胃食管反流病胃肌电活动的变化

目的 分析描述胃食管反流病(GERD)患者的胃肌电活动特点,探讨胃肌电活动的变化在GERD发病中的作用,以期有助于临床诊疗.方法 对65例GERD患者和30例健康志愿者进行餐前、餐后体表胃电图监测.根据内镜检查结果,把GERD患者分为反流性食管炎(RE)组、非糜烂性反流病(NERD)组,行组间胃电参数比较,随访19例胃电节律异常的GERD患者,观察治疗前后胃电参数的变化.结果 GERD组的主频(DF)正常慢波节律百分比(N%)、餐前餐后功率比(PR)与对照组相比明显降低(P<0.05或0.01).胃电节律紊乱,以胃动过缓为主.经1周治疗后,GERD异常胃电参数明显正常化(P<0.05或0.01).餐前RE组胃电节律异常的发生率(37.5%)显著高于NERD组(12.1%).餐后胃电节律异常的发生率RE组和NERD组分别为71.9%和60.6%,两者没有统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 GERD患者存在餐前、餐后胃肌电活动异常,异常胃电节律以胃动过缓节律为主,胃电图能为GERD诊断提供依据.     

Determinación de pH intraesofágico de 24 h en niños con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca en un hospital de tercer nivel

BackgroundCow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is being seen more frequently on a daily basis in pediatric consultations. It shares symptoms with gastroesophageal reflux (GER), which can complicate the differential diagnosis.AimsTo attempt to corroborate the presence of acid GER in children with CMPA, as well as to find a characteristic profile through the 24-hour pH monitoring study in children with GER and CMPAMethodsThe intraesophageal pH monitoring studies performed on 47 children with CMPA were reviewed. The measurements in all the studies were carried out within a 24-hour period using Digitrapper® equipment with a multi-use GeroFlex® catheter, after calibration with pH 7 and pH 1 buffer solutions.ResultsOf the 47 children, 23 were boys (32.4%) and 24 were girls (33.8%) and the mean age was 5 ± 3.7 years. Fourteen of the 47 children (29%) presented with GER, according to the result of the 24-hour intraesophageal measurement. Only 2 of the 47 patients studied fit the phasic profile.ConclusionsThe findings show the existing relation between the two pathologies. Nevertheless, it is important to determine the presence of non-acid or weak acid reflux, because their existence can increase this association.     

尼扎替丁治疗老年胃食管反流病

目的观察尼扎替丁治疗老年胃食管反流病的疗效。方法将116例老年胃食管反流病随机分为3组A组40例,B组38例,C组38例,分别应用奥美拉唑20 mg、尼扎替丁150 mg、雷尼替丁150 mg,bid×4周;然后分别改为20 mg、150 mg、150 mg qd至6个月。于治疗4周、3月、6月后观察各组总有效率。结果显示B组4周、3月、6月总有效率分别为81．58％、89．47％、94．47％,与A组相比(分别为85．00％、90．00％、95．00％)无显著性差异(P＞0．05);而与C组相比(分别为65．79％、76．72％、78．95％)有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。症状积分与总有效率结果一致。结论尼扎替丁治疗老年胃食管反流病与奥美拉唑疗效相仿,优于雷尼替丁,且价廉、副作用少。     

Conocimiento sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca por un grupo de gastroenterólogos pediatras en Iberolatinoamérica: resultado de la encuesta del Grupo de Trabajo de Alergia Alimentaria de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología,Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica

IntroductionThere are discrepancies in the diagnosis and management of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) in Spain and Latin America. The aim of the present study was to find out how Spanish and Latin American pediatric gastroenterologists diagnose and treat CMPA.Material and methodsPediatric gastroenterologists, members of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición, were invited to fill out a structured survey, the results of which were then compared with the 2012 and 2014 diagnosis and treatment guidelines, respectively.ResultsThe survey results showed that 17% of the participants follow the diagnostic recommendations based on the published consensus and guidelines. To diagnose non-IgE-mediated CMPA, 15% of the participants utilize IgE-specific skin prick tests, 22% use IgE-specific blood tests, and 45% employ oral food challenges. To diagnose IgE-mediated CMPA the percentages for the same diagnostic methods were 57, 83 and 22%, respectively. Once diagnosis is confirmed, 98% of the participants provide dietary recommendations. In children that are not breastfed, 89% of the participants prescribe an initial extensively hydrolyzed formula, 9% an amino acid formula, 1% a soy formula, and 1% a hydrolyzed rice formula. In patients with IgE-mediated CMPA, 34% of the participants carry out an oral challenge once treatment is completed, 39% according to symptom severity, and 27% in relation to IgE-specific testing.ConclusionCMPA management is diverse and there is poor adherence to the clinical practice guidelines.     

探讨胃食管反流病的临床分型

目的:应用24h食管内胆红素与pH监测(食管内双监测)以及食管内镜检查对胃食管反流病(GERD)进行临床分型研究。方法:根据食管胆红素、pH双监测、食管内镜检查的结果同时结合病人症状将GERD分成3型,观察病人在各型中的分布。结果:食管内24h胆红素与pH监测结果显示:Ⅰ、Ⅱ型病人胆红素吸收值≥0.14及pH<4总时间百分比、酸反流次数和胆汁反流次数较对照组和Ⅲ型明显增加(P<0.05),而Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型之间无显著性差异(P>0.05),Ⅲ型和对照组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。GERD病人在3个临床分型中呈正态分布。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病人分别为23.3％、65.9％、10.8％。结论:临床上对GERD分型有助于进一步探讨和研究临床治疗。     

Consenso sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología,Hepatología y Nutrición

Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most frequent cause of food allergy in the first months of life. Despite the fact that there are different guidelines and recommendations on the management of children with CMPA, there continues to be great variability in diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in Latin America. The Food Allergy Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition summoned a group of Latin American experts to reach a consensus and formulate a document to unify diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for CMPA. Three teams were formed, each with a coordinator, and the members of each team developed a series of statements for their corresponding module: a) clinical manifestations and diagnosis; b) diagnostic tools, and c) treatment. A search of the medical literature was carried out to support the information presented in each module and 28 statements were then selected. The statements were discussed, after which they were evaluated by all the experts, utilizing the Delphi method. Their opinions on statement agreement or disagreement were anonymously issued. The final statements selected were those with above 75% agreement and their corresponding recommendations were formulated, resulting in the document presented herein.     

Seronegative Celiac Disease in Patients with Isolated Refractory Dyspepsia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background/AimsTo investigate the presence of seronegative celiac disease in patients with isolated refractory dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-related complaints.MethodsThis was a single-center, prospective study performed at a tertiary care referral hospital. Among 968 consecutive patients, 129 seronegative patients with tissue damage consistent with Marsh IIIa classification or above were included. The patients were divided into two groups dyspepsia (n=78) and GERD (n=51). Biopsies were taken from the duodenum regardless of endoscopic appearance, and patients with Marsh IIIa or above damage were advised to consume a gluten-free diet. The Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity (GDS) score, Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), and Biagi score were calculated at baseline and every 3 months. Control endoscopy was performed every 6 months during follow-up.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 19.9 months (range, 6 to 24 months) in the dyspepsia group and 19.2 months (range, 6 to 24 months) in the GERD group. All the patients were positive for the HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 haplotypes. The differences between the mean GDS scores (14.3±2.1 vs 1.1±0.2, respectively, p<0.05), RSI scores (6.3±0.8 vs 0.7±0.1, respectively, p<0.05), and Biagi scores (3.1±0.4 vs 0.7±0.3 in the dyspepsia group and 2.5±0.4 vs 0.5±0.2 in GERD group) before and after implementation of the gluten-free diet were statistically significant. The decreases in the scores were consistent with improvements in the histological findings. There was no significant correlation between endoscopic appearance and histological examination results (p=0.487).ConclusionsSeronegative celiac disease may be considered in this group of patients. Even if a patient is seronegative and has normal endoscopic findings, duodenal biopsy should be considered.     

The Relationship Between Cow's Milk Exposure and Type 1 Diabetes

Environmental factors are important for the development of Type 1 diabetes mellitus. They likely account for changes in the incidence of this disease over time, as well as the well-documented differences in incidence in ethnically and genetically similar people living in different parts of the world. There is a relationship between early cow's milk exposure and the development of Type 1 diabetes in humans, and between early cow's milk exposure and the development of autoimmune diabetes in rodent models of Type 1 diabetes. Moreover, some immunological studies have suggested a possible mechanism whereby exposure to cow's milk protein could result in β-cell directed autoimmunity and subsequent Type 1 diabetes. Although provocative, the existence of alternative explanations for these epidemiological and biological observations, suggest that the data are insufficient to conclude that the observed associations represent causal relationships or to mandate changes in recommendations for infant feeding. The question of whether or not avoidance of cow's milk protein in infancy will prevent Type 1 diabetes can, however, be tested in an international randomized clinical trial of infant diets, which is currently under review.     

The Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a highly prevalent condition that imposes a significant economic impact on the US health care system. The utility of commonly used tests for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease has not been adequately reviewed.

Methods

A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken to provide an evidence-based approach to the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. EMBASE (1980-December 2008), OVID MEDLINE, and PubMed, (1966-December 2008) were searched using “gastroesophageal reflux” and “adults” with other terms, including medications, diagnostic tests, symptoms, and epidemiologic terms. Studies were limited to human trials, English language, and full articles.

Results

Heartburn is a reasonably sensitive symptom for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease, although it does not reliably predict esophagitis. Standardized questionnaires have limited specificity, whereas the double-contrast barium swallow has a low sensitivity to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux. The role of esophageal manometry is limited to accurate placement of a pH-measuring device. pH testing has reasonable sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The sensitivity of upper endoscopy to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux is lower than that of pH tests.

Conclusion

The diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease remains difficult. In the absence of alarm symptoms, empiric treatment with acid suppression is warranted. pH testing provides valuable information in many patients, although the clinical utility of newer tests needs to be determined. Endoscopy should not be the first test used to diagnose gastroesophageal reflux.     

Surgical Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Obesity

Bariatric surgery is ubiquitous today. In the obese patient with comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), it is increasingly being used as an alternative to fundoplication because it not only has an effect on GERD but also on other comorbid illnesses. Traditional GERD surgery is designed to augment the mechanical barriers against reflux, decrease acid production in the stomach, improve gastric emptying, or divert bile from the stomach. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass addresses these issues in addition to resulting in profound weight loss in patients. Banding may have a positive influence in patients' GERD, though to a lesser extent. The duodenal switch provides excellent control for patients with alkaline reflux. A revision of the 1991 National Institutes of Health guidelines for determining bariatric surgical candidates is overdue, and it may be feasible to consider expanding the body mass index and comorbidity requirements to reflect the benefits offered by these techniques for GERD patients.     

Study of Respiratory Disorders in Endoscopically Negative and Positive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background/Aim:

The relation between respiratory disorders and reflux symptoms has been debated since the beginning of the last century and the interest in this question has increased during the last few decades. This study aims to investigate the relation between specified respiratory disorders and reflux symptoms and examine the correlations between respiratory disorders and endoscopic findings in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Patients and Methods:

This study included 515 patients evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by patient self-report symptom questionnaire; modified four grade Likert scale and endoscopic assessment using endoscopic Los Angeles Classification. All participants were asked about various respiratory symptoms experienced during the past six months and exposed to measuring body mass index (BMI), medical history, pulmonary physical examination, chest X-ray, respiratory function tests and available sleep studies.

Results:

A total number of 515 patients were categorized according to endoscopic findings into two groups; (group1) subjects with normal endoscopic studies (NERD) 118 (22.9%) patients and (group2) subjects with abnormal endoscopic studies (ERD) 397 (77.1%). The proportion of females was significantly higher in ERD group (80.1%) as compared with NERD group (62.7%) (P<0.02). Duration of reflux symptoms found to be significantly prolonged in ERD group (P<0.03). The cases of ERD group were more likely to be overweight (BMI > 25) P<0.02. History of pulmonary symptoms preceding GERD symptoms was found in 15% of patients. There were 294 patients (57.1%) with different pulmonary manifestations. These manifestations were significantly higher among female group (P<0.01) and among obese, above 40 years old (P<0.001, 0.05 respectively). Among all patients with respiratory manifestations the commonest disorders diagnosed were chronic pharyngitis (50.3%), chronic bronchitis (15.8%), bronchial asthma (12.6%) and recurrent pneumonia (3.3%). Obstructive sleep apnea and recurrent hemoptysis were present in 2.7% and 1.5% of the studied patients respectively. There were three cases of chronic lung abscess. There was a significant difference between ERD and NERD groups in their relations to respiratory disorders (P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC (P<0.02, P<0.05 and P<0.05) respectively in ERD group as compared with NERD group.

Conclusion:

The study confirms the strong link between gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and various respiratory disorders. Endoscopy of the upper digestive tract remains an important exam in the evaluation of GERD. Respiratory symptoms are more prevalent among erosive esophagitis patients with a positive correlation with degree of severity. There is direct relationship between the severity of airways obstruction as detected by FEV₁ and FEV1/FVC and GER symptoms.     

Halimeter ppb Levels as the Predictor of Erosive Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background/Aims

In a previous issue published in Gut and Liver, we found that erosive changes in the esophagogastroduodenal mucosa were strongly correlated with increased levels of volatile sulfur-containing compounds (VSC), suggesting that halitosis could be a symptom reflecting the erosive status of the upper gut mucosa. Together with other studies showing a possible association between halitosis and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), under the premise that halitosis could be one of extraesophageal manifestations of erosive GERD (ERD), we investigated the significance of Halimeter ppb levels on ERD compared to non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD).

Methods

Subjects were assigned to the NERD group if there was no evidence of esophageal erosive changes on endoscopy, despite reflux symptoms, and to the ERD group if they had GERD A, B, C, or D (according to the Los Angeles classification). The VSC levels were measured in all patients with either a Halimeter (before endoscopy) or by gas chromatography of the gastric juices aspirated during endoscopy.

Results

The VSC level differed significantly between the NERD and ERD groups (p<0.0001), suggesting that this can be used to discriminate between NERD and ERD. However, the VSC level did not differ significantly with the severity of GERD. Even though hiatal hernia and a body mass index of >24 kg/m² was significantly associated with ERD, there was no correlation with Halimeter ppb levels. Minimal-change lesions exhibited the highest VSC levels, signifying that minimal change lesions can be classified as ERD based on our finding that halimeter ppb levels were descrimitive of erosive change.

Conclusions

Erosive changes in the esophageal mucosa were strongly associated with VSC levels, supporting the hypothesis that halitosis can be a potential biomarker for the discrimination between ERD and NERD, reflecting the presence of erosive change in the lower esophagogastric junction.     

The Pattern of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Asthmatic Children

The association between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and asthma is not fortuitous. The objective of our study was to test a group of children with asthma by 24 hr gastroesophageal pH monitoring and to relate the results to the patients' medical history and clinical data. We studied 77 children aged from 39 to 170 months suffering from particularly recurrent and/or therapy-resistant asthma. Medical history data were collected for each patient and included: severity and characteristics of respiratory symptoms; presence, if any, of allergy; presence, if any, of GER-related symptoms; and presence, if any, of esophagitis-related symptoms. Esophageal pH was measured by 24 hr computerized monitoring of the main measures in all patients. Forty-seven children were also examined by gastroesophageal endoscopy. The prevalence of GER was 61% on the basis of the reflux index (cutoff: 4.2%). Gastroesophageal reflux in these asthmatic children was characterized mainly by short-lasting daytime episodes. The patients tended to present GER mainly associated with vomiting but not with signs and symptoms of esophagitis. The short-lasting nature of the reflux episodes demonstrates good esophageal clearance. The time of onset of respiratory symptoms (day/night) was not associated with any particular type of GER, the severity of which tends to be proportional to the seriousness of the asthma. No correlation was found between GER and allergy. No statistically significant differences were found in clinical or medical history findings between patients with pathologic and nonpathologic GER.     

19例胃食管反流病患者根除幽门螺杆菌后食管酸反流的变化

目的：在胃食管反流病(GRED)患者根除幽门螺杆菌(Hp)是否会加重胃食管反流目前存在很大争议。本研究将采用食管内24h pH监测及食管测压检查的方法，定量观察GERD患者根除Hp治疗前后食管酸暴露及食管动力的变化。方法：连续选取我院门诊就诊的Hp阳性GERD患者。Hp感染诊断依据RUT和UBT或UBT和血清学检查。所有入选对象均在内镜检查后1～3d内行食管内24h pH监测和食管测压检查，同时评估反流症状。给予1周三联根除Hp治疗(奥美拉唑20mg，克拉霉素0．25g，阿莫仙1．0g，均bid)。疗程结束3个月后^14C—UBT检查，证实Hp根除者复查食管内24h pH监测和食管测压，同时重新评估反流症状。随访期间不用抑酸剂及促动力剂。结果：共23例Hp阳性GERD患者入选了本研究，其中19例患者完成了根除Hp前后的对比研究。在入选时有6例患者内镜下表现符合反流性食管炎，24h食管内pH监测提示病理性反流者10例。在确定根除Hp3个月后反酸、腹痛症状明显改善，食管24h pH监测各项参数与根除前相比均无显著性差异。LESP根除前10mm Hg(7．7—15．9)，根除后15mm Hg(10—20．6)，前后相比有显著性差异。食管体蠕动无明显改变。结论：本研究在GERD患者根除Hp3个月后反流症状有改善，食管酸暴露情况无明显变化，LESP较根除前增高，提示在GERD患者根除Hp有可能改善胃食管反流症状。     

胃食管反流检查方法对胃食管反流病的诊断价值

评估不同的诊断方法在胃食管反流病诊断中的价值。对135全角典型胃食管反流症状,并经内镜证实有下段食管炎的患者X线钡餐确定反流,核素显像测定反流,24小时食管内pH监测,LESP测定及Losec实验性治疗。结果显示：X线钡餐检查27例,9例阳性,阳性率为30．3％,核素显像9例,7例阳性,阳性率77．7％;食管内24小时pH监测72例,53例阳性,阳性率73．61％;LESP测定25例,10例阳性,阳性率40％;56例行Losec试验性治疗,有效54例,阳性率96．4％。本研究结果表明：在所有的检查方法中,Losec试验性治疗阳性率最高,且不需特殊设备及操作技能,可作为临床上诊断本病的有效方法。食管内24小时pH 和核素显像测定胃食管反流阳性率近似,但后者设备昂贵,仅适用于有胃食管反流疾病的儿童,食管内24小时pH监测敏感性高,不失为诊断胃食管反流疾病的可靠指标。     

枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片联合埃索美拉唑治疗胃食管反流病临床研究

目的探讨联合应用埃索美拉唑和枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)的临床疗效。方法将81例GERD患者随机分为两组:联合用药组(n=41)及埃索美拉唑组(n=40例),分别采用埃索美拉唑+枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片及单用埃索美拉唑,治疗4周及8周后复查内镜,并评价临床症状改善情况。结果治疗4周后和治疗8周后的联合用药组的症状积分明显低于埃索美拉唑组(P<0.05)。治疗8周后联合用药组的内镜分级改善明显高于埃索美拉唑组(P<0.05)。治疗8周后,联合用药组的治疗有效率明显高于埃索美拉唑组。结论埃索美拉唑联合枸橼酸莫沙必利分散片治疗GERD有很好的临床疗效。