Lower limb fractures and registration for alcoholism

During two consecutive years 607 individuals with lower limb fractures were diagnosed. Half of the individuals, 315, were women and only 14 of them had an earlier registration for alcoholism. In the 292 men, however, 73 men or 25%, had been registered at the Department of Alcohol Diseases at least once during the 13 years of observation, the highest registration frequency (30%) was noted in the malleolar fractures in men. In males, 30-50 years of age, there were 37 per cent who had a registration for alcoholism, the highest registration (44%) was noted for fracture of the tibial diaphysis. Males with fracture of the proximal end of the femur between 16-80 years of age were registered for alcoholism in 23%.     

Paying for pharmaceutical registration in developing countries

Fees charged by drug regulatory authorities (DRAs) may be used as a policy instrument to speed up regulatory approval, to encourage retention of quality staff and to stimulate introduction of generics versus new chemical entities. Often, the cost recovery function of these registration fees is not related to the true cost of the pharmaceutical regulatory process. In this paper, we scaled new drug registration fees of various DRAs to indices of economic development - the GNP per capita and the total government health expenditure per capita. Based on our analyses of 34 countries, most DRA registration fees for new drug applications for developing/non-OECD countries are less than the current GNP/capita of that country or are about US dollars 5000 for each US dollars 1000 spent per capita on healthcare. At present, each US dollars 1000 new drug registration fee for the developing/non-OECD countries analyzed corresponds to a total pharmaceutical market share of about US dollars 85 million. Our analyses further suggest little relationship between DRA registration fees and drug approval times in developing countries. The situation is complex, however, as policy tradeoffs are important to consider. Differential registration fees, presumably designed to encourage locally produced versus imported products, may violate international trade regulations. Moreover, certain DRA registration fees may provide perverse incentives for the pharmaceutical industry. Developing countries should require that DRA registration fees be based on accurate accounting of the cost of services provided. At present levels, these fees could be increased without disincentive to the pharmaceutical industry. For new drug registration fees, our analyses suggest that developing countries could charge between 1-5 times their GNP per capita or between US dollars 17000 and US dollars 80000 for each US dollars 1000 spent per capita on healthcare.     

眼底图像的配准

医学图像配准是人体可视化和医学图像分析的基础。配准技术的重要医学应用之一就是用手动、半自动或者自动技术进行眼底图像配准、频闪观察，便于眼底疾病的诊断和治疗。本文介绍了图像配准概念和分类，对眼底图像配准方法进行了介绍和对比分析，并且展望了眼底图像配准的发展。     

关于进一步做好农药登记管理工作的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市农业（农林、农牧）厅（局、委）： 我部于2005年7月15日以第517号公告发布了关于农药行政许可的《农业部行政审批综合办公办事指南》，规范了农药登记等行政许可申请、受理和审批程序。为贯彻落实公告的规定，进一步搞好农药登记管理工作，现将有关事项通知如下：     

一种腹腔三维超声图像的断层定标方法

一种不需要附加定标硬件系统的定标方法是根据各超声断层中定标物与目标物相对空间位置关系．通过定标平面扫查、建立定标表、断层平面扫查、识别定标物、定标各断层等超声断层定标过程．来确定各超声断层的空间相对关系，以达到断层标定的目的。     

Myanmar mortality registration: an assessment for system improvement

Background

The vital registration system in Myanmar has a long history and geographical coverage is currently high. However, a recent assessment of vital registration systems of 148 countries showed poor performance of the death registration system in Myanmar, suggesting the need for improvement. This study assessed the quality of mortality data generated from the vital registration system with regard to mortality levels and patterns, quality of cause of death data, and completeness of death registration in order to identify areas for improvement.

Methods

The study used registered deaths in 2013 from the vital registration system, data from the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, and mortality indicators and COD information for the country estimated by international organizations. The study applied the guidelines recommended by AbouZahr et al. 2010 to assess mortality levels and patterns and quality of cause of death data. The completeness of death registration was assessed by a simple calculation based on the estimated number of deaths.

Results

Findings suggested that the completeness of death registration was critically low (less than 60%). The under-registration was more severe in rural areas, in states and regions with difficult transportation and poor accessibility to health centers and for infant and child deaths. The quality of cause of death information was poor, with possible over-reporting of non-communicable disease codes and a high proportion of ill-defined causes of death (22.3% of total deaths).

Conclusion

The results indicated that the vital registration system in Myanmar does not produce reliable mortality statistics. In response to monitoring mortalities as mandated by the Sustainable Development Goals, a significant and sustained government commitment and investment in strengthening the vital registration system in Myanmar is recommended.

     

National testis registration]

In order to gain an impression of the documentation of the testes position in the first few days after delivery an inquiry was held among all clinical paediatricians. The response was 62%. Figure I shows where the localisation of the testes is registered systematically and where it is not. Between 1982 and 1988 the number of operations for undescended testes according to figures from the Dutch Centre for Health Care Information (SIG) decreased from 5928 to 2889. The expected number of operations per year is approximately 800. The number of unilateral orchidopexy operations per 1000 boys of 0-19 years old per year shows considerable geographic variation: in 1982 it ranged from 1.1 to 4.8 and in 1988 from 0.5 to 2.4. The documentation of the position of the testes in the first few days after delivery is important to prevent unnecessary operations.