造血干细胞移植与血小板输注

背景：血小板输注被认为是对致死性出血最为有效的治疗措施,已成为治疗造血干细胞移植后血小板减少的标准方法。关于血小板输注临床应用的相关研究资料相对缺乏,各医院间实际情况变化较大。目的：对52例造血干细胞移植患者移植期间血小板输注的情况进行回顾性分析。方法：将出现活动性出血所进行的血小板输注归为治疗性输注,在没有出血表现的情况下进行的血小板输注定义为预防性输注。根据24h血小板回收率和出血改善情况来评价不同血小板输注性质、自体或异基因移植类型等因素对血小板输注疗效的影响。结果与结论：预防性和治疗性血小板输注有效率分别为63.6%和55.6%;接受造血干细胞移植患者血小板输注有效率和平均血小板升高值分别为60.9%和26.8×109L-1。而自体造血干细胞移植组和异基因造血干细胞移植组间预防性和治疗性输注的疗效无差别。回归分析中,凝血功能异常被认为是影响血小板输注疗效的独立风险因素。     

造血干细胞移植前后患者血小板输注阈值的讨论

造血干细胞移植(包括骨髓移植、外周血造血干细胞移植、脐带血造血干细胞移植)目前是治疗恶性血液病和恶性实体瘤的主要有效方法之一.由于恶性血液病及恶性实体瘤患者,化疗周期频繁,或移植后细胞零期的出现,常反复出现血小板下降,因此可能需要多次输注血小板,这样就必须考虑血小板输注的阈值.笔者与河南医科大学第一附属医院、河南省肿瘤医院、郑州市第三人民医院共同总结了112名造血干细移植前后的患者在治疗过程中,输注413个治疗量的机采血小板的应用效果,现将血小板输注阈值报道如下.     

造血干细胞移植同种免疫抗体对血小板输注的影响

目的了解造血干细胞移植前同种免疫性抗体阳性患者术后血小板的输注情况。方法1)检测HSCT术前和术后HLA抗体、血小板特异性(HPA)抗体。2)移植术后采用补体依赖淋巴细胞毒试验(CDC)配合血小板输注,观察输注后患者的血小板增加修正值(CCI)。结果1)术前HLA抗体阳性9名,强度为22%-72%,HPA抗体阳性1名;术后HLA抗体阳性8名,强度为15%-45%,HPA抗体阴性9名;2)输注术后血清CDC配合血小板9名,其中4名达到血小板有效输注;5名血小板无效输注;3)5名无效输注患者输注术前和术后血清CDC配合血小板,其中4名达到血小板有效输注,与其输注术前血清CDC配合血小板CCI值相比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),1名术前HPA抗体阳性患者仍为血小板无效输注。结论HSCT前应监测患者HLA和HPA抗体及其强度,术前保存HLA抗体强度较高血清,有助于术后筛选有效的血小板供者。     

未成熟血小板的检测：指导造血干细胞移植后血小板输注需求

预防性血小板输注的判断乃基于血小板计数、细致的常规临床评价和当地采用的标准。对于预测血小板计数何时恢复将为血小板输注提供更充分的依据。网状血小板增加提示血小板计数恢复。本文报道一新的快速自动化方法测定网状血小板-未成熟血小板（IPF），以及其临床实用价值。采用Sysmex XE-2100网织红细胞通道核酸特异性染料，以流式细胞仪检测IPF。     

输注造血干细胞的护理

总结40例接受造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stern cell transplant，HSCT)患在造血干细胞输注过程中的护理要点。认为在造血干细胞输注过程中应密切观察生命体征，预防过敏反应及脂肪栓塞的发生，使用不带滤网的输血器；准确记录输入造血干细胞的量，严格遵守造血干细胞解冻的规章制度，是造血干细胞有效输注的关键。     

异基因造血干细胞移植的血小板输注27例分析

目的 对异基因造血干细胞移植中血小板的输注量进行分析.方法 对27例血液病进行同胞供者外周血干细胞移植,外周血联合骨髓造血干细胞移植.分析ABO血型、血小板恢复时间、血液辐照与血小板输注的关系.结果 移植后ABO血型不合者在血小板恢复时间和血小板输注量上与血型相合者无显著性差异.辐射照射对血小板输注量无显著性的影响.结论 ABO血型不合不会影响移植后的血小板的恢复.辐射照射对血小板的输注量也无显著性的影响,但可以避免输血引起的移植物抗宿主病(GVHD).     

脐血造血干细胞移植中脐血输注的护理

脐血造血干细胞移植中如何使脐血造血干细胞顺利输注人病人体内是移植成功的重要环节,因此,脐血输注的护理尤为重要。笔阐述9例脐血造血干细胞移植患,脐血输注前输注时的护理,脐血输注后并发症的观察及护理3个部分的护理经验。9例患均成功进行了脐血输注。     

不同途径输注造血干细胞对小鼠移植效果的比较

为比较骨髓腔内（IBM）或静脉（Ⅳ）等不同途径输注小鼠造血干细胞后在受体内的分布特点及对移植效果的影响，将C57BL/6胎鼠及新生鼠外周血（FNPB）单个核细胞（MNC）移植经亚致死量^60Coγ射线辐照的BALB／c鼠。受鼠随机分为6组：单侧IBM组；双侧IBM组；Ⅳ组；双侧IBM＋Ⅳ组；照射对照组；空白对照组。用组织冰冻切片和流式细胞术动态了解CFSE标记的FNPBMNC在受体内的分布变化，观察移植后受鼠生存状况、植入水平、造血恢复及GVHD情况。结果显示：IBM注射的供体FNPBMNC主要积聚于注射侧骨髓腔内，少量FNPBMNC可经血循环二次归巢，肺部滞留很少。单／双侧IBM组输注的FNPBMNC总数无明显差异，但经双侧IBM输入FN—PBMNC渗漏至外周血或其它组织器官的比例更少；IBM各组造血重建速度均优于Ⅳ组，尤以双侧IBM组最快，其外周血象和造血干祖细胞集落产率在移植后第21天已接近正常水平，单侧IBM组、双侧IBM＋Ⅳ组次之；IBM组各时点植入水平均明显高于Ⅳ组，双侧IBM组注射侧胫骨植入水平与单侧IBM组无明显差异，二次移植中双侧IBM组的植入水平明显高于Ⅳ组；IBM移植组90天存活率≥80％，Ⅳ组仅为50％。结论：双侧IBM有利于更多造血干细胞归巢，促进植入和造血重建，提高IBM途径移植的效果。     

HLA-Ⅰ类配型血小板输注在造血干细胞移植和血液病中的应用

近年来血小板输注在血液与肿瘤的支持治疗中应用广泛,然而大量反复输注血小板的患者或既往大量输血的患者中约50%以上产生血小板同种免疫,引起血小板无效输注,给予HLA-Ⅰ类半相合/相合血小板输注,是改善血小板无效输注的有效方法.笔者曾给血小板无效输注的患者输注HLA-Ⅰ类半相合/相合血小板,明显增强了血小板输注的疗效,报告如下.     

Alloimmune platelet transfusion refractoriness circumvented by allogeneic stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Administration of intensive chemotherapy used in the management of malignancies is accompanied with marrow suppression. Patients undergoing such treatments and especially those with acute leukemia need prolonged blood component support and are at risk for platelet (PLT) refractoriness. Irradiated and filtered blood, although effective, does not eliminate the risk for refractoriness and consequent fatal hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The current report presents a case of an acute myeloid leukemia patient who became alloimmunized to multiple HLA antigens after complicated autologous stem cell transplantation and to whom granulocytes were transfused as part of treatment for overwhelming sepsis. Poor engraftment necessitated prolonged transfusion dependency with rare HLA‐compatible donors detected according to the indirect PLT immunofluorescence test. During the proceeding weeks the patient suffered from recurrent severe attacks of gastrointestinal bleeding. When several conservative treatments failed, a fully HLA‐matched, bidirectionally ABO‐incompatible allogeneic transplantation from a sibling donor was performed. RESULTS: Allogeneic transplantation was uneventful, with stable full donor‐derived lymphohematopoietic engraftment. CONCLUSION: Immune PLT refractoriness can appear at later stages of treatment even in severely immunocompromised patients. Granulocyte transfusions could lead to alloimmunization and should therefore be cautiously considered in this patient population.     

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cells have been shown to provide the best chance for long term patient engraftment in bone marrow transplantation, peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, and umbilical cord blood transplantation. Characteristics of these cells include the ability to divide without differentiating; presence in bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood; and negativity for all lineage CD markers. Autologous, syngeneic, and allogeneic transplantations have all been performed and patients respond well. Complications include graft rejection or failure and graft-versus-host disease; however, such complications can be minimized and treated. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation holds promise for the treatment of many malignancies and metabolic diseases that have not responded to other forms of treatment.     

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

Medical and nursing care of the hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipient are complex because of the pathophysiology, HSCT process, pre-HSCT conditioning regimens, numerous medications and therapies, acute and chronic complications, adverse effects, resources involved, and environmental considerations. The HSCT process and therapies may affect any body system, requiring proficient and prioritized nursing care, possibly in an intensive care setting. Understanding the timing of potential adverse effects and complications based on engraftment will help provide competent, high-acuity care. Although autogenic and allogeneic HSCT are curative treatment options, there are numerous morbidity and/or mortality risks throughout the HSCT journey.     

冰冻单采血小板在外周血干细胞移植中的应用:与输注新鲜单采血小板效果比较

背景:由于实行义务献血后血小板来源紧张,输注新鲜单采血小板有时难以保证.而冰冻单采血小板有较好的即刻止血效果,可用于各种低血小板患者的止血.目的:探讨冰冻单采血小板输注在外周血干细胞移植中的替代疗效.方法:44例血液病或淋巴瘤患者均接受外周血干细胞移植,血小板计数低于40x109L-1,随机分为新鲜血小板组、冰冻血小板组,22例/组.外周血干细胞移植后0-14d,新鲜血小板组患者直接输注经专用白细胞滤器过滤后的新鲜单采血小板:冰冻血小板组患者将同型冰冻单采血小板取出后,放入37℃水浴迅速融化,用白细胞滤器过滤后,于40min内输注.一般每3d输注1次,10U/次,共输入3～16次,输入次数根据患者出血情况酌情增减.结果与结论:与新鲜血小板组比较,冰冻血小板组输注后24h血小板及凝血四项指标无明显变化(P>0.05);输注后48h血小板计数显著降低(P<0.01);输注后72h出血时间、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间及血小板计数均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),凝血酶时间及纤维蛋白原无明显差异(P>0.05).建议在外周血干细胞移植中,应用冰冻单采血小板防止出血输注时间为2d输注1次.