手术治疗Mirizzi综合征21例报告

目的探讨胆囊结石并发Mirizzi综合征的诊断和手术方式。方法1995年5月~2005年5月收治Mirizzi综合征21例,采用手术治疗,手术方式为单纯胆囊切除6例,余15例加行以下手术T管引流3例,胆管瘘口修补7例(其中2例瘘口较大,采用残余胆囊壁修复胆总管,另切开正常胆总管壁行T管引流),胆道损伤整形修补加胆管探查T管引流术3例,胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例,胆总管外引流后Ⅱ期行胆总管空肠盆式吻合术1例。结果术后发生胆漏3例,经腹腔引流3~14d后治愈,无其他严重并发症。结论对病程长,多年反复发作的胆囊结石并发不同程度的梗阻性黄疸和胆管炎者应考虑Mirizzi综合征的可能。处理时按各类型的特殊性作相应的手术处理,可获得良好效果。     

腹腔镜治疗Mirizzi综合征35例临床分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断方法选择及腹腔镜治疗的可行性。方法回顾同济大学附属上海市同济医院2010年1月至2015年12月收治的共35例Mirizzi综合征的临床资料,对其诊断方法、手术方式以及治疗结果进行分析。结果实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)4 352例,其中确诊为Mirizzi综合征共35例,占0.8%。术前诊断率为60.0%。根据Csendes’s分型:Ⅰ型21例,LC共17例,腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术(laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy,LSC)+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术4例;Ⅱ型10例,LSC+瘘口直接修补术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术4例,LSC+胆囊壁组织修补瘘口术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术3例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术3例;Ⅲ型4例,LSC+胆囊壁组织修补瘘口术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术1例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+部分胆管切除术+胆管端端吻合术+胆总管切开术+T管支撑引流术1例,中转开腹行胆囊大部切除术+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例。结论 Mirizzi综合征术前诊断困难,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)能够作为提高诊断准确率的一种无创手段;腹腔镜可以安全处理大部分Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型及小部分Ⅲ型Mirizzi综合征,对大部分Ⅲ型Mirizzi综合征腹腔镜处理困难,应及时开腹处理。     

Causes and treatment of iatrogenic bile duct injury: A report of 15 cases

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因及处理方法.方法 对1997年3月至2010年3月收治的15例医源性胆道损伤资料进行回顾性分析.结果 胆囊切除时胆囊三角区解剖不清是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,占80.0 ％(12/15).所有病例均行手术处理.术中发现10例,采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术7例;直接置T管引流1例;胆管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例.术后发现5例,行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例;行胆总管十二指肠吻合术1例,2年后因吻合口狭窄再次行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈;胆总管置管引流1例;拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例.全组死亡1例,生存14例全获随访,疗效优良率为80.0％.结论 医源性胆道损伤常见于胆囊切除术.根据损伤的时间及类型,灵活选择适合于病人胆道损伤情况的手术方式,才能取得良好的疗效.     

Mirzzi综合征42例诊治分析

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断及手术治疗方法.方法 对我院1990年7月～2005年7月收治的Mirizzi综合征42例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.本组42例均采用手术治疗.结果 本组无手术死亡病例,术后均痊愈出院.术后随访,有1例Csendes Ⅱ型病人在行胆囊切除加直接瘘口修补术后1年再次发生结石,改行肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y内引流术;另有1例Csendes Ⅱ型病人在行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T型管引流术后2年复发胆总管结石,行胆管探查取石术后痊愈.结论 Mirizzi综合征术前确诊困难,术中极易损伤胆管.手术方式应据病理类型及损伤程度而定.     

Mirzzi综合征42例诊治分析

目的 探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断及手术治疗方法.方法 对我院1990年7月～2005年7月收治的Mirizzi综合征42例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.本组42例均采用手术治疗.结果 本组无手术死亡病例,术后均痊愈出院.术后随访,有1例Csendes Ⅱ型病人在行胆囊切除加直接瘘口修补术后1年再次发生结石,改行肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y内引流术;另有1例Csendes Ⅱ型病人在行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T型管引流术后2年复发胆总管结石,行胆管探查取石术后痊愈.结论 Mirizzi综合征术前确诊困难,术中极易损伤胆管.手术方式应据病理类型及损伤程度而定.     

Mirizzi综合征42例诊治分析

目的探讨Mirizzi综合征的诊断及手术治疗方法。方法对我院1990年7月~2005年7月收治的Mirizzi综合征42例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。本组42例均采用手术治疗。结果本组无手术死亡病例,术后均痊愈出院。术后随访,有1例CsendesⅡ型病人在行胆囊切除加直接瘘口修补术后1年再次发生结石,改行肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y内引流术;另有1例CsendesⅡ型病人在行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T型管引流术后2年复发胆总管结石,行胆管探查取石术后痊愈。结论Mirizzi综合征术前确诊困难,术中极易损伤胆管。手术方式应据病理类型及损伤程度而定。     

肝胆管结石再手术107例体会

目的探讨肝胆管残余或复发结石的再手术方式及其临床效果。方法回顾性分析107例肝胆管结石病人再次手术的临床资料,其中行胆总管探查+T管引流术58例,左肝外叶切除+胆总管探查T管引流术32例,肝左外叶切除+胆总管探查+(肝)胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术8例,左半肝切除+胆总管探查T管引流术2例,胆总管探查+胆总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术2例,肝右叶部分切除+胆总管探查T管引流术3例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合口重建术2例。结果本组无死亡病例,术后发生胆漏4例,胆道出血1例,腹腔出血1例,切口感染3例,肺部感染3例,除1例腹腔出血行开腹止血外,余均经非手术治愈。86例获随访,平均10月(6月~3年),优良率占89.5%,9例(10.5%)结石再次复发,仍需进一步手术。结论肝胆管结石病人视病灶部位决定术式,以胆总管探查经胆道镜取石为主,联合肝叶切除,适当进行(肝)胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术效果良好。     

胆道术后肝胆管结石的外科治疗

目的：总结外科治疗胆道术后肝胆管结石的经验和方法。方法：对1064例患者行开腹胆道探查1020例（其中T管引流885例,一期缝合28例,T管引流、Oddi括约肌成形术11例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术82例,肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合皮下盲袢3例,胆总管十二指肠吻合术5例,胆肠吻合口扩张成形2例,胆总管十二指肠吻合口拆除肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术4例）,三镜联合（十二指肠镜、胆道镜、腹腔镜）胆道探查44例。术中、术后胆道镜检查取石或液电碎石。结果：术中损伤十二指肠5例,空肠9例,结肠肝曲2例,胃窦1例,胆总管6例,右肝管2例。术后发生肠瘘3例,切口感染64例,切口裂开1例,胆瘘21例,胆道出血6例,死亡5例。结论：胆道术后肝胆管结石的治疗,以择期手术、右肋缘下斜切口为首选。胆道探查T管引流为主要术式,腹腔镜下胆道探查、胆肠内引流、胆总管一期缝合应严格掌握指征。     

医源性胆道损伤的诊治：附52例报告

目的:总结医源性胆道损伤的经验教训。 方法:对52例医源性胆道损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果:胆道手术所致48例(92.3%)，胃大部切除术及肝脏手术所致各2例（共7.7%）。损伤部位在肝总管与胆总管交界处34例(65.4%)，肝总管6例(11.5%)，胆总管6例(11.5%)，左右肝管汇合部4例(7.7%)，左、右肝管各1例(共3.8%)。胆管完全性损伤30例(57.7%)，部分性损伤22例(42.3%)。所有病例均行手术处理。术中立即发现8例，采用直接修补或对端吻合、T管支撑引流术5例，直接置合适T管引流1例，肝总管与空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例，效果均满意；另1例行胆总管十二指肠吻合术，3年后因吻合口狭窄再次行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。术后发现的44例，行肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术31例，肝总管与十二指肠吻合8例，胆总管置管引流2例，胆总管缺损用空肠瓣修补术1例，肝内胆管与空肠Longmire吻合术1例，拆除胆总管前后壁之间缝线1例。全组死亡4例，生存48例中41例获随访，疗效优良率为82.9%，疗效差的7例分别于术后2个月至5年再次作胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术治愈。结论:要警惕医源性胆道损伤的发生，及早诊断、及早修复胆道的连续性是提高疗效的关键。手术方式根据损伤部位、类型、损伤后发现的时间具体决定，以胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术的疗效最佳。     

胆管支气管瘘29例临床分析

目的 总结胆管支气管瘘(bronchobiliary fistula,BBF)的病因、病理及诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析1976-2009年收治的29例BBF患者的临床资料.结果 29例患者均有腹痛、寒战发热、黄疸、肝肿大;胸闷、咳嗽并咯血及咯胆汁痰,量为100～200 ml/d;右下肺闻及湿性啰音或呼吸音减弱或消失.29例患者先后选择胸部X线片或腹部X线片、A型超声、BUS、CT或PTC、MRCP、ERCP等诊断措施.29例患者均采用手术治疗,术式分别为胆总管切开取石、T型管引流术及膈下或肝脓肿引流、瘘管切除或膈肌瘘口修补术19例(其中2例同时行肝右后叶不规则切除术);胆囊切除、胆总管切开取蛔虫及取结石、T型管引流、膈下脓肿引流及膈肌瘘口修补术3例;胆囊切除、胆总管切开取蛔虫及取结石,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术1例;肝外伤性膈下脓肿引流术,胆总管切开、T型管引流术3例;单纯行膈下脓肿引流及胆总管切开及T型管引流术2例;Oddi括约肌狭窄行肝脓肿切开引流及膈肌瘘口修补术并行胆管空肠Roux-en-Y型吻合术1例.手术治愈26例;死亡3例.结论BBF来自肝胆管梗阻和感染导致胆源性肝脓肿及肺脓肿,手术解除梗阻、去除病灶、通畅引流是治愈BBF的关键措施.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.