银杏内酯B中有机溶剂残留的毛细管GC测定

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定银杏内酯B提取物中甲醇、乙酸乙酯和环己烷3种有机溶剂的残留量。方法采用DB-WAx毛细管柱;FID检测器;程序升温,45℃保持3.5 min,以50℃/min的升温速率升至230℃,终止时间3 min;进样口温度220℃。结果建立的色谱方法在所考察的浓度范围内,线性关系良好,各溶剂回收率符...     

顶空-气相色谱法测定穿心莲内酯中有机溶剂残留量

目的：建立穿心莲内酯中有机溶剂残留量顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定方法.方法：色谱柱为CP-624毛细管柱（30m×0.32 mm×1.8μm）,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶解介质,FID检测器.气化室温度200℃,检测器温度300℃,载气为氮气.柱温采取程序升温：起始温度为60 ℃,保持10min,以50℃·min^-1的速率升温至210℃,保持6 min.结果：穿心莲内酯中乙醇内酮及三氯甲烷得到完全分离,3批样品测定结果符合规定.结论：该方法简单、灵敏、准确.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定注射用银杏二萜内酯中银杏内酯A、B、C、K

目的建立测定注射用银杏二萜内酯中银杏内酯A、B、C、K的HPLC-ELSD法。方法采用HPLC-ELSD法,Phenomenex Luna C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为四氢呋喃–甲醇–水,梯度洗脱;体积流量为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30℃;漂移管温度为105℃,氮气体积流量为3.0 L/min。结果注射用银杏二萜内酯中银杏内酯A、B、C、K分别在1.70~8.50μg(r=0.999 7)、2.45~12.5μg(r=0.999 8)、0.30~1.50μg(r=0.999 7)、0.25~1.25μg(r=0.999 7)呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率分别为101.03%、100.86%、100.78%、101.02%,RSD值分别为0.87%、0.29%、1.30%、1.34%。结论该方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于注射用银杏二萜内酯中银杏内酯A、B、C、K的测定。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定银杏内酯B滴丸中银杏内酯B的含量

目的：建立银杏内酯B滴丸中银杏内酯B的含量测定方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为E ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18（5μm,4.6mm×150mm,Agilent）,流动相为正丙醇-四氢呋喃-水（1∶33∶66）,流速为1.0ml/min,柱温为30℃,采用蒸发光散射检测器（ELSD）检测,外标法测定。结果：银杏内酯B滴丸中银杏内酯B的进样量在1.071～21.42μg（r=0.9996）范围内与各自峰面积对数值呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率为98.049%,RSD为0.872%,样品在10小时内稳定。结论：所建立的方法可行,准确、重复性好,适用于银杏内酯B滴丸中银杏内酯B的质量控制。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定白果中银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B和银杏内酯C

目的建立HPLC-ELSD法同时测定白果药材中银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B和银杏内酯C 3个萜杏内酯成分。方法采用Agilent 5TC C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇–四氢呋喃–水(25∶10∶65)为流动相,体积流量1 m L/min,柱温30℃,蒸发光散射检测器检测,对照品进样量为10、20μL,供试品溶液进样量为5~20μL。结果银杏内酯A在0.37~5.92μg、银杏内酯B在2.8~44.8μg、银杏内酯C在0.65~10.4μg时线性关系良好。银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C平均回收率分别为92.40%、95.03%、91.29%,RSD值分别为2.75%、2.06%、2.88%。结论本法操作简单,重复性好,为白果药材的质量控制提供了依据。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定穿心莲内酯乙醇残留

目的:建立毛细管气相色谱法测定穿心莲内酯原料乙醇溶剂残留量.方法:采用气相色谱法测定,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,正丙醇为内标.色谱柱为DB-624石英毛细管色谱柱(30 mm×0.53 mm,3.0 μm),载气为氮气.检测器温度:250℃;进样口温度:150℃;程序升温:初始温度70℃,保持6 min,以90℃/min升温至200℃,保持5 min.结果:被测物在52.3～523.4 μg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系,回收率为100.2%,精密度、重复性良好.结论:方法快速,准确可靠,可用于穿心莲内酯原料中乙醇残留的检测.     

盐酸丙酰左卡尼汀中有机溶剂残留的毛细管GC测定

建立毛细管气相色谱法测定盐酸丙酰左卡尼汀中甲醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷3种有机溶剂的残留量.采用Agilent DB-WAX毛细管柱;FID检测器;程序升湿以30℃保持4min后,以10℃·min-1的升温速率升至60℃,再以40℃·min-1的升温速率升至220℃,终止时间3min;进样口温度180℃.本法灵敏、准确,适用于盐酸丙酰左卡尼汀中有机残留量的检测.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定银杏达莫注射液中萜类内酯的含量

目的建立银杏达莫注射液中白果内酯、银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B及银杏内酯C4种成分的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。方法采用大连江申Hypersil ODS2柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm），四氢呋喃-甲醇-水（1：22：77）为流动相，流速为1．0mL·min^-1柱温：（35±0．1）℃；ELSD参数：漂移管温度为94℃，气体压力为50psi。结果白果内酯、银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B及银杏内酯C分别在4．25～16．5μg；3．74～14．52μg；3．58～13．86μg；3．40～13．20μg内呈良好的线性关系，且4种成分的平均回收率分别为100．3％（RSD=0．76％），100．0％（RSD=0．39％），99．8％（RSD=0．48％），99．9％（RSD=0．70％）。结论所建立的HPLC-ELSD法具有较好的精密度和重现性，可用于银杏达莫注射液的质量控制。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定利培酮6种有机溶剂残留量

目的建立测定利培酮中6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法, 程序升温,初始温度为40 ℃,维持6 min 后,以8 ℃•min 1升温至120 ℃,再以40 ℃•min 1升温至200 ℃保持2 min,三氯甲烷为溶剂,色谱柱为DB 624毛细管柱（30 m×0.53 mm×3 μm）,载气为氮气,FID检测器,测定利培酮中正己烷、甲醇、二氯甲烷、丙酮、三乙胺和N,N 二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)6种有机溶剂残留量。结果在确定的色谱条件下各组分能基线分离,线性关系良好;加样回收率为93.2%～102.8%。最低检测浓度为0.06～0.23 μg• mL 1。结论该方法灵敏度和准确度均达到有机溶剂残留量检测的要求,可用于利培酮中6种有机溶剂残留量的测定。     

氧化型谷胱甘肽中有机溶剂残留的毛细管GC测定

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定氧化型谷胱甘肽中甲醇和乙醇2种有机溶剂的残留量.方法 采用SPB-5毛细管柱;FID检测器;程序升温以,32℃保持2 mim,以30℃/min的升温速率升至150℃,终止时间2 min;进样口沮度200℃;以DMF-水(7:3)为溶剂.结果 建立的色谱方法在所考察的浓度范围内,线性关系良好...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.