单眼老年性白内障手术单病种平均成本的构建与分析

根据眼科1年的成本、收入及患者住院费用，试构建单眼老年性白内障手术的单病种平均成本。在合理诊疗的前提下，控制住院过程的每个诊疗环节，可以降低单病种的平均成本，增加科室收益。药品和材料消耗是住院费用的主要部分，合理地降低药费和材料比例是控制医疗费用的关键。按病种付费和适合我国国情的按疾病诊断分类定额预付制是我们应该积极探索的付费方式。     

某三甲医院单病种付费的实践与思考

目的：探讨基本医疗保险制度下的单病种医疗质量和医疗费用控制办法。方法：介绍某三甲医院实施单病种付费管理工作的具体实践及五大举措,回顾性分析2017-2019年常见的6个医保单病种出院人次、人均费用及人均住院天数。结果：医保单病种医疗质量明显提高,医疗费用得到了有效的控制和降低。结论：医院创新单病种付费管理,可以提高医疗质量和基金效率。为弥补单病种付费方式的缺陷,可探索引入按诊断相关分组-预付款制度（DRGs-PPS）,将对医院的医保管理提出新的挑战。     

以临床路径为基础单病种费用控制研究

目的计算并比较宁夏贺兰县人民医院基于临床路径的临床路径病种成本和基于住院费用清单的按项目收费病种成本,分析费用控制的影响因素及效果,对进一步推行以临床路径为基础的单病种付费提供借鉴。方法定性分析：病种费用控制效果;用Spearman秩相关分析住院费用和住院病人年龄、住院时间、药占比的相关性。结果骨折内固定取出术单病种的临床路径病种成本均小于病种平均成本。单病种付费组和按项目付费组病人在年龄、性别以及住院时间方面无统计学差异,组间均衡可比：结论在实施临床路径基础上,测算病种成本,制定合理的病种付费标准,推行单病种付费制度,拓宽病种覆盖面,藉此达到控制医疗费用增长的目的。     

陕西镇安县实施单病种定额付费的住院费用控制效果研究

通过对陕西镇安县2004年至2008年的参合农民住院费用、费用构成、医疗质量数据进行描述和分析,研究镇安单病种定额付费对住院费用的控制效果。研究结果显示,单病种定额付费对住院费用有较强的控制力度,并且能够降低药品和检查费用比例,优化费用构成;对医疗质量没有显示出负面作用;然而,由于医药卫生体制上等问题,单病种定额付费对医疗机构费用控制的激励作用和效果有限。     

宜宾县新农合住院单病种限额付费的效果分析

[目的]阐述四川省宜宾县住院按单病种限额付费参合农民的医疗费用和保障情况,并分析这种住院支付方式对医疗费用控制取得的成效。[方法]使用文献分析法、问卷调查法、描述性统计法。[结果]宜宾县新农合参合率和保障水平逐年提高,实施住院按单病种限额付费的实际补偿比高于全县平均实际补偿比。[结论]宜宾县可全面实施住院按单病种限额付费的支付方式,使新农合筹资水平和保障水平同等提高,以达到降低医疗费用的目的。     

单病种限价的社会效益分析

为了控制世界范围内医疗费用的日益增长,寻求一种合理的医疗费用控制办法,目前世界各国都在进行支付方式的改革。在我国,一些医疗机构开始试行单病种限价这种医疗费用支付方式,该支付方式是在规范管理的基础上,通过医疗付费方式的改革,将医疗质量管理与节约医疗资源、控制医疗成本、降低收费价格有效地结合为一体,进而获取更大的社会效益和经济效益,促进医院可持续发展。     

以临床路径为基础的单病种定价方法研究

目的探索在保证医疗服务质量、有效控制医疗费用的基础上,合理的单病种付费标准制定方法。方法采用回顾性调查和分层随机抽样的方法,将实际发生的病种平均费用、临床路径下病种费用与病种成本进行综合比较。结果临床路径通过降低住院日、规范诊疗行为,有效地控制了不合理的医疗费用。结论病种付费标准的制定应以临床路径为基础,以社会平均的项目成本计算病种成本,以此成本作为病种付费的制定标准更具有合理性、科学性。     

支付方式对住院分娩费用的影响——基于四所县医院的抽样调查

目的：分析不同支付方式对住院分娩服务费用的影响,以及是否可以降低个人自付费用。方法：使用双重差分的方法,以按项目付费为对照组,分析按人头付费、单病种付费一剖官产控制、单病种付费在住院分娩补助项目实施前后对不同分娩方式分娩费用的影响。结果：按人头付费和单病种付费可以有效降低顺产的住院分娩费用和个人自付费用,但按人头付费对剖宫产的住院分娩费用无影响。结论：支付方式改革确实可以控制医疗费用和个人自付费用,但同时必须注意服务类型的影响。     

单病种限额付费挑战医院管理模式

目前,从卫生部到各级医院都在探索单病种限额付费的管理模式。单病种限额付费是对我国现行的按服务项目付费进行改革的一种有益尝试。作为当前缓解"看病贵"的权宜之计,单病种限额付费在有效控制医疗费用的不合理上涨、限制过度医疗等方面的积极意义不容置疑,但其在具体操作中还有许多需要改进和完善的地方,医院应适当调整现行的管理模式和策略,以迎接单病种限额付费这种新的医疗费用支付方式改革的挑战。     

医院单病种付费方式的实践与思考

目的：为有效控制医疗费用的不合理增长,切实减轻群众医药费用负担,进行医保支付方式的改革,实施单病种付费方式。方法：选取2012—2016年医保性质的胆囊炎胆石症手术患者,测算每年的次均费用和平均住院天数。结果：目前医院实行的单病种付费方式,可以控制总量,降低成本;但也存在病种覆盖范围小,支付标准低和限制新技术发展的缺陷。结论：为弥补单病种付费方式的缺陷,可引入按诊断相关分组-预付款制度（DRGs-PPS）,以实现医保部门、医疗机构和患者的“三赢”局面。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.