肾移植受者新发恶性肿瘤的生存分析

目的 探讨肾移植受者术后新发恶性肿瘤的预后.方法 分析1978年1月至2008年12月期间3150例次肾移植受者的资料,其中共有59例患者术后新发恶性肿瘤,肿瘤的发生部位分别为:原肾肾癌6例,原肾肾盂输尿管癌4例,膀胱癌14例,前列腺癌7例,肝癌9例,胃癌3例,肠癌2例,胰腺癌1例,乳腺癌4例,宫颈癌3例,皮肤癌2例,肺癌2例,甲状腺癌1例,移植后淋巴增殖性疾病1例.将上述肾移植后新发恶性肿瘤的59例患者作为移植人群肿瘤组;另选择同期普通人群中性别相同、肿瘤确诊时年龄相同、肿瘤病理诊断以及病理分期相同的59例患者作为普通人群肿瘤组,比较两组患者肿瘤发生后的存活情况.用Cox风险分析模型对影响移植后新发肿瘤患者存活的因素进行分析.结果 肾移植术后恶性肿瘤的总体发生率为1.9%(59/3150),以泌尿系统恶性肿瘤最为常见.移植人群肿瘤组和普通人群肿瘤组患者的5年存活率分别为30%和75%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).多因素分析表明,肿瘤病理分期是影响移植后新发肿瘤患者存活率的主要不利因素;外科手术和肿瘤发病时移植肾功能正常则是提高患者存活率的保护性因素.结论 与普通人群中的肿瘤患者相比,肾移植受者发生恶性肿瘤后的5年存活率明显降低.     

肾移植受者术后发生恶性肿瘤的危险因素和预后分析

目的 分析肾移植受者术后发生恶性肿瘤的情况.并探讨发生恶性肿瘤的危险因素和预后.方法 回顾性分析1991年1月至2007年8月间2392例肾移植受者中术后恶性肿瘤的发生率、恶性肿瘤的类型、移植时年龄、术后至肿瘤诊断的时间、免疫抑制剂应用情况及预后等资料;比较免疫诱导组与非免疫诱导组的一般情况;并进行发生肿瘤危险因素的相关性分析.结果 31例肾移植受者术后发生恶性肿瘤,发生率为1.29%.恶性肿瘤发生率与肾移植时年龄和免疫诱导治疗呈正相关.免疫诱导组在恶性肿瘤诊断时肾功能不全发生率较非免疫诱导组明显降低,但肾移植术后至恶性肿瘤诊断时的时间明显缩短,且患者术后1年存活率无明显改善.88.7%的患者于诊断后24个月内死亡.结论 肾移植时的年龄和免疫诱导是发生恶性肿瘤的危险因素.肾移植术后发生恶性肿瘤的患者预后差.     

肾移植术后新发恶性肿瘤17例临床分析

正近年来,随着器官移植技术的提高及新型免疫抑制剂的运用,肾移植术后移植肾/受者长期存活率显著提高。但是由于受者年龄增长、长期使用免疫抑制剂等原因,肾移植受者术后肿瘤发生率高于正常人群~[1-2]。为总结肾移植术后新发恶性肿瘤的发生情况、治疗方案及疗效,本研究回顾性分析江西省人民医院器官移植科2005年1月至2016年8月肾     

肾移植患者并发恶性肿瘤临床分析

目的　探讨肾移植术后恶性肿瘤的发病情况、类型及治疗效果。　方法　回顾分析1977年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 9月 1189例 (12 0 0例次 )肾移植受者术后恶性肿瘤发生及其免疫抑制剂治疗情况。　结果　发生恶性肿瘤 19例 (1.6 % ) ,其中肝癌 4例 ,乳腺癌 3例 ,Kaposi肉瘤 2例 ,肺癌 2例 ,膀胱鳞癌、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、胃癌、胰头癌、齿龈癌、结肠癌、胆囊癌各 1例 ,1例肿瘤原发灶不明。移植术后至肿瘤诊断时间 2～ 112个月 ,平均 (36 .7± 2 4 .2 )个月。 12例行手术切除为主的综合治疗 ,患者全部带肾存活 ,随访 1～ 73(平均 15 .4 )个月 ,肿瘤无复发 ,移植肾无排斥反应。 7例因肿瘤无法手术切除者中 5例在诊断肿瘤后 1年内死亡。　结论　肾移植患者恶性肿瘤发生率明显高于普通人群 ,此与长期应用免疫抑制剂密切相关。根治性手术切除肿瘤应为首选 ,减少甚至停用免疫抑制剂 ,同时尽可能保留移植肾的存活。     

同种肾移植受者年龄与免疫抑制剂使用和预后关系

随着肾移植技术的发展 ,肾移植受者的人、肾存活率有了很大的提高。多种因素可影响同种肾移植预后 ,近年来移植受者年龄、性别等因素对肾移植长期存活的重要作用也引起了关注[1～ 5] 。本文就肾移植受者的年龄与移植预后的关系作一综述。重点从移植受者年龄及免疫状况的关系进行分析     

再次肾移植受者和移植肾长期预后影响因素分析

目的探究再次肾移植受者和移植肾存活情况及长期预后影响因素。 方法回顾性分析1991年1月1日至2017年12月31日于浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心接受肾移植受者临床资料。共纳入再次肾移植受者37例,首次肾移植受者5 374例。根据再次肾移植受者移植肾存活时间长短,将其分为长期存活组(19例,>5年)和短期存活组(18例,≤5年)。采用成组t检验比较长期和短期存活组供受者年龄、首次与再次肾移植间隔时间、HLA错配数和再次移植供肾冷/热缺血时间。采用卡方检验比较长期和短期存活组受者性别、再次移植供肾类型、再次移植前后群体反应性抗体阳性比例、首次移植失功移植肾切除比例、再次移植前免疫诱导比例及再次移植后移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)和急性排斥反应发生比例。采用Kaplan-Meier法分析再次和首次肾移植受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率。采用Cox比例风险模型分析影响再次肾移植术后移植肾长期存活影响因素。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果截至2018年3月1日,37例再次肾移植受者中位随访时间为152个月(11～323个月),2例死亡,18例发生移植肾失功,17例移植肾功能稳定。5 374例首次肾移植受者中位随访时间为108.9个月(0.1～350.0个月),459例死亡,1 343例发生移植肾失功。再次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为86%/81%、86%/62%和82%/36%,首次移植组受者/移植肾1、5和10年存活率分别为99%/98%、93%/89%和88%/80%。再次移植组移植肾1、5和10年存活率均低于首次移植组(χ²＝60.816、25.110和43.900,P均<0.05);再次移植组受者1年存活率低于首次移植组,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝40.409,P<0.05)。长期和短期存活组受者再次移植后移植肾DGF和急性排斥反应发生比例差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝4.039和4.748,P均<0.05)。Cox回归分析结果示DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次肾移植受者移植肾长期存活的独立危险因素,差异有统计学意义(RR＝4.317和4.571,P均<0.05)。 结论再次肾移植受者移植肾存活率低于首次肾移植受者,DGF和急性排斥反应是影响再次移植受者移植肾存活的独立危险因素。     

肾移植术后代谢综合征发病率及其危险因素临床研究

目的 调查肾移植术后代谢综合征(MS)发病率,初步探讨肾移植术后代谢综合征发病机制.方法 前瞻性观察292例肾移植受者,纳入的观察对象在移植术后6个月内未曾发生急性排斥、钙调蛋白抑制剂(CNI)毒性反应和严重感染,术后6个月尿常规及肾功能正常,移植前终末期肾衰竭(ESRF)原发病为慢性肾小球肾炎,无糖尿病史.1年后进行血、尿生化及体格检查,并计算体重身高指数(BMI).随机抽取普通社区居民200例作为对照.结果 肾移植受者术后Ms发病率为25.7%,显著高于普通社区人群的15%.男性肾移植受者MS发病率高于女性受者.环孢素+骁悉+强的松治疗组MS发病率高于普乐可复+骁悉+强的松治疗组,但差异无显著意义.环孢素维持剂量>200mg/d的肾移植受者MS发病率显著高于环孢素剂量≤200mg/d的肾移植受者.普乐可复维持剂量>2mg/d的肾移植受者MS发病率显著高于普乐可复剂量≤2mg.d的肾移植受者.肾移植受者中超重和肥胖的发病率与普通社区居民无显著差异,超重和肥胖的肾移植受者与超重和肥胖的普通社区居民比较,其MS发病率也无显著差异.结论 本研究结果表明肾移植术后MS发病率显著增加,提示MS系慢性移植肾肾病(CAN)非免疫性危险因素;本研究结果还提示男性、环孢素维持剂量>200mg.d-1、普乐可复维持剂量>2mg.d-1是肾移植术后MS发病的危险因素,而超重和肥胖不是本研究中肾移植受者术后MS发病率增加的主要因素.     

儿童肾移植受者移植术后一年内发生急性排斥反应的影响因素及预后分析

目的探讨儿童肾移植受者移植术后一年内发生急性排斥反应(acute rejection, AR)的影响因素及AR发生时间对预后的影响。方法选取2011年1月至2021年10月浙江大学医学院附属第一医院肾脏病中心移植时年龄小于18岁的肾移植受者, 在排除6例非排斥反应导致的早期移植肾功能丧失受者后, 最终有106例受者纳入本次研究。其中, 男63例, 女43例;年龄15(12, 16)岁;供体来源为亲属供肾26例, 尸体供肾80例。根据是否发生移植肾AR及AR发生时间, 将其分为一年内发生AR组、一年后发生AR组和未发生AR组。回顾性对比分析3组儿童肾移植供、受者的临床特征、AR发生的影响因素和治疗结果。通过单因素方差分析或Kruskal-Wallis检验比较3组AR发生后一年的肾功能情况;以移植肾功能丧失作为随访终点事件, 采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析一年内发生AR和一年后发生AR对移植肾生存率的影响。结果 106例儿童肾移植受者的中位随访时间为35个月, 有17例(16.0%)儿童受者出现了19次AR事件, 另89例受者截至随访终点未发生AR(未发生AR组)。其中一年内发生...     

肾移植受者新发恶性肿瘤后免疫抑制方案的调整

目的总结肾移植后新发恶性肿瘤患者免疫抑制治疗方案的调整经验。方法分析1978年1月至2011年6月期间3279例肾移植受者中67例新发恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果术后新发恶性肿瘤中,泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤最为常见（56.7%）。予以外科手术与免疫抑制剂减至半量或将钙调磷酸酶抑制剂转换为雷帕霉素相结合的个体化治疗方案。5年患者存活率为30%。结论对于移植后新发肿瘤患者,宜采取外科手术与免疫抑制剂减量或换药相结合的个体化治疗方案。     

国内首例夫妻间配对交换捐肾肾移植报告

目的 回顾分析国内首例夫妻间配对交换捐肾肾移植的资料.方法 2006年4月2对夫妻进行了配对交换捐肾肾移植.受者1为男性,血型为O型;供者1为受者1的妻子,血型为A型.受者2为女性,血型为A型,曾接受过肾移植,移植肾功能衰竭后等待再次肾移植;供者2为受者2的丈夫,血型为O型.2对供、受者均在充分知情的情况下自愿同意与另一对进行交换配对肾移植.结果 移植手术均顺利.受者1移植肾共计存活21个月,受者于移植后30个月时死亡.受者2移植肾存活30个月,受者于移植后31个月时死亡.供者手术后均健康存活.结论 亲属配对交换捐肾肾移植的临床实施应该在严格的医学标准、伦理学标准以及明确的政策法规框架下进行.     

De novo malignancies after kidney and liver transplantations: experience on 582 consecutive cases

De novo malignancies after transplantation are a growing problem of solid organ transplant recipients, due to longer survival follow-up under chronic immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to analyze a population of 582 consecutive kidney (n = 382) and liver (n = 202) transplant recipients, who survived at least 12 months after transplantation, at a single transplant center for the development of de novo cancers. The incidence of de novo malignancies was 7% after both renal and liver transplantation. The median elapsed time from transplant to the diagnosis of de novo malignancy was 45 months (range 3 to 220) months for kidney and 37 months (range 12 to 101 months) for liver transplants. Skin cancers were the most common within renal recipients, while gastroenteric cancers were more frequently encountered in liver transplants. Oropharyngeal and upper digestive tract tumors were always associated with a history of chronic alcohol consumption in liver recipients. Liver transplant recipients treated for acute rejection had a worse cancer prognosis than patients without rejection 1- and 2-year survivals 83% and 63% versus 36% and 17% (P = .026). The estimated 1- and 2-year survival rates for all types of de novo malignancies were 79% and 66%, including 64% and 51% for solid organ tumors versus 89% and 89% for skin cancers and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) (P = .17) in renal transplants and 70% and 42%, including 57% and 28% for solid organ tumors versus 85% and 64% for skin cancers and PTLD (P = .43) in liver transplants respectively.     

De novo colorectal cancer: five-year survival is markedly lower in transplant recipients compared with the general population

INTRODUCTION: The biological behavior of most solid tumors in transplant recipients has not been adequately compared to the general population. The purpose of the present study was to compare outcomes in de novo colorectal cancer (CRC) following solid organ transplantation to those observed in the general population (SEER) database. METHODS: All transplant recipients with de novo CRC in the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry were identified and analyzed and the data were compared to CRC patients in the SEER National Cancer Institute (NCI) database. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty transplant recipients with de novo CRC were identified, among which were 93 (62%) kidney, 29 (19.3%) heart, 27 (18%) liver, and 1 (0.7%) lung recipients. Median age of transplant recipients was 54 years, compared to a median age of 72 years for patients in the SEER NCI database. However, compared to patients from the SEER NCI database, recipients with Duke's A through C stage disease were noted to experience a significant decrease in 5-year survival. The results in Duke's C patients were particularly dismal. CONCLUSIONS: The early age at presentation of CRC in transplant recipients suggests that the development of de novo CRC may be effected by immunosuppression. Decreased 5-year survival rates in transplant recipients compared to the general population suggest that CRC in transplant patients is biologically more aggressive. These data cannot distinguish whether the lower survival rates are because the CRC are inherently biologically more aggressive or whether immunosuppression allows for more aggressive clinical behavior of CRC.     

De novo malignancies after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation

BACKGROUND: Maintenance immunosuppression required after organ transplantation creates a permissive environment in which cancer cells can proliferate because of lack of natural immunologic surveillance. With more than a decade of clinical experience, this report is the first to address the risk of de novo cancer after intestinal transplantation. METHODS: A total of 168 consecutive intestinal transplant recipients (86 children and 82 adults) were studied, of whom 52% were male and 91% were white. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data was used to count expected rates of de novo cancers in the general population matched for age, sex, and length of follow-up. RESULTS: With a mean follow-up of 47+/-41 months, 7 (4.2%) patients developed nonlymphoid de novo cancer, with a cumulative risk of 3% at 5 years and 28% at 10 years. Of these malignancies, one was donor-driven adenocarcinoma. With 0.58 being the expected rate of malignancy for the general population, the risk among intestinal recipients was 8.7 times higher (P =0.01). Such morbidity was significantly higher (50 times) among younger patients (<25 years), with a slight male preponderance. Induction immunosuppression was associated with early onset of de novo cancer. Patient survival after diagnosis of de novo cancer was 72% at 1 year, 57% at 2 years, and 29% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: With conventional immunosuppression, intestinal recipients are at a significantly higher risk of developing de novo cancer when compared with the general population. Thus, a novel tolerogenic immunosuppressive strategy has been recently implemented to reduce the lifelong need for immunosuppression.     

Prostate Cancer Metastatic to the Renal Allograft: A Case Report

Malignancy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in organ transplant recipients who receive immunosuppression. Cancers associated with viruses such as nonmelanotic skin cancer and Kaposi sarcoma occur in allograft recipients at rates that far exceed that in the general population. The increased risk and tumor type may depend not only on degree of immune system modulation but also on the type of organ transplanted. In kidney transplant recipients, the risk of cancers such as prostate and breast does not seem to be increased. However, these cancers tend to be advanced and aggressive. The management of these cancers is similar to the general population with the additional consideration for reduction in immunosuppression and conversion to sirolimus. Given the increased survival of both transplanted organs as well as organ recipients along with the increased number of older recipients, the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the older male organ recipient is increasing. The long-term outcomes using current treatment guidelines for prostate cancer in these individuals are not clear. We report a case of known localized prostate cancer in a renal transplant recipient presenting with metastasis diagnosed as tumor infiltration of the allograft. Our patient, upon initial diagnosis of cancer, opted for radiation with eventual androgen-deprivation therapy. This unusual site of prostate cancer spread heightens the need for awareness among providers as well as the need for further studies of the outcomes in these patients undergoing treatments designed using guidelines developed for those with normally functioning immunity.     

Malignancies After Kidney Transplantation: Hong Kong Renal Registry

Manystudies have shown that kidney transplant recipients have a higher incidence of cancers when compared with general population. However, most data on the posttransplant malignancies (PTM) are derived from Western literature and large population‐based studies are rare. There is also lack of information about the posttransplant cancer‐specific mortality rate. We conducted a population‐based study of 4895 kidney transplants between 1972 and 2011, with data from the Hong Kong Renal Registry. Patterns of cancer incidence and mortality in our kidney transplant recipients were compared with those of the general population using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) respectively. With 40 246 person‐years of follow‐up, 299 PTM was diagnosed. The SIR of all cancers was 2.94 (female 3.58 and male 2.58). Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), kidney, and bladder cancers had the highest SIRs. The overall SMR was 2.3 (female 3.4 and male 1.7) and the highest SMR was NHL. The patterns of PTM differ among countries. Increases in cancer incidence can now translate into similar increases in cancer mortality. NHL is important in our kidney transplant recipients. Strategies in cancer screening in selected patient groups are needed to improve transplant outcomes.     

Bladder Cancer in Renal Allograft Recipients: Risk Factors and Outcomes

BackgroundSolid organ transplant recipients have an increased cancer risk owing to immunosuppression and oncogenic viral infections. We report on the incidence and types of bladder cancer in kidney transplant recipients in Ireland, describing possible additional risk factors and outcomes in these patients.MethodsWe identified kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with de novo bladder cancer between January 1, 1994, and July 31, 2012, by integrating data from the Irish National Cancer Registry and National Renal Transplant Registry. We calculated the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and examined patient and tumor characteristics and 1-year survival rate.ResultsFifteen patients were diagnosed with de novo bladder cancer during the study period, representing 0.48% of kidney transplant recipients. The SIR was 2.5 (95% CI, 1.4–4.2; P < .001). The mean interval between transplantation and diagnosis of bladder tumor was 8.6 years and mean age at time of diagnosis was 55.7 years. Sixty percent of patients were male. The tumor types were transitional cell carcinoma (9 patients), squamous cell carcinoma (3 patients), adenocarcinoma (1 patient), carcinoma in situ (1 patient), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (1 patient). Beside immunosuppression, risk factors associated with bladder cancer were urogenital disease (6 patients), cyclophosphamide exposure (2 patients), BK nephropathy (1 patient), analgesic nephropathy (1 patient), and extensive smoking (1 patient). Eight patients underwent radical cystectomy for invasive tumors, with resection of other pelvic organs in 7 patients. Mortality rate within the first year was 40%.ConclusionBladder cancer occurred more commonly in kidney transplant recipients with a predominance of aggressive tumors and a high mortality. In patients with preexisting risk factors such as urologic abnormalities and cyclophosphamide exposure careful assessment before transplantation and vigilant monitoring posttransplantation with a low threshold for cystoscopy may improve outcomes.     

Extensive Surveillance Promotes Early Diagnosis and Improved Survival of De Novo Malignancies in Liver Transplant Recipients

The aim of our study was to examine whether an extensive surveillance protocol will promote early diagnosis and improved survival in patients with de novo cancer following liver transplantation (LT). Of 779 consecutive LT recipients, 96 (12.3%) developed 105 malignancies. The cumulative risk for the development of de novo cancer was 10%, 24%, 32% and 42% at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years after LT, respectively. The most frequent tumor types were skin (17%), lung (16%), oropharyngeal (11%) and prostate cancer (11%). The overall standard incidence ratio as compared to that of the general population was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.5–2.3). The median survival of patients with de novo non-skin cancers was 3.1 years after diagnosis. Only patients with skin cancers and solid tumors, diagnosed at early stages, showed an excellent outcome. After introducing an intensified surveillance protocol, the detection rate of de novo cancers increased from 4.9% to 13% and more de novo malignancies were diagnosed in earlier stages. For non-skin cancers, the median tumor-related survival significantly improved from 1.2 to 3.3 years as well as the median overall survival post-LT. This study indicates that an extensive tumor surveillance program is highly recommendable in LT recipients.     

Multiple neoplastic lesions of the lower genital tract in a human papilloma virus-infected kidney-pancreas allograft recipient: a case report

States of immunodeficiency are associated with an increased rate of certain cancers. Immunosuppressed allograft recipients are at high risk of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-related de novo malignancies. A female pancreas plus kidney transplant patient developed multiple genital malignancies within 6 years. The genome of human papilloma virus type 16 was detected in malignant lesions obtained from surgical procedures. All detected lesions were removed at an early state of development.