脑电生物反馈辅助治疗强迫症的随机对照试验(英文)

背景:目前对强迫症(OCD)的干预措施往往疗效有限。目的:评价脑电生物反馈训练作为强迫症患者症状和认知功能辅助治疗的效果。方法 :共79名强迫症患者随机分为研究组(n=40)和对照组(n=39)。对照组服用舍曲林(50~200mg/d)合并每周一次、连续8周的认知行为治疗;研究组采用相同的方案再加上脑电生物反馈训练,每周5次。由一位单盲于患者治疗状态的精神科医师分别在治疗前和治疗第2周末、第4周末、第6周末和第8周末采用耶鲁-布朗强迫量表(YBOCS)对患者进行评估;采用重复性神经心理状态成套测验(RBANS)在试验前和8周后对患者进行评估。结果:研究组有3例脱落,对照组有4例脱落(χ2=0.186,p=0.712)。在研究结束时,研究组37例中32例治疗有效(86.5%),对照组35例中22例治疗有效(62.9%)(χ2=5.36,p=0.021)。重复测量方差分析表明治疗6周时研究组强迫症症状的改善显著大于对照组。试验结束时,研究组患者的RBANS量表所有5个维度的认知评估均显著好于对照组,并且研究组YBOCS评分的变化与RBANS总分的变化显著相关(r=0.43,p=0.007),但在对照组中不相关(r=0.171,p=0.327)。结论 :该项方法严谨的研究表明,强迫症患者在接受药物和心理治疗的同时辅以8周的脑电生物反馈训练可显著改善临床症状和认知功能。今后需要进一步开展工作以评估生物反馈训练的长期效果和初始阶段训练后强化训练的必要性。     

强迫症、抑郁症及焦虑症患者血小板5-羟色胺浓度的对照研究

目的　研究 5 羟色胺 ( 5 HT)在强迫症发病中的作用及强迫思维与强迫动作亚组、抑郁症及焦虑症患者间血小板 5 HT含量的差异。方法　采用高效液相色谱法 ,分别测定 2 9例强迫症患者 [(强迫症组 ,根据Y BOCS强迫量表因子得分将其分为强迫思维 ( 16例 )、强迫动作 ( 7例 )和混合性( 6例 ) 3组 ]、2 0例抑郁障碍患者 (抑郁症组 )、17例焦虑障碍患者 (焦虑症组 )和 2 8名正常人 (正常人组 )的血小板 5 HT含量。结果　强迫症组血小板 5 HT水平 [( 139± 172 ) μg/L]低于正常人组 [( 2 4 8±2 15 ) μg/L]及焦虑症组 [( 397± 4 0 1) μg/L],差异具有显著性 (P =0 0 39;P =0 0 2 0 ) ;与抑郁症组 [( 2 0 2± 16 2 ) μg/L]的差异无显著性 ( P >0 0 5 ) ;强迫思维 [( 85± 6 6 ) μg/L]与强迫动作组 [( 16 9± 10 0 ) μg/L]间血小板 5 HT含量的差异有显著性 (P =0 0 2 5 )。结论　强迫症患者 5 HT浓度变化与抑郁障碍患者趋同 ,与焦虑障碍患者的差异有显著性 ;单纯强迫思维者的 5 HT浓度与单纯强迫动作患者的差异有显著性     

Episodic course in obsessive-compulsive disorder

The course of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is variable, ranging from episodic to chronic. We hypothesised that the former course is more likely to be related to bipolar mood disorders. With the use of a specially constructed OCD questionnaire, we studied 135 patients fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for OCD with an illness duration of at least 10 years and divided by course: 27.4% were episodic and 72.6% chronic. We compared clinical and familial characteristics and comorbidity. Univariate analyses showed that episodic OCD had a significantly lower rate of checking rituals and a significantly higher rate of a positive family history for mood disorder. Multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis revealed a positive and significant relationship between episodic course, family history for mood disorders, lifetime comorbidity for panic and bipolar-II disorders, late age at onset and negative correlation with generalized anxiety disorder. These data suggest that the episodic course of OCD has important clinical correlates which are related to cyclic mood disorders. This correlation has implications for treatment and research strategies on the aetiology within a subpopulation of OCD. Received: 30 October 1997 / Accepted: 13 July 1998     

Randomized controlled trial of adjunctive EEG-biofeedback treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Background

Current interventions for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are often of limited benefit. Aim:To evaluate the effect of adjunctive treatment with EEG biofeedback training on the symptoms and cognitive functioning of individuals with OCD.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of adjunctive treatment with EEG biofeedback training on the symptoms and cognitive functioning of individuals with OCD.

Methods

A total of 79 individuals with OCD were randomly assigned to the study group (n=40) or the control group (n=39). The control group was treated using a combination of sertraline (50 to 200 mg/d) and weekly cognitive behavioral therapy sessions by trained therapists for 8 weeks; the study group was treated using the same regimen plus EEG biofeedback sessions 5 times per week. The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) was administered by a psychiatrist who was blind to patients’ treatment status before treatment and at the end of the 2^nd, 4^th, 6^th and 8^th week for treatment; the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was administered before and after the 8-week trial.

Results

Three individuals dropped out of the study group and four dropped out of the control group (χ²=0.186, p=0.712). At the end of the study, treatment was considered effective in 32 of the 37 (86.5%) participants in the study group and in 22 of the 35 (62.9%) participants in the control group (χ²=5.36, p=0.021). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the improvement in OCD symptoms was greater in the study group than the control group by the 6^th week of treatment. At the end of the trial all 5 cognitive dimensions assessed by the RBANS were significantly better in study groups subjects than in control group subjects and the changes in the YBOCS score were significantly correlated with changes in the RBANS overall score in the study group (r=0.43, p=0.007), but not in the control group (r=0.171, p=0.327).

Conclusions

This methodologically rigorous study demonstrates that 8 weeks of adjunctive treatment with EEG biofeedback training can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and cognitive functioning of OCD patients being treated with medication and psychotherapy. Further work is needed to assess the long-term effects of biofeedback training and the need for booster sessions after an initial period of training.     

Lifetime-comorbidity of obsessive-compulsive disorder and subclinical obsessive-compulsive disorder in northern Germany

Objective Inspite of the worldwide relevance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), there is a substantial lack of data on comorbidity in OCD and subclinical OCD in the general population. Methods German versions of the DSM-IV adapted Composite International Diagnostic Interview were administered to a representative sample of 4075 persons aged 18–64 years, living in a northern German region. Results In both genders, high rates of comorbid depressive disorders were found in OCD and subclinical OCD, whereas somatoform pain disorder was only associated with OCD. In female subjects, OCD was additionally associated with social and specific phobias, alcohol, nicotine and sedative dependence, PTSD and atypical eating disorder. Conclusion Due to low comorbidity rates, subclinical OCD seems to represent an independent syndrome not restricted to the presence of other axis-I diagnoses. Comorbidity patterns show a disposition to anxiety and to depressive disorders in OCD and subclinical OCD. A broad association with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders could not be confirmed in our general population sample. Received: 24 July 2000 / Accepted: 16 May 2001     

强迫症与社交恐怖症的防御机制及其相关因素的比较研究

目的　对强迫症和社交恐怖症患者的防御方式、父母教养方式和个性特征进行比较研究。方法　对强迫症组、社交恐怖症组和正常对照组 (各 6 0例 )进行父母教养方式评价量表评定 ,并分别填写防御方式问卷 (DSQ)和艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)。结果　 (1)单因素方差分析 ,两组患者的中间型防御机制因子分 [分别为 (4 6 4± 0 72 )分 ,(4 90± 0 5 9)分 ]和不成熟型防御机制因子分 [(4 6 9±1 0 7)分 ,(4 71± 0 92 )分 ]高于正常对照组 [(4 34± 0 5 8)分和 (3 86± 0 98)分 ;P =0 0 0 ],成熟防御机制因子分 [分别为 (5 32± 1 4 4 )分和 (5 36± 1 0 9)分 ]低于正常组 [(5 80± 0 81)分 ;P =0 0 4 ];(2 )多元方差分析 ,强迫症组与社交恐怖症组间及其与正常对照组的防御方式明显不同 ,强迫症组和社交恐怖症组与正常对照组的父母教养方式和个性特征亦不同 (Pillai检验 ,均P =0 0 0 ) ,但两患者组间的差异无显著性 ;(3)两患者组的父母过度保护、拒绝和惩罚等变量、EPQ神经质和精神质变量 ,与中间型和 /或不成熟防御机制变量显著相关。结论　强迫症、社交恐怖症与正常对照三组间的防御方式明显不同 ;防御机制的使用与患者父母不良的教养方式和个性特征显著相关。     

SSRIs治疗强迫症对照分析

目的：比较５羟色胺回收抑制剂（ＳＳＲＩｓ）与氯丙咪嗪对强迫症的临床疗效及副反应。方法：对３５例强迫症患者应用ＳＳＲＩｓ（１８例）与氯丙咪嗪（１７例）进行对照分析。采用Ｙａｌｅ－Ｂｒｏｗｎ强迫量表（Ｙ－ＢＯＣＳ）、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（ＨＡＭＤ）、副反应量表（ＴＥＳＳ）和临床疗效评定标准评定疗效及副反应。结果：ＳＳＲＩｓ与氯丙咪嗪疗效相似,两组显效率和有效率无显著差异。ＳＳＲＩｓ组副反应较氯丙咪嗪组少且     

利培酮合并氟西汀治疗强迫症疗效分析

目的:探讨利培酮合并氟西汀治疗强迫症的疗效.方法:将符合条件的39例强迫症患者随机分为利培酮合并氟西汀组和氟西汀组,治疗8周.采用强迫症量表(Y-BOCS)、汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定疗效.结果:治疗结束时两组Y-BOCS、HAMD、HAMA的评分均显著降低,更以合用组明显.结论:利培酮合并氟西汀治疗强迫症可以增加疗效.     

Event-related potentials in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Twenty-three unmedicated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were compared with 12 unmedicated patients with social phobia (SP) and 18 age-matched normal controls (C) using a two-tone auditory oddball event-related potentials (ERP) paradigm. The OCD group showed significantly shorter P300 latencies and shorter N200 latencies for target stimuli than the SP and the C groups. The OCD patients also tended to have greater N200 negativity compared with normal controls. However, there were no significant relationships between these ERP abnormalities in OCD patients and the type or severity of their OCD symptoms. In the mean ERP waveforms, increased N200 negativity for target stimuli, as well as the provocation in the later part of N200 for non-target stimuli, were more commonly observed in the OCD and the SP groups compared with the C group. These results raise the possibility that the shorter N200 and P300 latencies in OCD patients may be an OCD-specific phenomenon that is more closely related to the biological basis for OCD, rather than the characteristics of their OCD symptoms. On the other hand, increased negativity in the N200 region, even for non-target stimuli, may represent the common abnormalities among anxiety disorders.     

强迫症的精神病理学研究

目的　探讨强迫症临床过程的基本特征,强迫症状之间的相互关系及症状形成的病理心理机制,筛选出本病病理心理上相对独立的症状群,为本病今后在特殊领域里的深入研究提供筛选同源性病例的方法,也为本病的临床分型诊断和治疗提供症状学依据。方法　采用自制研究调查表和量表评定的方法,对９０ 例未服药的强迫症患者进行临床研究。结果　强迫症的平均发病年龄为（２１２ ±８３） 岁,男∶女为１７∶１ ,平均病程为（６４ ±６０） 年,９３４ ％ 的患者出现２ 个以上的强迫症状,强迫症状出现频率及症状之间的相关性显示,有４ 组相对独立的症状群：分别为①单纯强迫观念;②强迫怀疑／ 强迫检查;③强迫恐惧／ 强迫洗涤、强迫回避;④单纯强迫行为。４ 组症状群相应的病理心理分别为①联想过程的强迫性体验;②病理性怀疑;③对危险的过高的非现实估计;④不确定与不完美感。各组症状群之间共同的基本的病理心理机制涉及意志过程障碍。结论　强迫症是一组症状涉及多维度的异源性障碍。     

强迫症状对强迫症患者睡眠的影响

目的了解无共病强迫症患者睡眠持续性和睡眠结构。方法采用随机数字表法选择2013年5月-2015年3月在无锡市精神卫生中心住院和门诊治疗的强迫症患者20例,同时纳入健康对照组20例,使用美国Embla多导睡眠监测仪监测研究对象睡眠持续性和睡眠结构。结果与对照组比较,强迫症患者非快速眼动睡眠4期时间减少(P0.05),快速眼动睡眠潜伏期缩短(P0.05),两组总睡眠时间、觉醒时间、快速眼动睡眠、睡眠效率等差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。OCD组Y-BOCS评分与总睡眠时间、睡眠效率呈负相关(r=-0.492,-0.543,P均0.05)。结论强迫症患者存在睡眠结构损害,强迫症状严重程度影响患者总睡眠时间和睡眠效率。     

强迫症患者脑电图的量化分析

目的 通过对强迫症脑功能损害患和没有出现脑功能损害的惠脑电图(EEG)各频率波进行数量分析，以了解强迫症脑功能损害患的EEG特征性表现。方法 运用A620脑电反馈仪对有脑功能损害的强迫症14例，无脑功能损害的强迫症对照4例进行EEG各频率波的数量观察，进行统计分析，观察强迫症患脑功能损害的EEG各频率波的功率、波幅等的特征性变化。结果 强迫症患脑功能损害组较无脑功能损害组其θ波功率明显增加。结论 强迫症脑功能损害组θ波功率较强迫症无脑功能损害组明显增加，反应了强迫症脑功能损害组患存在额叶功能不良，为额叶在强迫症发病机制中所起作用提供了证据。     

内囊前肢毁损术治疗难治性强迫症

目的　探讨内囊前肢毁损术治疗难治性强迫症的临床疗效。方法　对 2 8例经精神科专科医师正规药物 心理 行为治疗无效的顽固性强迫症病人 ,采用MRI定位立体定向双侧内囊前肢毁损术 ,术中用电阻抗及高频电刺激验证靶点 ,80℃ / 6 0s射频破坏。术前术后由精神科医师进行Yale Brown强迫症量表、Hamilton抑郁量表、Hamilton焦虑量表评定及FDG PET检查。结果　 2 8例手术病人中 16例 (16 / 2 8)强迫症状完全消失 ,8例 (8/ 2 8)显著改善 ,4例 (4 / 2 8)无明显变化。并发症 :1例术中出现脑内血肿并破入脑室 ,经脑室引流及保守治疗后恢复 ;12例术后有轻度认知障碍及短暂记忆障碍 ,3～ 10d后恢复 ;2例术后有人格改变 ,表现情感淡漠 ,兴趣缺乏、懒散。在精神科量表检查中 ,焦虑、强迫及抑郁症状表量表分数均明显下降。结论　磁共振导向立体定向双侧内囊前肢毁损术定位精确、安全、显效迅速 ,对顽固性强迫症病人有明显疗效 ,是一种理想的替代治疗手段 ,除改善强迫症状外 ,它也能明显改善焦虑、抑郁症状。     

Group behavioral therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: seven vs. twelve-week outcomes.

Previous research has demonstrated that individualized behavioral exposure and response prevention therapy is an effective treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. In our prior preliminary report, 7-week group exposure and response prevention therapy was also found effective in reducing obsessions and compulsions. The present report describes a larger sample (N=113) of treatment seeking obsessive-compulsives who received group behavioral therapy. As before, group exposure and response prevention significantly improved ratings of obsessions, compulsions, and depression. These improvements were maintained at 3-month and long-term follow-up. A sub-sample of patients who received 12 weeks of treatment had outcomes at the end of the group and at follow-up that did not significantly differ from those who received 7 weeks of treatment. These results confirm the efficacy of a 7-week behavioral treatment program administered in a group format.     

Sleep Microstructure and EEG Epileptiform Activity in Patients with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

Clinical and EEG manifestations of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) occur in a strict relationship to the sleep-wake cycle, particularly to transition phases (awakening, falling asleep, afternoon relaxation after work). JME manifestations are deactivated during sleep. Because arousal fluctuations during NREM sleep may be controlled by the same neurophysiologic mechanisms regulating awakening, we studied the relationship between the cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) and JME manifestations. All-night polysomnographic recordings of 10 JME patients were analyzed for variations of epileptiform EEG abnormalities in relation to sleep stages and to different microstructural variables (NCAP, CAP, phases A and B). CAP rates (ratio between total CAP duration and total NREM sleep duration) were also calculated. Average CAP rate was 46.70%, significantly higher than that (23%) of an age-matched control group. Macrostructural analysis showed only a trend toward a slight predominance of EEG epileptiform activity during slow wave sleep but no significant correlation between spiking rates and sleep stages. Microstructural analysis confirmed the CAP modulation of EEG epileptiform activity, with maximum appearance of epileptiform abnormalities during phase A CAP (normalized spiking rate = 4.00 +/- 0.98) and strong inhibition during phase B (0.06 +/- 00.6). Intermediate values were noted during NCAP (0.54 +/- 0.27). No correlation was noted between spiking rates during NREM sleep and CAP rates, possibly indicating that in JME patients the increased CAP rate may be partially independent of epileptiform EEG activity. Our data suggest that in JME patients CAP may be a neurophysiologic oscillator organizing expression of the epileptiform discharges independent of the tendency of the individual patient to produce epileptiform EEG discharges.     

强迫症与焦虑的关系及临床类型的研究

目的调查强迫症状与焦虑的关系及其临床类型。方法将１００例强迫症患者按症状自评量表的焦虑因子分分为高、低、无焦虑３组,以Ｆｏａ的强迫症８种类型对其临床诸方面进行分类和比较。结果１００例患者中伴焦虑者为６５％,伴抑郁者为６７％。高焦虑组的病程长于低焦虑组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。在Ｆｏａ的分型中,高焦虑组以Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ型较多。结论强迫症与焦虑的关系可有８种临床类型。强迫症患者伴焦虑的程度并不完全取决于病程,而是致焦虑性强迫想法的性质和强度与减焦虑性强迫反应相互作用的结果。     

Perceived parental characteristics of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder,depression, and panic disorder

It has been hypothesized that parents of patients with obsessive compulsive disorder exhibit specific traits. 320 consecutive inpatient admissions who met criteria for OCD, depression, and panic disorder checked a list of adjectives to describe their parents. Patients with OCD were 1) less likely to perceive their mothers as disorganized than depressives, 2) more likely to perceive their mothers as overprotective than depressives and 3) less likely to perceive their fathers as demanding than patients with panic.     

Attention bias in adults with anorexia nervosa,obsessive-compulsive disorder,and social anxiety disorder

BackgroundAttention bias to threat (selective attention toward threatening stimuli) has been frequently found in anxiety disorder samples, but its distribution both within and beyond this category is unclear. Attention bias has been studied extensively in social anxiety disorder (SAD) but relatively little in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), historically considered an anxiety disorder, or anorexia nervosa (AN), which is often characterized by interpersonal as well as body image/eating fears.MethodsMedication-free adults with SAD (n = 43), OCD (n = 50), or AN (n = 30), and healthy control volunteers (HC, n = 74) were evaluated for attention bias with an established dot probe task presenting images of angry and neutral faces. Additional outcomes included attention bias variability (ABV), which summarizes fluctuation in attention between vigilance and avoidance, and has been reported to have superior reliability. We hypothesized that attention bias would be elevated in SAD and associated with SAD severity.ResultsAttention bias in each disorder did not differ from HC, but within the SAD group attention bias correlated significantly with severity of social avoidance. ABV was significantly lower in OCD versus HC, and it correlated positively with severity of OCD symptoms within the OCD group.ConclusionsFindings do not support differences from HC in attention bias to threat faces for SAD, OCD, or AN. Within the SAD sample, the association of attention bias with severity of social avoidance is consistent with evidence that attention bias moderates development of social withdrawal. The association of ABV with OCD diagnosis and severity is novel and deserves further study.     

The role of obsessive beliefs in patients with major depressive disorder

Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the differences in obsessional beliefs between patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched healthy controls using the obsessive-beliefs questionnaire (OBQ). Methods. The study sample included 74 outpatients with MDD and 74 healthy subjects. The two groups were matched for age, gender, and education level. The diagnoses were based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-IV). The severity of depression was measured with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). All participants filled out the 44-item OBQ. Results. The total and subscale OBQ scores [Responsibility/Threat Estimation (RT), Perfectionism/Certainly (PC), and Importance/Control of Thoughts (ICT)], were significantly higher in patients with MDD than those of the control group. There was a positive correlation between HAM-D scores and the OBQ subscale scores (RT, PC, and ICT) in the patients. Conclusion. Obsessional beliefs appear to be related to MDD.