Feasibility of using finger arterial pressure in neonates

The feasibility of using a Finapres device to reproduce the beat to beat signal of arterial blood pressure in eight neonates was assessed and compared with intra-arterial measurement of arterial blood pressure in the umbilical artery, using a catheter. The two methods gave similar results. Continuous recording of arterial blood pressure in neonates using Finapres is feasible and reliable.

     

826例0岁至学龄前健康儿童外周血淋巴细胞亚群分布的调查分析

目的 调查分析0岁至学龄前健康儿童外周血淋巴细胞亚群的分布。方法 826例0岁至学龄前汉族儿童分为新生儿组、婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前组,使用流式细胞术检测各组外周血淋巴细胞亚群。结果 CD3⁺细胞、CD3⁺CD4⁺细胞、CD3^-CD19⁺细胞和CD4⁺/CD8⁺在0岁至学龄前儿童不同性别之间的差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,CD3^-CD19⁺细胞以女童较低,其他3个指标以女童较高;CD3⁺、CD3⁺CD4⁺及CD4⁺/CD8⁺均以新生儿组最高,其中CD3⁺CD4⁺及CD4⁺/CD8⁺含量随年龄增长逐渐降低,至学龄前最低（P < 0.05）;CD3^-CD19⁺和CD3^-CD16⁺CD56⁺细胞含量以新生儿组最低,随年龄增长而增高,CD3^-CD16⁺CD56⁺细胞以学龄前组最高,而CD3^-CD19⁺细胞含量在幼儿期达峰值后降低（P < 0.05）;CD3⁺CD8⁺细胞含量以学龄前组最高（P < 0.05）。不同年龄组男童的淋巴细胞亚群分布的变化趋势与不同年龄组儿童的规律一致;在女童中,CD3⁺CD4⁺及CD4⁺/CD8⁺含量也是以新生儿组最高（P < 0.05）。结论 淋巴细胞亚群在不同年龄、性别健康儿童之间的分布不同,建议按年龄、性别分别建立参考值。     

Association of adiposity measures with blood lipids and blood pressure in children aged 8-11 years

AIM: To examine the association of body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TST) and percentage body fat (%BF) from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with blood lipids, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 1280 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years from the Cuenca province (Spain). Data collection was conducted under standardized conditions, taking several measurements of each variable to enhance accuracy. Analyses were performed using age-adjusted correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression adjusted for age, BMI, TST and %BF. RESULTS: Correlations between %BF and apolipoprotein (apo) B, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio and DBP were higher than those for BMI and TST. In contrast, the correlations between BMI, and apo A-I and SBP were higher than those for %BF and TST. The results were similar across the sexes. The correlations between each of the three measures of body fatness, and blood lipids and blood pressure were highest in children with greatest BMI and %BF. When analyses were adjusted for the three body fatness measures, %BF showed stronger associations than did BMI or TST with blood lipids and blood pressure, with the exception of apo A-I and SBP, which were more closely associated with BMI. CONCLUSION: %BF from BIA is more strongly associated than either BMI or TST with most of the blood lipid fractions in schoolchildren aged 8-11 years.     

Bowel habits of healthy Australian children aged 0-2 years

Objective : To define the bowel habits of healthy Australian children aged up to 2 years.
Methodology : One hundred and forty children were recruited in six age categories with a minimum of 20 children per category. Data on bowel habit was recorded by parents daily for 1 week.
Results : Stool frequency decreased with age. Ninety-five percent of infants 0-14 days passed more than two stools per day compared with 21% at age 13-24 months. Breastfed infants passed more frequent and looser stools than children fed infant formula and solids and also showed a wider variation in frequency.
Conclusions : Mean stool frequency decreased with age as did the variation. This is a combined effect of age and feed type. These data can be used as a guide to the bowel habit of healthy Australian children.     

Development of percentile curves of arterial pressure of a school population of children aged 6-11 years

This study describes the blood pressure (BP), heart rate and weight distribution of 1214 school-age children (6-11 years old) in Messina. The systolic BP is significantly correlated with weight in every age and in both sexes. The incidence of BP values equal or above the 95 degrees percentile are significantly higher in obese children. The distribution of BP in our population is the same as that reported by other Italian reports, but different from Task Force report. These data suggest the use of Italian blood pressure centiles in the valuation of our childhood population.     

0~6岁儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型影响因素探讨

目的 探讨影响0~6 岁儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型的因素.方法 采集45 例健康足月儿脐动脉血及79 例健康儿童静脉血,按不同生产方式将45 例足月儿分为顺产组(n=22)和剖宫产组(n=23);按不同年龄段将健康儿童分为28 d~ 组(n=25)、1 岁~ 组(n=26)和3~6 岁组(n=28),用流式细胞术检测淋巴细胞亚群值,分析生产方式、性别和年龄对淋巴细胞免疫分型的影响.结果 顺产和剖宫产两组新生儿在T 和Ts 细胞计数、B 细胞百分比、NK 细胞百分比和绝对计数等指标上差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);各淋巴细胞免疫表型绝对计数和百分比在不同性别健康儿童之间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);除Ts 和NK 细胞计数外,其余各亚群在不同年龄组儿童之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 儿童淋巴细胞亚群的分布受年龄因素的影响较大,新生儿出生时也受生产方式的影响;在建立儿童淋巴细胞免疫分型正常参考范围时应按年龄分段.     

加拿大安大略省0～6岁儿童分阶营养指南

编译者的话儿童营养和喂养问题是基层卫生保健最常见问题之一。20世纪以来,WHO和发达国家陆续制定了婴幼儿营养指南,中国营养学会及其妇幼分会、中华医学会儿科学会儿童保健学组也制定了《中国居民膳食指南》、《中国0～6岁儿童膳食指南》、《中国孕期、哺乳期妇女和0～6岁儿童膳食指南》和《婴幼儿喂养指南》。     

南京市0～8岁儿童巨细胞病毒感染流行病学调查

目的 调查儿童巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染率及首次感染的年龄,为了解中国CMV感染现状提供循证医学证据.方法 随机抽取2011年6月至9月在南京市儿童医院体检的837例儿童.男513例,女324例;年龄1d～8岁,平均3.6岁.采用固相ELISA酶联免疫试剂,定性检测体检儿童血清中CMV IgM抗体、定量检测CMV IgG抗体浓度及IgG亲合力指数.结果 837例儿童血清中,CMV IgG阳性690例,阳性率为82.4％.其中男童阳性427例,阳性率83.2％;女童阳性263例,阳性率81.2％,男童与女童CMV IgG阳性率之间差异无统计学意义(x2=0.584,P=0.445).在92例6月龄以内的儿童中,其中86例CMV IgG阳性,阳性率为93.5％;7月龄之后阳性率逐渐下降,在9月龄下降至最低,为66.7％,然后随年龄增长而升至80.0％左右(x2=15.4,P＜0.001).从837例儿童中按年龄段随机抽取352例,同时检测其血清CMV IgM,共23例阳性,总IgM阳性率为6.5％,其中以2～3月龄婴儿阳性率最高,达58.3％,之后逐渐下降,6岁以后未检出CMV IgM阳性病例(x2=5.1,P ＜0.001).进一步检测23例活动性感染标本的IgG抗体亲合力指数,发现13例IgG亲合力指数＜30％,原发感染率为56.5％,其中以＜1岁儿童居多(7例),占总原发感染数的53.8％.结论 目前南京地区儿童CMV感染率大约为80.0％,低于成人,其首次感染多数发生在3月龄前.     

Growth and nutrition of Hong Kong children aged 0-7 years

OBJECTIVE: To study the early dietary practices in relation to growth of Hong Kong children from birth to 7 years. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and seventy-three full-term Hong Kong Chinese babies were recruited at birth and were followed up for anthropometric measurements using standardized methods and dietary assessment using a combination of dietary history, 24 h recall and food frequency. At 7 years, 125 children remained in the study. RESULTS: Mean (SD) birthweight was 3.3 (0.38) kg for boys and 3.1 (0.38) kg for girls. Mean (SD) weight at 7 years was 22.4 (4.2) kg for boys and 21.1 (3.7) kg for girls, and mean (SD) height was 120.3 (4.8) cm for boys and 119.8 (5.1) cm for girls. Hong Kong children were lighter and shorter than Australian children and the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) references, but the magnitude is less than one standard deviation score. Mean weight and height of Hong Kong children were lower compared to Caucasian and Beijing children, with more obvious differences between 1 and 5 years. At 1 year, mean (SD) daily energy intake was 98 (24) kcal/kg/day for boys and 100 (26) kcal/kg/day for girls. By 7 years, it decreased to 82 (18) kcal/kg/day for boys and 73 (22) kcal/kg/day for girls. Between 2 to 4 years of age the energy intake of studied children were slightly lower than the Australian and Finnish children, but the protein intake was higher. Percentage of fat contributing to total daily energy intake was lower throughout at a level of 30%. Such differences in diet reflect a lower consumption of milk fat, higher consumption of meat and lower level of physical activity in Hong Kong children. Intakes of calcium, iron and vitamin C all reached 60% or above of US recommended daily allowance. CONCLUSIONS: The smaller body build of Chinese compared to Caucasians cannot be explained by dietary differences. The diet of Hong Kong children is changing to one which is more Westernized with a higher consumption of animal products.     

Norms for grip strength in children aged 4-16 years

The aim of this study was to provide norms for grip strength in children. A total of 530 Swedish 4-16-y-olds was tested with the instrument Grippit. The instrument estimates peak grip strength over a 10 s period, and sustained grip strength averaged across the 10 s. The increase in grip strength with age was approximately parallel for boys and girls until 10 y of age, after which boys were significantly stronger than girls. Strong correlations existed between grip strength and the anthropometric measures weight, height and, in particular, hand length. Right-handed children were significantly stronger in their dominant hand, while left-handers did not show any strength difference between the hands. It is therefore suggested that when evaluating grip strength in left-handed children both hands should be assumed to be about equally strong, while right-handed children are expected to be up to 10% stronger with their right hand. Sustained grip strength was consistently about 80-85% of peak grip strength, with somewhat lower values in younger children. The present normative data for peak grip strength were slightly lower than 1980s' data from the USA and Australia, probably because of divergences in age grouping and in instruments used. Conclusion: Norms for grip strength including estimates of variation were provided for children aged 4-16 y. These data will enable therapists and physicians to compare a patient's score with the scores of normally developed children according to age, gender, handedness and body measures.     

Continuous non-invasive finger blood pressure monitoring in children

Tanaka H, Thulesius O, Yamaguchi H, Mino M, Konishi K. Continuous non-invasive finger blood pressure monitoring in children. Acta Padiatr 1994;83:646–52. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253
We evaluated the performance of continuous non-invasive finger arterial pressure measurement using the volume-clamp technique (Finapres). The study was designed to compare finger arterial pressure with brachial blood pressure estimated by the auscultatory method in 217 children (90 boys and 127 girls) aged 4–16 years and in 38 adults (aged 18–45 years). Finger and brachial artery pressure readings were obtained consecutively from the ipsilateral side in the supine position. Fingcr arterial pressure waveforms were recorded in all children except 4 with small and thin fingers. There was good agreement for systolic pressure with only a slight underestimation of 1.9 mmHg and 5.1 mmHg lower for diastolic pressure. This difference most probably reflects inaccuracy of the auscultatory cuff method rather than an error in the Finapres. There was large inter-individual variability in Finapres recordings which might be due to diffcrences in vasomotor tone, as demonstrated by systolic amplification in 5 patients with anorexia. However, Finapres showed a small within-subject variability (3.8 mmHg for systolic and 4.1 mmHg for diastolic pressure) dctermined in 5 patients during phenylephrine infusion, and as good reproducibility as the auscultatory method. These results suggest that finger arterial pressure measurement in children older than 6 years of age has similar accuracy as that in adults, and that this method is useful for clinical applications in children, especially for the non-invasive evaluation of autonomic control and cardiovascular reflexes involving transient and rapid blood pressure changes.     

Circulatory responses in children with unexplained syncope evaluated by continuous non-invasive finger blood pressure monitoring

Cardiovascular responses on active standing in children with unexplained syncope were investigated with continuous non-invasive finger artery pressure monitoring (Finapres). We examined 34 symptomatic patients (13 boys and 21 girls), aged 8–16 years, and 24 age-matched controls. Finger blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously for 5 min in the supine position and for 10 min while standing. Ten of 34 patients developed fainting symptoms with hypotension during upright posture (fainters). In the initial standing phase (0–30 s), two prominent abnormal blood pressure responses were found in patients: a marked decrease 45 f 18/23 ± 8 mmHg and a prolonged recovery time (16.5 ± 2.9 versus 27.7 ± 13.6 s), which appeared to be based on impaired vasoconstriction. Either or both abnormalities were observed in 21 (62%) of the 34 patients and in 2 (8%) of the controls. In addition, fainters also had a more marked increase in heart rate during standing compared with non-fainters. Our findings suggested that more than half of children with syncope had abnormal cardiovascular reflexes in the initial phase which appeared to be associated with vasodepressor syncope. The active standing test with a continuous beat-to-beat blood pressure recording has a high sensitivity in detecting abnormalities of autonomic function in patients with unexplained syncope.     

0～6岁儿童血铅监测模式的临床效果追踪评价

目的对2004年建立的0—6岁儿童血铅监测模式进行临床效果追踪评价。方法在2004年初筛的1817名0—6岁儿童中随机抽取733名儿童进行检测，采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行血铅水平测定，用SPSS 13．0软件分析比较2年血铅水平状况。结果福田区儿童血铅水平经过监测干预后均值为5．23μg／dl，铅中毒率3．27％。结论0—6岁儿童血铅监测模式对降低儿童铅中毒，最大限度地减低铅对儿童的危害，有着巨大的下预作用，把0～6岁血铅监测模式纳入儿童保健工作常规，具有有效性、町行性、可持续件，适宜在全国推广。     

2010年中山市城区0～14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查

目的调查2010年广东省中山市城区0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率及治疗现状、特点及高危因素。方法通过随机整群抽样方法,采用2010年第3次全国儿童哮喘流行病学调查问卷,对中山市区内10 336名0~14岁儿童进行调查,了解哮喘患病率、治疗现状及临床特点,并对发病的危险因素进行分析。结果 179人诊断为哮喘(1.73%),其中男童患病率高于女童(2.25%vs 1.16%,P0.01)。经常发作强度以重度最常见(104例,58.1%);发作类型以缓慢发作最多(110例,61.5%);病情趋势以逐渐减轻最常见(102例,57.0%);以换季时发作频率最高(61例,34.1%);最常见的发作诱因为呼吸道感染(83.8%);71.5%哮喘患儿使用过吸入糖皮质激素治疗,使用支气管舒张剂患儿占71.5%。多因素logistic回归分析显示,青霉素过敏史、家族过敏史、食物过敏、湿疹、过敏性鼻炎、剖宫产、家居霉斑现象以及出生前后被动吸烟等因素是儿童哮喘发生的独立危险因素。结论中山市城区0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率仍较高,其患病率与性别有关;哮喘的治疗较规范,但仍有待提高;其发生和发作受多种因素的影响。     

Noninvasive assessment of artery wall properties in children aged 4-19 years

The vessel wall properties of the common carotid artery were noninvasively studied in 53 normotensive, presumed normal boys of various ages (4-19 yr) with the use of a multigate pulsed Doppler system. This device allows the on-line recording of velocity profiles and the relative changes in carotid artery diameter during the cardiac cycle. From the width of these profiles, the internal diameter of the carotid artery can be determined. With the use of internal carotid artery diameter, relative changes in carotid artery diameter during the cardiac cycle, and pulse pressure the pulse pressure, as measured in the brachial artery, the distensibility coefficient and the cross-sectional compliance were calculated. The children were allotted to three different age groups: group I (4-10 yr), group II (11-14 yr), and group III (15-19 yr). In the older children (group III) the systolic arterial pressure and the pulse pressure were significantly higher than in groups I and II. The carotid artery diameter was significantly larger and the distensibility coefficient was significantly smaller in group III than in groups I and II. The cross-sectional compliance was not significantly different in the age groups, which can be explained by the larger artery diameter in the older age group. The findings indicate that the carotid artery wall is less distensible in adolescents than in younger children. The subjects in group III showed similar carotid artery wall properties as the young adults (aged 20-34 yr) in a previous study. Therefore, it is likely that in adolescents the vascular system can be considered as mature as far as the arterial wall properties are concerned.     

High accuracy of noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in very young children

OBJECTIVE: To validate the (13)C-urea-breath-test (UBT) and stool antigen test (HpSA) in children aged 5 years or younger, against invasive histologic study and rapid-urease-testing or culture. STUDY DESIGN: On all consecutive children aged 5 years or younger undergoing endoscopy in 1 single center during the last 7.5 years, UBT and HpSA were performed. RESULTS: Of a total of 184 children (median age 2.2 years, range 0.2-5.5), 30 were Helicobacter pylori-positive (16.3%). Sensitivity and specificity of UBT were 93.3% (95%CI 77.9%-99.2%) and 95.5% (90.9-98.2), with a cutoff of 5 per thousand, but specificity increased to 98.1% (94.4%-99.6%) with a cutoff of 8 per thousand. Sensitivity and specificity of HpSA were 93.3% (77.9%-99.2%) and 98.7% (95.4%-99.8%). CONCLUSION: Accuracy of noninvasive tests in our single-center study were satisfactory: specificity of UBT improved with a cutoff at 8%, and sensitivity of HpSA was high when determined locally without transportation after long or inadequate storage that could impair results.