation. Both mild and severe obstruction caused a time-dependent decrease in RVBF. At week 24, the mean RVBF had decreased to 79% of the controls in the mildly obstructed kidneys (mean+/-SE: 1.45+/-0.14 vs 1.84+/-0.08 ml/min/100 g body weight, P<0.05) and to 57% of controls in the severely obstructed kidneys (1.05+/-0.10 vs 1.84+/-0.08 ml/min/100 g body weight, P<0.05). The renal pelvis volume increased and the renal parenchymal volume decreased significantly in the severely obstructed kidneys compared to the mildly obstructed kidneys. A good correlation was found between kidney volume measured in vivo using MRI and that measured in vitro (r>0.8, P<0.05), and between RVBF and renal parenchymal volume (r=0.758, P<0.01). In conclusion, the degree of reduction in RVBF depends on the severity and the duration of the PUUO. MRI can safely and reliably be used to monitor the longitudinal changes in RVBF and kidney volume in rats from early life.     

Renal haemodynamics and prostaglandin synthesis in partial unilateral ureteric obstruction

Haemodynamic changes in partial unilateral ureteric obstruction (PUUO) may be related to altered prostaglandin synthesis. In 12 dogs the left ureter was partially obstructed for 5 weeks. In six dogs the ureter was reimplanted into the bladder and to investigate the effect of this procedure on the contralateral side the other six animals underwent ipsilateral nephroureterectomy. Renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by the distribution of radiolabelled microspheres. Changes in urinary prostaglandin (PG) concentrations were validated by renin activity using angiotensin I. Reduced left RBF during obstruction was associated with increased thromboxane A₂ synthesis (P<0.01). Increased RBF to the nonobstructed side was associated with elevated PGE₂ formation (P<0.05). Elevated angiotensin I levels (P<0.01) corresponded to maximal increases in PG synthesis. Reimplantation of the obstructed kidney did not exert a direct effect on contralateral RBF or PG concentration. Haemodynamic changes in PUUO in vivo are associated with alterations in renal PGs.     

经皮肾穿刺造瘘在梗阻性肾积水（脓）中的临床价值

目的：探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘（PCN）在梗阻性肾积水（脓）中的临床应用价值.方法：对86例肾积水（脓）患者先行超声引导经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流.待肾功能改善、机体状况好转或经引流及造影确定诊断,其中结石引起的肾积水（脓）69例.非结石性肾积水（脓）17例,合并脓肾31例.52例行经皮肾镜取石碎石术,17例行后腹腔镜肾盂、输尿管切开取石术,6例行肾盂切开取石术后加行肾盂输尿管成型术;5例行输尿管狭窄段切除端端吻合术;3例行肾下盏-输尿管吻合术;3例行输尿管皮肤造瘘术.结果：86例患者均穿刺成功,及时解除梗阻,71例患者肾功能恢复正常;9例肾功能改善,维持在轻中度氮质血症水平;6例肾功能无改善.结论：PCN所建立的通道为缓解病情、病因诊断和二期手术打开方便之门,尤其是对急性梗阻性脓肾及结石梗阻性肾积水（脓）的诊治具有重要的应用价值.     

杜仲对UUO模型大鼠肾纤维化TGF-β1／Smad信号通路的影响

目的：研究杜仲对单侧输尿管梗阻（UUO）大鼠肾组织转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）、Smad2、Smad7表达的影响。方法：将32只大鼠随机分为4组,每组8只,即假手术组、模型组、厄贝沙坦组和杜仲组。厄贝沙坦组给予厄贝沙坦10mg·kg^-1·d^-1、杜仲组给予杜仲6g·kg^-1·d^-1治疗,均术前2d开始给药。术后2周处死大鼠,收集血清测定尿素氮（BUN）、血肌酐（Scr）,光镜下观察Masson和HE染色肾间质的病理改变,并应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织TGF-β1和Smad2、Smad7蛋白的表达。结果：模型组与两治疗纽大鼠血清Scr、BUN上升,与假手术组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;模型组、杜仲组、厄贝沙坦组肾间质纤维化程度均较假手术组明显增高（P〈0．05）;模型组TGF-β1、Smad2的表达增加,与假手术组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;杜仲组与模型组相比,TGF-β1、Smad2的表达下降,而Smad7的表达增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;杜仲组与厄贝沙坦组各指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：杜仲能通过下调TGF-β1、Smad2的表达及增加Smad7的表达而抑制单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化,机制与杜仲可以部分调节TGF-β1／Smad信号转导通路有关,其改善肾纤维化作用与厄贝沙坦无明显差异。     

Age-related changes in expression in renal AQPs in response to congenital, partial, unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats

Previously we demonstrated that neonatally induced partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in rats is associated with changes in the abundance of renal acid-base transporters that were paralleled by reduction in renal functions dependent on the severity and duration of obstruction. The aim of the present study was to identify whether changes in renal aquaporin abundance are age-dependent. Semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine the changes in abundance of AQP1, AQP2, p-S256AQP2 (AQP2 phosphorylated at consensus site Ser²⁵⁶) and AQP3 in the kidneys of rats with neonatally induced PUUO within the first 48 h of life, and then monitored for 7 or 14 weeks. Protein abundance of AQP2 and AQP3 increased in both obstructed and non-obstructed kidneys 7 weeks after induction of neonatal PUUO (PUUO-7W). In contrast, AQP1 and AQP2 protein abundance in the obstructed kidney were reduced after 14 weeks of PUUO (PUUO-14W). Importantly, pS256-AQP2 protein abundance was reduced in obstructed kidneys of both PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the persistent pS256-AQP2 downregulation in both PUUO-7W and PUUO-14W rats. The study shows that the protein abundance of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3 in the obstructed kidney is increased in PUUO-7W, which may be a compensatory phenomenon and reduced in PUUO-14W rats suggesting a time-/age-dependent dysregulation in response to PUUO. pS256-AQP2 protein abundance is reduced consistent with obstruction-induced direct effects in the apical part of the collecting duct principal cells in response to PUUO.     

Establishment and observation of a new and ideal reversible model of PUUO

Objective: We established a novel procedure to generate a reversible partial unilateral ureteral obstruction (PUUO) in rabbit. The method allows us to reliably measure the degree of ureteral obstruction in live animals, and thus could be a useful tool for studying kidney diseases.

Methods: Thirty rabbits of clean grade were divided randomly into sham control group and obstruction (PUUO) group. Each rabbit in this study received the same blocking surgery, in which the upper ureter was curvilinearly incised and inserted with two F6 ureteral catheters that were connected with a tee joint valve. Ureteral obstruction was created and released through the valve adjustment. Serum creatinine and ultrasonographic measurements were performed preoperatively, on the fifth and tenth days after obstruction surgery, and on the 10th and 20th day, respectively, after the relief of the obstruction. Pathological measurements were taken in two randomly chosen rabbits of each group on the 10th day after surgery and on the 20th day after obstruction relief.

Results: Data showed that the serum creatinine went transiently up and down in the early days and then remained a little bit higher in the following days after obstruction surgery. The morphology in obstructed kidney changed significantly on the 10th day postoperatively, compared to the sham control group. The obvious differences were also observed in pathology tests. After the relief of obstruction, the volume of renal pelvis (V), renal cortical thickness (RCT), and pathological impairment were partially reversed.

Conclusions: Those findings indicate our procedure generate a successful and reversible PUUO animal model. It is a reliable and simple procedure for generating an animal model for reversible PUUO. The feasibility and significance of the new method was confirmed through ultrasonographic and pathological results.