非典型性脊柱结核影像学分型与表现形式

 目的 探讨成人非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型与表现形式。方法 回顾性分析并总结2000年2月至2012年10月经病理确诊的45 例成人非典型性脊柱结核患者资料,男29例,女16例;年龄20~71岁,平均46.2岁;25例有潮热、乏力及消瘦表现,20例无明显全身结核中毒表现;37例红细胞沉降率为25~107 mm/1 h,8例正常。所有患者均摄脊柱X 线片,并行CT扫描及MR检查, 其中12例辅加脊柱螺旋CT三维重建,2例辅加PET-CT检查。45例患者均行外科手术治疗,其中3例术前行CT引导下病灶穿刺活检;均经病理检查证实为脊柱结核。结果 非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型包括,单椎体型（9例）,MRI T2WI示单一椎体病灶呈不均匀高信号,CT扫描示老年人病变椎体以虫蚀样、溶骨性破坏为主,青年人病变椎体内呈单个均匀透光的圆形溶骨性骨质破坏区;单脊椎椎体附件型（2例）,MRI T2WI示椎体附件呈高信号改变,CT扫描示椎板及椎弓根呈虫蚀样骨质破坏;单脊椎全椎骨型（8例）,CT扫描示单脊椎的椎体及附件均呈虫蚀样广泛骨质破坏;椎间盘型结核（5例）,MRI示椎间盘信号减低,团状的椎盘组织突入椎管压迫脊髓;多发性相邻型脊柱结核（14例）,螺旋CT示多个相邻椎体虫蚀样骨质破坏;多发性非相邻型（跳跃型）脊柱结核（7例）,MRI示非相邻多个椎体在T2WI上呈现椎体骨质结构破坏的混杂信号,其中个别病例T2WI示高信号的椎旁脓肿通过流注方式波及多个非相邻椎体。结论 非典型性脊柱结核有多种影像学表现形式且极不典型,但虫蚀样骨质破坏、骨髓水肿、前和（或）后纵韧带高信号等影像学改变均为非典型性脊柱结核影像学的特征性表现。
     

Operative treatment of thoraco-lumbar metastases,using methylmetacrylate and Kempf's rods for vertebral replacement and stabilization

Summary The authors report their experience in the treatment of 15 cases in thoracolumbar metastases with spinal cord compression. A decompressive laminectomy was routinely performed and followed by a transversoarthropediculectomy. Most part of the neoplastic tissue was removed from the epidural space, vertebral body and retroperitoneal or retro-pleural areas. Complete decompression of the nervous elements was always achieved. Stabilization was obtained by replacement of the neoplastic vertebral body with a methylmetacrylate prothesis and eventually by Kempf s compression instrumentation. The surgical treatment was completed in a single stage operation, by a classical posterolateral approach. Orthopaedic, neurologic and oncologic advantages of this treatment are discussed.     

Luque rod stabilization for metastatic disease of the spine

Instability of the spine caused by metastatic spread of primary tumors represents a serious risk for spinal cord or nerve root compression. In order to restore stability and relieve neural compression, a variety of surgical techniques originally used for reduction of nonpathologic spinal fractures have been applied to the problem of spinal metastases. Recently, we have utilized a technique developed primarily for correction of scoliosis to the treatment of metastatic spinal fractures. Six patients with spinal instability and neural compression secondary to metastatic tumors had segmental spinal stabilization with Luque rods, sublaminar wiring, and methyl methacrylate. Restoration of stability was successful in all cases with alleviation of preoperative pain and return to full activity. No evidence of instability occurred in this group of patients. As demonstrated by this experience and that of a few other small series, Luque rod stabilization provides a valuable addition to the techniques available for stabilization of metastatic fractures of the spine. Although the precise role of Luque rod segmental spinal stabilization in treatment of metastatic disease of the spine continues to be defined, thus far it has proved beneficial for cases of multiple vertebral body involvement or instability beyond one vertebral level.     

单椎体结核

目的探讨单椎体结核的诊断及鉴别诊断特点。方法回顾分析了13例单椎体结核患者临床特点,并与96例多椎体结核及7例伴椎间盘破坏的单椎体结核患者进行对比。结果与多椎体结核相比,单椎体结核病史更短P<0.01,血沉值更低P<0.05。与伴椎间盘破坏的单椎体结核相比,单椎体结核X线硬化更多见,压缩更少见。CT及MRI显示单椎体结核椎弓正常。MRI显示结核病变在T1加权为低信号,T2加权为高信号;脓肿在T2加权为高信号,而强化后则为低信号。结论单椎体结核为脊柱结核的早期形式;脊柱结核后椎间盘是否破坏与病程有关;椎弓情况及脓肿有助于单椎体结核与恶性肿瘤的鉴别。     

前路病灶清除椎管减压及一期椎间植骨内固定治疗胸、腰椎结核

目的 分析前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法 回顾2002年3月以后的病例中对17例胸腰段、腰椎结核病者,行前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨钛质钉-板、钉-棒系统内固定治疗。本组患者术前均有椎旁或腰大肌脓肿,椎体破坏塌陷,椎管内占位,脊柱畸形,不同程度神经功能受损。结果 术中无脊髓、神经及大血管损伤;术后随访1～3年,脊髓神经功能恢复良好。椎间植骨全部融合,脊柱畸形被矫正,无病灶复发。结论 前路病灶清除椎管减压一期椎间植骨内固治疗胸、腰椎结核具有安全．疗效可靠、恢复快,卧床时间短,护理简单等优点。     

脊柱结核后凸畸形发生的相关因素及研究进展

脊柱结核是导致严重脊柱后凸畸形的常见原因之一。脊柱结核后凸畸形的形成是受多因素影响的,主要包括感染时年龄、累计节段数、治疗前椎体丢失高度以及"脊柱危险体征"等。尽管抗结核药物的使用取得了良好的疗效,但对于药物治疗后治愈的脊柱结核患者,后凸畸形会继续进展,逐渐发展成为严重的后凸畸形。进而出现外观、心理、肋骨-骨盆撞击、心肺功能障碍以及神经脊髓压迫等一些列问题。治疗前椎体丢失高度和"脊柱危险体征"的X线征象有助于预测未来畸形发生的严重程度。因此,全面认识脊柱结核后凸畸形的形成以及尽早根据病变的具体情况,个体化选择手术方式,可以有效阻止后凸畸形的形成并减少脊髓神经功能损伤和迟发性瘫痪的发生率。     

Root and spinal cord compression from methylmethacrylate vertebroplasty.

STUDY DESIGN: Case report and literature review. OBJECTIVES: Clinicians use methylmethacrylate vertebroplasty to treat vertebral hemangiomas, metastases, and osteoporotic fractures. Cement may leak out of the vertebral body and compress the adjacent spinal cord and nerve roots. We review a case of nerve-root and cord compression from methylmethacrylate extrusion during vertebroplasty. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A 50-year-old female presented with disabling thoracic back pain. A metastasis to T1 was discovered, with collapse of the vertebral body but without cord compression. Methylmethacrylate vertebroplasty was performed. After injection, portable computed tomography (CT) showed a leakage of methylmethacrylate into the C8 and T1 foramina and spinal canal. Radiculopathy and myelopathy developed. Surgical decompression using the anterior approach was necessary. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: Early surgical intervention decompressed the neural elements and relieved the neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Neurologic complications of methylmethacrylate vertebroplasty necessitate active involvement of spine surgeons in patient evaluation and management.     

经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的疗效观察

目的 探讨经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2013-08-2017-08采用经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗的19例胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤,比较术前与术后6个月胸椎管前后径比值、横断面积比值、JOA评分以及ASI...     

前路减压与重建手术治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的疗效分析

目的　探讨胸膜外前路减压与重建手术治疗胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤的临床效果。方法　自 1996年 2月~2002年 12月对 62例胸腰椎骨折合并脊髓损伤患者行胸膜外前路减压与重建手术。结果 所有病例术后均获得1. 5~8年的随访, 46例椎体近解剖复位, 16例复位良好。无感染、无胸膜粘连和断钉等并发症,全部椎体间骨性融合。神经功能恢复:除 6例A级及 2例D级无变化外,其余均有 1~2级恢复。矢状面Cobb角术前平均 28. 4°,术后平均为 14. 3°。椎体前缘高度术前平均为椎体的 41. 3%,术后平均 92. 4%。结论 胸膜外前路减压与重建手术可解除脊髓的压迫、改善脊髓神经功能、恢复脊柱的序列及重建脊柱的稳定性,且减少胸腔的并发症。     

胸椎结核外科治疗的长期临床随访

目的回顾性分析胸椎结核的外科治疗及疗效,探讨手术入路、内固定的选择、术后及远期并发症的原因及对策。方法 1997年4月～2010年4月收治胸椎结核患者107例。病灶位于上段胸椎10例,中段胸椎46例,下段胸椎51例。结核病灶累及单节段64例,2个节段21例,≥3个节段22例。开胸入路65例,胸腹膜外入路22例,单纯后路9例,前后联合入路11例。使用内固定61例,单纯病灶清除植骨融合46例。从治愈率、内固定并发症及神经功能恢复等方面进行长期随访。结果 89例获得1.0～13.8年随访,平均7.6年,87例达到了临床治愈,复发2例。内固定断裂2例,螺钉松动3例。结论前路一期病灶清除、植骨融合结合内固定是胸椎结核外科治疗的主要手段,手术入路、内固定应用应当根据病灶节段、患者年龄、病灶特点及稳定性等因素个性化选择,可有效减少术后并发症发生,提高疗效。     

不典型脊柱结核的临床特点与诊疗体会

目的 探讨不典型脊柱结核的临床特点与诊断方法。方法 回顾性分析18例不典型脊柱结核的临床表现和辅助检查资料,15例均行前路病灶清除及植骨融合术,3例行后路椎管探查、减压、椎间盘髓核摘除术后迁延不愈,再次经前路彻底切除椎间盘、终板和病变骨质,并行椎弓根内固定及椎板植骨。结果 18例患者术后均获随访,时间12-28个月,疼痛症状均明显缓解或消失,神经功能也明显恢复。不全瘫痪的11例Frankel分级：术前A级的1例恢复为E级;术前B级者,1例恢复至D级、1例恢复至E级;术前C级者,2例恢复至D级、1例恢复至E级;术前D级的5例均恢复至E级。X线复查片示骨结核病灶已痊愈,植骨融合良好。结论 对有伴随症状的椎体破坏,应将脊柱结核作为主要的鉴别诊断,不能片面强调或突出某一方面征象。在病检未确诊以前,术前术后都应坚持抗结核治疗。     

Atypical forms of spinal tuberculosis: case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE

The object of this report is to highlight some of the less known atypical features of spinal tuberculosis (TB) in the hope of facilitating early diagnosis. Pure neural arch and sacral TB is rare and the co-existence of these two as widely separated skip lesions in the same patient is even rarer.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

An unusual case of tuberculous process affecting the sacrum as well as the neural arches of upper cervical vertebrae is presented. Neither the clinical features nor the imaging techniques, including radiography, bone scintigraphy, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, were helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The destructive lesion of the sacrum with a rectally palpable presacral mass was thought to be a chordoma or chondrosarcoma until the patient developed upper cervical cord compression with an extradural myelographic block. Development of this second destructive lesion involving the posterior spinal elements (the neural arch) led to a diagnosis of malignant spinal metastasis. The true diagnosis was only revealed by the histology of the solid tumor-like extradural mass in the upper cervical region and demonstration of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the lesion. Anti-TB chemotherapy resulted in complete resolution of sacral and cervical lesions as well as the neurologic deficits.

CONCLUSION

Differential diagnosis of the obscure spinal lesion should include tuberculosis, specifically the atypical forms; especially because complete cure is possible with early treatment and neurologic morbidity is high in neglected cases.     

一期后路经Wiltse入路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸椎椎体结核

目的探讨一期后路经Wiltse入路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸椎椎体结核的可行性及疗效。方法2009年5月～2012年2月,收治胸椎结核患者12例,其中男8例,女4例;平均46.1岁;病程平均16个月。单节段受累3例,双节段5例,3个节段4例。术前后凸Cobb角20°±15°。脊髓损伤程度按Frankel分级:E级5例,D级4例,C级3例。疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分为5.9±1.1。均接受一期后路经Wiltse入路病灶清除植骨内固定术。结果刀口均Ⅰ期愈合。所有患者均获得有效随访,平均随访15.4个月。末次随访时Frankel分级:E级10例,D级2例。VAS评分为1.9±1.1。末次随访时均无内固定松动、断裂、脱出、钛网塌陷及其他并发症。结论一期后路经Wiltse入路病灶清除植骨内固定术治疗胸椎椎体结核组织损伤小、置钉及前路椎体切除操作简便,可作为胸椎椎体结核手术方式的有效补充。     

手术治疗6例症状性脊柱血管瘤

目的评价360°全脊柱切除治疗症状性脊柱血管瘤的手术疗效。方法对6例胸椎血管瘤骨外生长压迫脊髓引起神经功能障碍患者,采用360°全脊柱切除、椎体重建植骨融合、后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定治疗。2例术后辅以放射治疗。结果术中失血量1 000~1 500 ml。患者术后神经压迫症状均消失,随访1~4年,未见肿瘤复发,植骨均融合,内固定未见松动、断裂。结论对胸椎椎体血管瘤合并胸脊髓压迫症患者,采用360°全脊柱切除、椎体重建植骨融合、后路椎弓根螺钉系统固定的手术方法,具有可靠、持久的疗效。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的病因与手术疗效观察

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的病理基础，评价不同手术方法的治疗效果。方法回顾22例分别采用了前路减压、植骨、内固定或后路单开门椎管扩大成形术的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤病例，分析其术前影像学资料，探讨病理实质；根据术前、术后Frankel分级情况及影像学的变化，判断手术疗效。结果22例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤病例中，过伸型损伤16例(62．7％)，退变性椎管狭窄15例(68．2％)，先天性椎管狭窄4例(18．2％)。前路手术患者随访见内置物无松动、脱落或断裂，固定节段均获得骨性融合；后路手术患者术后X线正位片显示无再关门现象。14例患者术后MRI检查显示，椎管容积扩大，颈髓受压缓解。3例术后脊髓功能无改善，其余病例均有不同程度恢复。结论颈椎椎管狭窄是无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的重要病理基础，颈髓过伸性损伤是发生四肢瘫的直接原因。只要术式选择合理、手术操作正确，前、后路手术均能获得较理想脊髓神经功能恢复。     

脊柱结核的MRI分型系统

目的 建立脊柱结核MRI的南方医科大学(Southern Medical University,SMU)分型系统,探讨其在脊柱结核诊断、手术适应证明确及术式选择方面的应用.方法 回顾性分析230例脊柱结核患者MRI资料,从椎间盘退变、椎体信号异常、脓肿形成、椎体塌陷、后凸畸形、矢状面指数、稳定性、脊髓或神经根受压及椎管占位等影像学特征进行分型.根据此分型,制定手术预案.结果 230例脊柱结核分为五个类型:信号改变型(Ⅰ型)、脓肿形成型(Ⅱ型)、椎体破坏型(Ⅲ型)、椎管占位型(Ⅳ型)和后凸畸形型(Ⅴ型).230例患者中,Ⅰ型28例,Ⅱa型13例,Ⅱb型26例,Ⅲ型78例,Ⅳ型46例,Ⅴ型39例(Ⅴa型13例,Ⅴb型26例).Ⅰ型25例患者获随访:20例采取非手术治疗,复发2例;5例行前路病灶清除术,无复发.Ⅱa型12例患者获得随访:6例行非手术治疗;6例行前路病灶清除术,复发1例.Ⅰ型和Ⅱa型患者手术治疗与非手术治疗复发率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).其余各型脊柱结核,均按照预案进行手术治疗,各治疗组间复发率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 脊柱结核MRI的SMU分型有利于进一步明确手术适应证,便于选择不同术式,在脊柱结核外科治疗干预方面有积极指导意义.

Abstract：

Objective To outline the classification of spinal tuberculosis based on MRI findings (Southern Medical University classification,SMU classification) and explore its use in the diagnosis,surgical protocols.Methods The MRI data from 230 cases with spinal tuberculosis were analyzed retrospectively.Our classification system was based on clinical and radiological criteria (abscess formation,disc degeneration,vertebral collapse,kyphosis,sagittal index,instability and neurological problems).The surgical strategies were made according with this classification.Results Two hundred and thirty cases with spinal tuberculosis were classified into the 5 types.There were signal change type (type Ⅰ) in 28 cases,abscess formation type (type Ⅱ) in 39,vertebral collapse type (type Ⅲ) in 78,canal compression type (type Ⅳ) in 46 and kyphosis type (type Ⅴ) in 39 respectively.In type I lesion,25 patients had been followed up.Twenty patients were treated medically.Recurrence of tuberculosis was found in 2 cases.Surgical meticulous debridements were done in 5 cases without recurrence.In type Ⅱa lesion,6 patients were treated medically.The other 6 patients underwent surgical meticulous debridement with recurrence occurred in one patient.There was no difference between medical and surgical treatment regarding outcomes in patients with type Ⅰ and Ⅱa lesion.In type Ⅱb-Ⅴ,surgical treatments were carried out according to the pathological changes.There was no difference between medical and surgical treatment regarding outcomes in the patients with type Ⅱb-Ⅴ.Conclusion The SMU classification helps in differentiating the various manifestations of spinal tuberculosis and appears to correlate with the surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis.We believe that this new classification system can be used as a practical guide in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis.     

手术治疗胸腰椎结核79例临床分析

目的探讨胸腰椎结核一期病灶清除、植骨融合、内固定治疗的临床疗效。方法回顾分析自2002年9月至2008年7月我院手术治疗并获得随访的79例胸腰椎结核患者,病变范围为T5～S1,病灶累及1～2个椎体72例,大于等于3个椎体7例,其中跳跃性脊柱结核4例。手术方法：a）经前路病灶清除,椎体间植骨融合并内固定术;b）后路椎弓根固定术并前路病灶清除、椎体间植骨融合术。术后佩戴支具3～6个月,抗结核药物治疗12～18个月。定期门诊随访,进行实验室检查和影像学观察。结果该组患者随访2～9年,均获临床治愈。79例前路植骨病例,界面骨性融合时间平均4.7个月,后凸畸形平均矫正18.7°,随访期内丢失2°。合并截瘫29例,术后神经症状均得到明显改善。结论一期结核病灶清除、植骨融合内固定术是治疗脊柱结核的重要手段,有效的抗结核化疗是脊柱结核治愈的基础。     

多模式神经电生理监测技术在外科治疗胸椎结核的术中应用

目的：探究多模式神经电生理检测（multimodal intraoperative monitoring,MIOM）技术在经肋横突入路病灶清除植骨及后路椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗胸椎结核术中评判脊髓及神经根功能的价值。方法：回顾性分析2018年12月至2019年9月确诊为胸椎结核并行经肋横突入路病灶清除植骨及后路椎弓根内固定术治疗的25例患者临床资料。25例患者中男14例,女11例;年龄20~83（63.45±9.65）岁;单个椎体破坏3例,2个椎体破坏13例,3个及3个以上椎体破坏9例。所有手术患者术中行体感诱发电位（somatosensory evoked potential,SEP）,经头颅电刺激运动诱发电位（transcranial electric stimulation-motor evoked potential,TES-MEP）检查,并采用自发肌电图（electromyography,EMG）监测椎弓根螺钉置入及病灶清除。检测血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR）评价患者炎性指标下降情况,采用视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）评价患者胸椎疼痛情况,通过Cobb角及Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry Disability Index,ODI）评价功能改善情况。结果：25例患者均成功监测。5例患者在术中出现SEP波形异常,其中3例为术中清除病灶及冲洗时脊髓受压导致,及时更换器械及操作手势、调整冲洗水流速后波形恢正常;1例因收缩压下降引起,及时予以升压处理后,波形恢复正常;1例SEP波形出现异常后,暂停手术操作10 min后自行恢复,并至手术结束前未再次出现波形异常。7例患者TES-MEP波形异常,其中5例在椎弓根螺钉置钉时出现,术中及时调整钉道,重新置钉后波形恢复;1例因术中手术床倾斜引起,及时调整手术床后,波形逐渐恢复;1例在椎弓根钉棒系统矫形时出现,术中对侧钉棒矫形完成后波形逐渐恢复正常。5例患者在出现TES-MEP波形异常患同时检测到EMG爆发电位,调整后,EMG爆发电位消失。未出现TES-MEP与SEP波形同时异常的患者。患者术后VAS、ESR、Cobb角、ODI较术前均有改善（P<0.05）。结论：胸椎结核患者在采用Ⅰ期经肋横突入路病灶清除植骨及后路椎弓根内固定术中联合应用SEP、TES-MEP和EMG监测能及时反映脊髓及神经根功能,在取得良好固定及病灶清除的同时避免术中损伤。     

脊柱结核的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨脊柱结核早期的临床表现和影像学特点。方法对19例脊柱结核患者行X线、CT和MRI检查，同时行PPD试验、血沉、胸片、胸部CT和ECT等检查。明确诊断后再进行正规抗结核治疗。结果脊柱结核早期患者全身结核毒性症状并不典型，患者均表现为不同程度的局部疼痛，其中8例患者曾被误诊。CT检查能清晰地显示椎体内较小的溶骨性、虫蚀状改变等骨质破坏灶及其内毛玻璃状高密度的死骨（19例），周围可伴有骨增生硬化带（10例），可伴有椎前软组织肿胀。MRI发现椎体骨炎（19例）及终板破坏，以及骨内小脓肿。早期椎间盘信号正常或高信号为主、椎间隙正常。结论脊柱结核早期患者常表现为局部疼痛，可不伴有典型的结核中毒症状。CT能显示早期微小的脊柱结核病变如骨质破坏、死骨等现象；MRI能清楚显示椎体骨炎、终板和（或）椎间盘的破坏和椎体内小灶骨脓肿。结合CT和MRI两者优点，可较早诊断脊柱结核；从而指导临床尽早进行抗结核治疗，避免漏诊、延迟诊断或误诊带来的不良后果，具有较大临床意义。     

内固定系统在脊柱结核治疗中的应用

目的　评价内固定在脊柱结核治疗中的应用价值。方法　 2 0 0 1年到 2 0 0 3年采用侧前方手术病灶清除加内固定系统治疗胸、腰椎脊柱结核患者 16例 ,其中后路病灶外内固定 12例 (TSRH钉棒横桥系统 5例、TSRH钩棒横桥系统 7例 ) ,前路病灶野内Z -Plate钉板内固定系统 4例 ,椎体间皆采用自体植骨融合。所有患者均采用标准化疗方案。术后随访 18至 2 4个月 (平均 2 0个月 )。结果　 16例患者切口均Ⅰ /甲愈合 ,1例并发单侧胸膜外后方脊旁积液(自愈 ) ,无结核病灶复发 ,椎体间植骨均获融合 ,无内固定失败。有脊髓压迫表现者 ,Frankel评分均获提升。结论　传统脊柱结核手术与内固定系统结合运用具有病灶清除彻底、固定坚强、矫正畸形、融合率高、减少卧床时间、安全的早期功能锻炼、总体医疗费用降低以及后期并发症低等优点 ,而复发率保持不变 ,具有很高的临床应用价值