重症急性胰腺炎治疗模式的转变与胰性脑病

目的探讨重症急性胰腺炎（severe acute pancreatitis,SAP）合并胰性脑病的临床预防和治疗措施。方法按不同时间段回顾性研究1987年1月至2006年12月收治的22例SAP合并胰性脑病患者的临床资料。研究分为2组,A组（1987年1月至1996年12月）13例;B组（1997年1月至2006年12月）9例,结合SAP治疗措施的差异分析胰性脑病的发生情况、临床表现、治疗过程等。结果A组中早期胰性脑病（EPE）8例,迟发性胰性脑病（DPE）5例,此期仅1例EPE存活,病死率为92．3％。B组均为EPE病例,无一例死亡。死亡病例集中在前10年,均合并多器官功能衰竭。B组胰性脑病病例集中在前5年（1997年1月至2001年12月）,近5年没有发现胰性脑病病例。结论积极消除各种诱因、治疗原发病和营养支持等有助于降低胰性脑病的发生率及病死率。     

慢性胰酶性胆管炎的诊治

在胆道结石的病例中有一部分伴胆总管明显扩张、但胆总管下端通畅、既往无黄疽史的病例，经术中胆汁淀粉酶测定证实为胰酶性胆管炎，无特有的临床表现，无急性胆管炎发作病史，多数以慢性胆囊炎、胆道结石就诊，若按常规方法处理，术后短期内便复发胆道结石。本文报告近10年中我们经治的38例慢性胰酶性胆管炎的体会。116床资料本组患者共38例，男性16例，女性22例，年龄在36～55岁之间，中位年龄44岁，术前检查发现胆囊肿大并慢性炎症28例，胆囊结石11例，胆总管扩张38例，胆总管结石30例，肝内胆管结石9例，5例曾经过胆总管切开取石，10例…     

重症急性胰腺炎并发胰瘘的高危因素和防治

我科自 1991年 12月至 2 0 0 1年 12月 ,手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎 86例 ,并发胰瘘 2 7例 ,发生率为 31 4 % ,现结合文献 ,就胰瘘的高危因素和防治探讨如下。1.一般资料 :2 7例病人中 ,男 2 3例 ,女 4例。年龄 2 8～ 70岁。术后发生胰瘘中早期手术组 19例 ,延期手术组 8例 ,发生胰瘘的时间为术后 1～8d ,平均 2d ,引流量 5 0～ 180 0ml/d ,其中引流量超过 2 0 0ml/d的高流量胰瘘 18例。全组引流液淀粉酶测定值为110 0～ 2 14 0U/L。2 .临床表现 :根据手术记录用文献所描述的方法〔1〕,对胰腺坏死程度按病理类型分为 3型 ,即局灶坏死型 (Ⅰ型…     

急性胰腺炎并发胰性脑病

回顾分析了急性胰腺炎并发胰性脑病     

重症急性胰腺炎合并胰源性脑病的诊断及治疗

对9年间收治的181例SAP中7例胰性脑病（PE）患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。7例中男女之比为6∶1,本组PE发生率为3.9%(7/181),APACHEⅡ评分平均为16分。其中全身炎症反应综合症（SIRS）期3例,未手术;感染期4例,手术3例,未手术1例。SIRS期3例中1例死于MOF;感染期3例手术治疗者中1例死于MOF,1例死于腹腔内大出血,病死率为42.9%;其余4例症状缓解痊愈出院。笔者体会,胰性脑病是急性重症胰腺炎的少见的严重并发症,病死率高;一旦发生PE积极给予脑复苏及神经营养支持治疗对降低病死率可能有重要的意义。     

急性胰腺炎恢复期继发胰性脑病

急性胰腺炎 (acute pancreatitis,AP)是一种自限性疾病 ,约 15～ 2 0 %患者病情进一步恶化 ,出现局部并发症或器官功能衰竭 [1] 。近期我们在诊治急性胰腺炎过程中相继遇到 2例恢复期继发胰性脑病 ,现报告如下。1　病例报告例 1,男性 ,6 1岁。因夜间突发右上腹持续性疼痛伴恶心、呕吐而入院。入院时体检 T:37.8℃ ,P:84次 /分 ,Bp:16 /12 k Pa。腹平软 ,中上腹明显压痛 ,无反跳痛 ,未扪及明显肿块 ,腹水征阴性 ,肠鸣音正常。实验室检查血、尿淀粉酶均升高。 B超检查示 :1胆囊多发性结石。 2胰腺肿胀 ,结构欠清。临床拟诊为“胆源性胰腺炎…     

重症急性胰腺炎胰性脑病的诊治

随着人们对急性胰腺炎(AP)认识的加深及临床实践经验的积累,其治疗方法已逐步成熟;患者一旦发病就诊时间明显宿短且多集中于大的医疗中心进行治疗,因此治愈率已明显提高,但重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitid,SAP)总的死亡率仍徘徊在30％左右。多器官功能不全(MODS)发展而成的多器官衰竭(MOF)是其早期死因,三大常见器官损害中,肺肾损害目前尚可预防,     

胰性积液在急性胰腺炎中的临床意义

目的：探讨胰性积液的发生率、变化规律及在急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）诊断和治疗中的意义。方法：采用回顾性调查方法收集１９９５～１９９５年连续收治ＡＰ患者的资料。胰性积液的诊断、分级、随访根据Ｂ超或ＣＴ检查结果予以确认。胰性积液分为Ａ级、Ｂ级、Ｃ级和Ｄ级。结果：轻型ＡＰ伴胰性积液占７．８％，重症ＡＰ伴胰性积液占１００％（Ｐ〈０．０１）。轻型ＡＰ伴胰性积液以Ｂ级为主，病程２周吸收率占８４．８％。而重症ＡＰ伴胰性     

急性胰腺炎并发胰性脑病26例分析

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎并发胰性脑病的发病机理，诱发因素及防治措施。方法 回顾性分析10年间收治的急性胰腺炎并发胰性脑病26例的临床资料。结果 胰性脑病出现时常伴有高热，水和电解质代谢紊乱，低氧血症，氮质血症及血糖紊乱等因素存在。结论 胰酶对大脑损害是发生该病的病理基础，多种因素是发病的诱因，抑制胰酶释放是预防此病发生的关键措施，维持生理功能正常，控制感染和营养支持是预防胰性脑病发生的重要环节。     

Unusual cases of acute cholecystitis and cholangitis: Tokyo Guidelines

Unusual cases of acute cholecystitis and cholangitis include (1) pediatric biliary tract infections, (2) geriatric biliary tract infections, (3) acalculous cholecystitis, (4) acute and intrahepatic cholangitis accompanying hepatolithiasis (5) acute biliary tract infection accompanying malignant pancreatic-biliary tumor, (6) postoperative biliary tract infection, (7) acute biliary tract infection accompanying congenital biliary dilatation and pancreaticobiliary maljunction, and (8) primary sclerosing cholangitis. Pediatric biliary tract infection is characterized by great differences in causes from those of adult acute biliary tract infection, and severe cases should be immediately referred to a specialist pediatric surgical unit. Because biliary tract infection in elderly patients, who often have serious systemic conditions and complications, is likely to progress to a serious form, early surgery or biliary drainage is necessary. Acalculous cholangitis, which often occurs in patients with serious concomitant conditions, such as those in intensive care units (ICUs) and those with disturbed cardiac, pulmonary, and nephric function, has a high mortality and poor prognosis. Cholangitis accompanying hepatolithiasis includes recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, an epidemic disease in Southeast Asia. Biliary tract infections, which often occur after a biliary tract operation and treatment of the biliary tract, may have a fatal outcome, and should be carefully observed. The causes of acute cholangitis associated with pancreaticobiliary maljunction differ before and after operation. Direct cholangiography is most useful in the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. If cholangiography visualizes a typical bile duct, differentiation from acute pyogenic cholangitis is easy. This article discusses the individual characteristics, diagnostic criteria, treatment guidelines, and prognosis of these unusual types of biliary tract infection.     

Background: Tokyo Guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis

There are no evidence-based-criteria for the diagnosis, severity assessment, of treatment of acute cholecysitis or acute cholangitis. For example, the full complement of symptoms and signs described as Charcot's triad and as Reynolds' pentad are infrequent and as such do not really assist the clinician with planning management strategies. In view of these factors, we launched a project to prepare evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis that will be useful in the clinical setting. This research has been funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, in cooperation with the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine, the Japan Biliary Association, and the Japanese Society of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery. A working group, consisting of 46 experts in gastroenterology, surgery, internal medicine, emergency medicine, intensive care, and clinical epidemiology, analyzed and examined the literature on patients with cholangitis and cholecystitis in order to produce evidence-based guidelines. During the investigations we found that there was a lack of high-level evidence, for treatments, and the working group formulated the guidelines by obtaining consensus, based on evidence categorized by level, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence of May 2001 (version 1). This work required more than 20 meetings to obtain a consensus on each item from the working group. Then four forums were held to permit examination of the Guideline details in Japan, both by an external assessment committee and by the working group participants (version 2). As we knew that the diagnosis and management of acute biliary infection may differ from country to country, we appointed a publication committee and held 12 meetings to prepare draft Guidelines in English (version 3). We then had several discussions on these draft guidelines with leading experts in the field throughout the world, via e-mail, leading to version 4. Finally, an International Consensus Meeting took place in Tokyo, on 1–2 April, 2006, to obtain international agreement on diagnostic criteria, severity assessment, and management.     

Definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

This article discusses the definitions, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis. Acute cholangitis and cholecystitis mostly originate from stones in the bile ducts and gallbladder. Acute cholecystitis also has other causes, such as ischemia; chemicals that enter biliary secretions; motility disorders associated with drugs; infections with microorganisms, protozoa, and parasites; collagen disease; and allergic reactions. Acute acalculous cholecystitis is associated with a recent operation, trauma, burns, multisystem organ failure, and parenteral nutrition. Factors associated with the onset of cholelithiasis include obesity, age, and drugs such as oral contraceptives. The reported mortality of less than 10% for acute cholecystitis gives an impression that it is not a fatal disease, except for the elderly and/or patients with acalculous disease. However, there are reports of high mortality for cholangitis, although the mortality differs greatly depending on the year of the report and the severity of the disease. Even reports published in and after the 1980s indicate high mortality, ranging from 10% to 30% in the patients, with multiorgan failure as a major cause of death. Because many of the reports on acute cholecystitis and cholangitis use different standards, comparisons are difficult. Variations in treatment and risk factors influencing the mortality rates indicate the necessity for standardized diagnostic, treatment, and severity assessment criteria.     

Flowcharts for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis and cholecystitis: Tokyo Guidelines

Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for acute biliary inflammation/infection (acute cholangitis and acute cholecystitis), according to severity grade, have not yet been established in the world. Therefore we formulated flowcharts for the management of acute biliary inflammation/infection in accordance with severity grade. For mild (grade I) acute cholangitis, medical treatment may be sufficient/appropriate. For moderate (grade II) acute cholangitis, early biliary drainage should be performed. For severe (grade III) acute cholangitis, appropriate organ support such as ventilatory/circulatory management is required. After hemodynamic stabilization is achieved, urgent endoscopic or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage should be performed. For patients with acute cholangitis of any grade of severity, treatment for the underlying etiology, including endoscopic, percutaneous, or surgical treatment should be performed after the patient's general condition has improved. For patients with mild (grade I) cholecystitis, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred treatment. For patients with moderate (grade II) acute cholecystitis, early laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy is preferred. In patients with extensive local inflammation, elective cholecystectomy is recommended after initial management with percutaneous gallbladder drainage and/or cholecystostomy. For the patient with severe (grade III) acute cholecystitis, multiorgan support is a critical part of management. Biliary peritonitis due to perforation of the gallbladder is an indication for urgent cholecystectomy and/or drainage. Delayed elective cholecystectomy may be performed after initial treatment with gallbladder drainage and improvement of the patient's general medical condition.     

Haemobilia causing cholangitis in a patient on dual anti-platelet treatment suffering from acute acalculous cholecystitis

INTRODUCTIONHaemobilia is a rare cause of upper gastro-intestinal haemorrhage which can be difficult to diagnose.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe present the case of a patient who suffered from acute acalculous cholecystitis while on dual anti-platelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. We describe the diagnostic and treatment challenges arising from the patient's complicated past history and the steps leading to the diagnosis of haemobilia causing biliary obstruction and cholangitis. Our patient did not, at any point, manifest anaemia or evidence of haemorrhage.DISCUSSIONHaemobilia has a varied aetiology. To our knowledge there is no association with dual anti-platelet treatment in the literature to date. Diagnosis is difficult and relies on multiple modalities. In our patient the final diagnosis was only made in the course of open bile duct exploration.CONCLUSIONIn acute biliary obstruction we recommend the consideration of haemobilia in the differential diagnosis, especially in patients with a bleeding tendency.